No description available.

Orientadora: Profa Dra Silvana Maria Zioni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão do Território, 2015. / Essa pesquisa aborda a temática da sustentabilidade de estruturas urbanas monofuncionais de alta renda dispersas no território da cidade, tomando como caso de estudo os condomínios residenciais de Alphaville Barueri localizado na Região Metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo. O objetivo foi o de investigar o quanto essas estruturas espaciais são realmente sustentáveis por meio da verificação de sua eficiência ambiental segundo seu padrão comportamental de mobilidade. A metodologia adotada foi o cálculo estimativo das deseconomias de transportes geradas por essas estruturas urbanas dispersas, através da sua quantificação e monetarização dos custos ambientais de três indicadores ¿ o consumo de combustível, as emissões atmosféricas e o tempo em congestionamento ¿ a partir da comparação dos resultados obtidos para o objeto de estudo (residenciais de Alphaville Barueri) com os resultados de três áreas de controle (os bairros de Morumbi, Alto de Pinheiros e Pacaembu), essas últimas, definidas em função de sua similaridade de conformação urbanística e perfil socioeconômico, porém com localização diferente em relação ao centro da metrópole paulista. Os resultados apontaram que os residenciais de Alphaville Barueri não são ambientalmente eficientes, segundo os critérios estabelecidos, quando comparado aos resultados das três áreas de controle, ainda se uma dessas áreas, o Morumbi, tenha se mostrado menos eficiente ambientalmente dentre todas. / This research addresses the issue of sustainability of high-income monofunctional urban structures sprawled within the city, taking as case of study Alphaville Barueri residential condominiums in the metropolitan area of São Paulo. The aim was to investigate how these spatial structures are truly sustainable by checking its environmental efficiency according to their mobility behavioural pattern. The methodology used was to calculate the estimated transportation diseconomies produced by these sprawled urban structures through its quantification and establishment of monetary value to three indexes of environmental costs ¿ fuel consumption, air emissions and time in congestion ¿ and then to compare the results of the study case (the Alphaville Barueri residential condominium) with the results of three control areas (the districts of Morumbi, Alto de Pinheiros and Pacaembu), wich have been defined according to their similarity of urban design and socioeconomic profile, but with different location taking into consideration the centre of the metropolis. The results pointed out that the Alphaville Barueri residential condominiums are not environmentally efficient, according to the defined criteria, when compared to the results of all three control areas, even if one of these areas, Morumbi, showed to be less environmentally efficient among all areas, including the case of study.

Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Agricultural Economics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation is an analysis of dairy production in the Midlands district of KwaZulu-Natal. The analysis of agricultural production generally ignores undesirable outputs that are produced alongside desirable outputs. This research attempted to integrate a model of nitrate leaching from dairy production into a multiple input/output representation of the production technology, together with the analysis of technical efficiency. Estimation of both technical efficiency and environmental efficiency were done following the parametric econometric stochastic frontier (SFA) and the nonparametric mathematical programming data envelopment analysis (DEA) approaches. The study used unbalanced panel data from 37 individual highly specialized dairy farms for the period 2000 to 2007 and totals to 2130 observations. Production functions for the three outputs; milk, animals and farm produced feed, were fitted as a simultaneous system to model the farms’ production activities for the econometric SFA estimation of technical efficiency. A single equation reduced form was fitted as a frontier to allow for the estimation of the relative efficiencies of the individual farms. The results showed that with data this detailed it was possible to refine the model until it fits very tightly. Indeed, in the gross output model that includes cows, there was nothing left to call inefficiency and what was clearly a frontier becomes a mean response function. Technical efficiency was further calculated using the nonparametric DEA approach using the same dataset. The estimation of environmental efficiency was done using both SFA and DEA approaches. Undesirable emissions of nitrate were represented within the models by calculating nitrogen surplus (kg/ha) for each farm. This nitrogen surplus value was based on the intensity of the use of nitrogen containing inputs and the nitrogen content of marketable products specific information and from farm data which were used to calculate a farm nitrogen balance. The stochastic estimation of environmental efficiency used the same data that were used for the estimation of technical efficiency. However, for the DEA calculation of environmental efficiency, a balanced cross-section dataset for 34 farms participating in a pasture-utilization programme was used. This dataset was used because it had quantities of nitrogen fertilizer and other nitrogen containing inputs. Results indicate that there was minimal “over-usage” (over production) of milk thus reducing milk output alone will not lead to improved environmental efficiency. Farm size, herd size, and quantity of nitrogen fertilizer applied, present the best scope of reducing nitrogen surplus thus improving environmental efficiency of the dairy farms. Reducing imported feed by relying more on home grown feed can also help reduce nitrogen surplus. This is feasible because dairy farmers in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands can produce most of the feed on farm. In summary, to obtain environmental efficiency milk production would have to be reduced by 80 litres per hectare; farm size by 73.69 ha; herd size by 33 cows, nitrogen fertilizer application by 74.3 kilograms per hectare; and imported feed by 13.4 kilograms of dry matter per hectare. The adjustments that would be required if environmentally inefficient farms were to adopt best practice technology and move towards their environmental production frontiers indicate that the production of pollutants (nitrogen surplus) could be reduced at negligible cost to milk production. The positive correlation between technical and environmental efficiencies indicates that improving environmental efficiency could be associated with improvements in technical efficiency. Thus, policies aimed at improving both efficiencies could have substantial rewards. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word suiwelproduksie in die Middellande van KwaZulu-Natal van nader beskou. Met die ontleding van landbouproduksie, word ongewenste uitsette wat saam met gewenste uitsette geproduseer word, gewoonlik oor die hoof gesien. Hierdie navorsing poog om ’n model van nitraatvrylating uit suiwelproduksie in ’n veelvuldige inset/uitset verteenwoordiging van die produksietegnologie, te integreer by die analise van tegniese doeltreffendheid. In opvolging van die benaderings tot die parametriese ekonometriese stogastiese front (SFA) en die omvattingsanalise ten opsigte van die nie-parametriese matematiese programmeringsdata, is beramings van sowel tegniese as omgewings doeltreffendheid gedoen. In die studie is gebruik gemaak van paneeldata van 37 individuele hoogs gespesialiseerde melkplase vir die tydperk 2000 tot 2007, wat altesaam 2130 waarnemings beloop. Produksiewerksaamhede vir die drie uitsette; melkproduksie en diere- en plaasgeproduseerde voer, is as ’n gelyklopende stelsel ingepas om die plase se produksiewerksaamhede vir die ekonometriese SFA-beramings van tegniese doeltreffendheid weer te gee. ’n Enkele vorm om gelykmaking te verminder is daargestel as ’n front vir die beraming van die relatiewe doeltreffendhede van die individuele plase. Die resultate het bewys dat data van hierdie omvang dit moontlik maak om die model sodanig te verfyn dat dit net-net inpas. By die bruto uitset-model waarby koeie ingesluit is, was daar inderdaad niks wat op ondoeltreffendheid gedui het nie en wat eers ’n duidelike front was, het ’n betekenisvolle responsfunksie geword. Voorts is tegniese doeltreffendheid bereken deur aanwending van die nie-parametriese DEAbenadering, deur gebruik te maak van dieselfde datastel. Die beraming van omgewingsdoeltreffendheid is gedoen deur gebruikmaking van sowel SFA- as DEA-benaderings. Ongewenste nitraatvrylatings is in die modelle gevind deur die stikstofsurplus vir elke plaas te bereken (kg/ha) Die waarde van hierdie stikstofsurplus is gebaseer op die intensiteit van die gebruik van stikstofbevattende insette en bepaalde inligting oor die stikstof-inhoud van bemarkbare produkte, sowel as van plaas data, wat gebruik is om ’n stikstofbalans vir die plaas te bereken. Dieselfde data wat aangewend is vir die beraming van tegniese doeltreffendheid, is gebruik om die stogastiese beraming van omgewingsdoeltreffendheid te bepaal. Vir die DEA-berekening van omgewingsxii doeltreffendheid, is egter ’n gebalanseerde kruisseksie datastel gebruik vir 34 plase wat aan ’n weidingsbenuttings-program deelgeneem het. Die bepaalde datastel is gebruik omdat dit dosisse stikstofbemestingstof en ander stikstofbevattende insette bevat het. Resultate het op minimale “oorgebruik” (oorproduksie) van melk gedui en daarom sal die vermindering van slegs die melkuitset nie lei tot verbeterde omgewingsdoeltreffendheid nie. Plaasgrootte, kuddegrootte en die dosis stikstof wat toegedien is, verskaf die beste beeld van verminderde stikstofsurplus, wat dus tot verbeterde omgewingsdoeltreffendheid op melkplase lei. Die vermindering van ingevoerde voer deur meer op plaasgeproduseerde voer staat te maak, kan ook meewerk om stikstofsurplus te laat daal. Dit kan gedoen word omdat melkboere in die Middellande van KwaZulu-Natal die meeste van die voer op die plaas kan produseer. Ter samevatting kan gesê word dat om omgewingsdoeltreffendheid te bereik moet melkproduksie met 80 liter per hektaar verminder word, plaasgrootte met 73.69 ha, kuddegrootte met 33 koeie, stikstofbemestingtoediening met 74.3 kilogram per hektaar en ingevoerde voer met 13.4 kilogram droë materiaal per hektaar. Die aanpassings wat nodig sal wees indien omgewingsdoeltreffende plase beste praktyk-tegnologie sou aanvaar en sou aanbeweeg na hulle omgewingsproduksiefronte, dui daarop dat die produksie van besoedelende stowwe (stikstofsurplus) verminder kan word teen geringe koste aan melkproduksie. Die positiewe verband tussen tegniese en omgewingsdoeltreffendhede, dui daarop dat die verbetering van omgewingsdoeltreffendheid, in verband gebring kan word met verbeterings in tegniese doeltreffendheid. Beleid wat op verbetering van beide doeltreffendhede gemik is, kan daarom aanmerklike voordele inhou.

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-05-19T17:53:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCristineHeinen.pdf: 2695303 bytes, checksum: f1ff1f79f79a5c805238bf0b34700bcb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-19T17:53:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCristineHeinen.pdf: 2695303 bytes, checksum: f1ff1f79f79a5c805238bf0b34700bcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Banco Santander / Banespa / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / As iniciativas ambientais no setor de transporte aéreo têm sido tema de debates internacionais. A máxima eficiência dos recursos ambientais deve ser buscada e, em resultado, obter lucro com a mínima liberação de poluentes. Isso significa ser ecoeficiente. Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação é determinar a eficiência técnica ambiental das empresas aéreas brasileiras. A metodologia utilizada foi a Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), com base no modelo CCR, e orientada a insumo. As variáveis utilizadas no estudo como insumos são: frota, número de funcionários de voo, número de funcionários terra e consumo de combustível em litros. Como produtos são utilizados passageiros vezes quilômetro pago transportado, tonelada vezes quilômetro utilizada paga e número de horas em terra. Foram propostos dois modelos para a análise dos dados, o de transporte de passageiros e o de carga. Foi possível identificar a eficiência relativa de cada organização e, após isso, verificar o percentual de melhoria dos insumos das unidades ineficientes, quando o objetivo é que estas se projetem na fronteira de eficiência. A partir da aplicação DEA e com base no consumo de combustível em litros, pôde-se estimar, além das quantidades totais de emissões de CO2 das empresas, o quanto é possível minimizá-los de forma relativa às unidades eficientes. Concluiu-se com os resultados que, entre as empresas que prestam serviço de transporte de passageiros, as mais eficientes são as que proporcionam voos de maiores distâncias e obtêm maior participação de mercado. Entre elas estão a Azul, a Tam, a Webjet e a Gol/Vrg. Em relação às empresas que prestam serviço de transporte de carga, são eficientes a Absa e a Master Top. Quanto às emissões de CO2 a quantidade estimada com relação às atividades de voo das empresas no ano de 2010 é de 10.991 GgCO2. As empresas do transporte de carga são responsáveis por 365,70 GgCO2. E do transporte de passageiros 10625,62 GgCO2. É possível a redução de 226 GgCO2, o que representa uma redução de 2,05% do total de emissões das empresas. Para o transporte de carga, é possível a minimização de 60,62 GgCO2, representando redução de 0,55% do total de emissões das empresas. / The Environmental initiatives in the aero transportation have been the topic of international debates. The maximum efficiency of the natural resources have to be achieved, and at the same time, there must have profits with minimum pollutants emission. That means being ecoefficient. So, the purpose of this work is to determine the environmental technical efficiency of the Brazilian airlines. The used methodology was Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), based on the CCR model and input orientation. The variables used as inputs in the study are: fleet, number of flight cabin crew, number of ground staff and fuel consumption in liters. As products are used passengers transported paid times kilometer, paid tons times kilometer and is used as negative product the hours on ground. Two models were suggested for data analysis: the passengers transport and the cargo. It was possible to identify the relative efficiency of each organization and, after that, to identify the input improvement percentage of the inefficient units, when the goal is that they project themselves on the efficiency frontier. From the DEA application and based on the fuel liter consumption, it was estimated, beyond the total quantity of CO2 emissions from the companies, how much it is possible to minimize them relatively to the efficient units. Therefore, it was concluded that, among the companies that transport passengers, the most efficient are the ones that have longer flights and have more market share. In relation to those companies which provide cargo service, the ones that are efficient are Absa and Master Top. Regarding to CO2 emissions, the estimated quantity related to the companies’ flight activities in 2010 is 10.991 GgCO2. The cargo companies are responsible for 365,70 GgCO2, whereas the passengers transport companies are responsible for 10.625,62 GgCO2. It is possible to reduce 226 GgCO2, that represents a reduction of 2.05% from the companies’ total emissions. For the cargo transport, it is possible to minimize 60,62 GgCO2, representing a reduction of 0,55% from the companies’ total emissions.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:40:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 725476 bytes, checksum: 9dc70a80eac3e525b33e6bd8c01a137b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In tropical conditions occurs variety of soil and climate. In this region there is little research on the behavior of herbicides in soils. Applications of these products without the knowledge of their interactions with soil properties and climatic conditions can be a cause of inefficiency agronomic observed infrequently, and the high risk of contamination of surface and groundwater. The tebuthiuron is one of the most commonly used herbicides in sugar cane in Brazil and its dynamics in tropical soils is poorly studied. Thus, it was held that this work was to evaluate the sorption, desorption, half-life and leaching of the herbicide tebuthiuron in Red -Yellow humic Latosol ( LVAh ), Typic. For this methods were used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC ) and the results verified by biological methods . Three experiments were conducted, the first to determine the sorption and desorption of tebuthiuron latosols the second herbicide leaching in the soil profile and the third, the half -life in these soils. Sorption tebuthiuron followed the same trend in different soils, characterized in two phases. Initially, the sorption occurred more quickly, and then displaying a slower phase. The sorption was directly proportional to the amount of organic matter and clay soils. On the other hand, desorption was inversely proportional herbicide sorption. The leaching of tebuthiuron was higher in LV pH 5,0 and pH 6,2 and pH 6,3 LA , being reduced by higher levels of organic matter and clay . The degradation of tebuthiuron in soil followed an exponential model, and its half-life in soil is influenced by soil organic matter content, CEC and clay content. In LVA pH 5,0, the half -life of tebuthiuron was 155 days. On the same soil, with pH changed to 5,9, the half-life of this herbicide was 117 days after its application. It is concluded that the sorption, desorption and leaching half-life tebuthiuron are influenced by the chemical characteristics (CEC and organic matter) and physical (content of clay) soil. Organic matter increased the sorption and desorption and reduced leaching of tebuthiuron. On the other hand, in soils with higher CEC persistence tebuthiuron was reduced. Biological assays can be used to confirm the results of chromatography. / Nas condições tropicais ocorre grande variedade de solos e de clima. Nesta região são escassas as pesquisas sobre o comportamento dos herbicidas nos solos. Aplicações desses produtos sem o conhecimento de suas interações com os atributos dos solos e condições climáticas podem ser uma das causas da ineficiência agronômica, observadas com certa frequência, além dos elevados riscos de contaminação de águas superficiais e subterrâneas. O tebuthiuron é um dos herbicidas mais utilizados em cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e sua dinâmica nos solos tropicais é pouco estudada. Assim, realizou-se este trabalho que teve como objetivo avaliar a sorção, dessorção, meia-vida e lixiviação do herbicida tebuthiuron nos Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelo, Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo húmico (LVAh), Latossolo Amarelo e Latossolo Vermelho. Para isso foram utilizados métodos de cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) sendo os resultados comprovados por métodos biológicos. Foram realizados três experimentos, sendo o primeiro para determinar a sorção e dessorção do tebuthiuron em latossolos, o segundo a lixiviação desse herbicida no perfil do solo e o terceiro, a sua meia-vida nesses solos. A sorção do tebuthiuron seguiu uma mesma tendência nos diferentes solos, caracterizando-se em duas fases. Numa fase inicial, a sorção ocorreu de forma mais rápida, e em seguida exibindo uma fase mais lenta. A sorção foi diretamente proporcional aos teores de matéria orgânica e argila nos solos. Por outro lado, a dessorção desse herbicida foi inversamente proporcional a sorção. A lixiviação do tebuthiuron foi maior nos LV pH 5,0 e pH 6,2 e LA pH 6,3, sendo reduzida por maiores teores de matéria orgânica e argila. A degradação do tebuthiuron no solo seguiu um modelo exponencial, e a sua meia-vida no solo foi influenciada pelo teor de matéria orgânica, CTC e teor de argila. No LVA pH 5,0, a meia-vida do tebuthiuron foi de 155 dias. No mesmo solo, com o pH alterado para 5,9, a meia-vida desse herbicida foi de 117 dias após sua aplicação. Conclui-se que a sorção, dessorção, meia-vida e lixiviação do tebuthiuron são influenciadas pelas características químicas (matéria orgânica e CTC) e físicas (teor de argila) do solo. A matéria orgânica aumentou a sorção e reduziu a dessorção e a lixiviação do tebuthiuron. Por outro lado em solos com maior CTC a persistência do tebuthiuron foi reduzida. Os ensaios biológicos podem ser utilizados na confirmação dos resultados da cromatografia.

This study estimates the economic costs of mining pollution on water resources for the years 2008 and 2009 based on the conceptual framework of Environmental Efficiency. This framework identifies such costs as the mining companies’ trade-off between increasing production that is saleable at market prices (desirable output) and reducing the environmental pollution that emerges from the production process (undesirable output). These economic costs were calculated from parametric and non parametric production possibility frontiers for 28 and 37 mining units in 2008 and 2009, respectively, which were under the purview of the National Campaign for Environmental Monitoring of Effluent and Water Resources, conducted by the Energy and Mining Investment Supervisory Agency (Osinergmin) in those years. The results show that the economic cost of mining pollution on water resources rose to U.S. $ 814.7 million and U.S. $ 448.8 million for 2008 and 2009, respectively. These economic costs were highly concentrated in a few mining units, within a few pollution parameters, and were also higher in mining units with average/low mineral production. Taking into consideration that at present the fine and penalty system in the mining sector is based on administrative criteria, this study proposes a System of Environmentally Efficient Sanctions based on economic criteria so as to establish a preventive mechanism for pollution. It is hoped that this mechanism will generate the necessary incentives for mining companies to address the negative externalities that emerge from their production process. / En este estudio se aproximan los costos económicos de la contaminación ambiental minera sobre los recursos hídricos para 2008 y 2009 en el marco conceptual de la Eficiencia Medioambiental, que interpreta dichos costos como el trade-off de los empresarios mineros entre incrementar su producción que es vendible a precios de mercado (output deseable) yreducir la contaminación ambiental que se desprende de su proceso productivo (output no deseable). Dichos costos económicos fueron calculados a partir de fronteras de posibilidades de producción paramétricas y no paramétricas para 28 y 37 unidades mineras en los años 2008 y 2009 respectivamente, las que estuvieron bajo el ámbito de la Campaña Nacional deMonitoreo Ambiental de Efluentes y Recursos Hídricos que realizó el Organismo Supervisor de Inversión Energía y Minería (Osinergmin) en dichos años. Los resultados indican que los costos económicos de la contaminación ambiental minera sobre los recursos hídricos ascendieron, en promedio, para los años 2008 y 2009, a US$ 814,7 millones,y US$ 448,8 millones, respectivamente. Dichos costos estuvieron altamente concentrados en pocas unidades productivas, así como en pocos parámetros de contaminación, y fueron mayores en unidades mineras con producción media/baja de minerales. Dado que en la actualidad el sistema de multas y sanciones en el sector minero se basa en criterios administrativos, el estudio propone un Sistema de Sanciones Ambientalmente Eficiente basado en criterios económicos

Dans la littérature, les débats autour du fédéralisme environnemental sont persistants et non-Concluants. La Chine a poursuivi la tendance globale de la décentralisation et adopté un de facto fédéralisme environnemental. Dans ce pays vaste et diversifié, connaissances et compétences locales sont nécessaires pour développer des solutions appropriées pour de nombreux problèmes environnementaux souvent avec une nature locale ou régionale. Cependant, malgré le de facto fédéralisme environnemental adopté, crises environnementales dramatiques et échecs de la politique sont répandus en Chine. En particulier, plus récemment, ce pays a vu apparaître de nombreux problèmes prédits par les opposants à la décentralisation. Il semble que, contrairement à la décentralisation fiscale qui a été un «coup de main» dans la mobilisation des ressources et la croissance économique au niveau sous-National, la décentralisation de l’application de la politique environnementale a plutôt été une «main saisissant» dans la gestion environnementale. Dans le but de fournir une compréhension meilleure et détaillée du de facto fédéralisme environnemental en Chine, cette thèse suit les différents critiques dans la littérature et teste empiriquement pour chacun d'eux dans le contexte spécifique chinois. En résumé, les résultats empiriques trouvés dans cette thèse soutiennent l'existence de problèmes liés à l'externalité environnementale, à l'interaction stratégique et aux incitations politiques qui conduisent au compromis de l’environnement. Par ailleurs, la décentralisation budgétaire en cours est susceptible de renforcer les interactions interprovinciales conduites par la concurrence pour capitaux; le déséquilibre fiscal est plus préjudiciable à l'environnement dans les provinces pauvres. Ces résultats appellent à un «nouveau fédéralisme environnemental» et une réforme des incitations, afin de transformer le de facto fédéralisme environnemental chinois d’une «main saisissant» à un «coup de main» pour une meilleure gouvernance environnementale. / In the literature, debate around environmental federalism is lasting and inconclusive. China has followed the global tendency of decentralization and has adopted a de facto environmental federalism. In this broad and diverse country, local knowledge and expertise is necessary to develop proper solutions for many environmental problems with local and regional nature. However, despite the adopted de facto environmental federalism, dramatic environmental crises and policy failures widespread in China. In particular, more recently, this country has seen arise many problems predicted by the opponents of decentralization. It appears that, contrary to the fiscal decentralization which has been a “helping hand” in resource mobilization and economic growth at the sub-National level, the decentralization of environmental policy implementation has rather been a “grabbing hand” in environmental management. With the purpose of providing a better and detailed understanding of the de facto environmental federalism in China, this thesis follows the different critics in the literature and test empirically for each of them in the Chinese-Specific context. In summary, empirical results found in this thesis support the existence of problems related to environmental externality, strategic interaction and politically incentivized environment-Sacrificing behaviors. Moreover, the current fiscal decentralization is likely to strengthen the capital-Competition driven inter-Provincial interaction; fiscal imbalance is more environmentally detrimental in poor provinces. These findings call for a “new environmental federalism” and a reform of incentives, in order to transform the Chinese de facto environmental federalism from a “grabbing hand” to a “helping hand” for better environmental governance.

The subject of the dissertation is the issue of the waste management with special emphasis on the recycling of the construction and demolition waste. The recourse is an analysis of the key instruments regulating the activities and behaviour of market operators in this field toward fulfilling all-society priorities and principles of the sustainable development, where special accent is put on the area of subsidy policies and programmes. The aim of the dissertation is to analyse and evaluate the setting of the selected subsidy programme in terms of economic and ecological efficiency with the emphasis on the assessment of the impact on the recipient. The subject of the research will be a priority axis 4 "Improvement of Waste Management and Removal of Old Environmental Burdens" within the Operational Programme Environment 2007 - 2013. In the literature review basic concepts and important definitions are defined, followed by the comprehensive and complex searches of the problematics from different angles of view. First of all, the global aspect of environmental protection is discussed, broader historical, legal, economic and political contexts, that are essential fundament for understanding the current and future challenges both globally regionally, are summarized. Hereafter, a more detailed description of the situation of the European Union is followed, then the overview is completed by a detailed view at the state of the problematics in the Czech Republic. Subsequent chapters are devoted to a detailed analysis of the waste management sector, again in terms of global, European and national standpoint, in the end the view is focused on the key issue of the dissertation problematics of construction and demolition waste. In the application part the fulfilling of the stated objective of the dissertation through four defined hypothesis is solved. Hypotheses verify the efficiency and appropriateness of the setting of the system of subsidies in the frame of the monitored programme. The emphasis is imposed on the assessment of the impact of the allocated subsidies to the private entities on their economic and environmental efficiency.

Les espaces naturels protégés sont aujourd’hui à l‘échelle mondiale l’une des principales politiques publiques mises en œuvre pour faire face à la destruction des écosystèmes. Leur nombre a beaucoup augmenté ces dernières années et les modes d’action qu’ils recouvrent se sont considérablement diversifiés. Pour autant, les écosystèmes continuent à se dégrader, et l’efficacité de ces dispositifs est souvent remise en cause. Cette thèse vise à analyser les facteurs influant sur l’efficacité des espaces protégés pour la conservation d’écosystèmes amazoniens encore peu dégradés. Elle étudie pour cela la mise en œuvre de dispositifs relevant de doctrines de gestion de l’environnement différentes, basées sur (i) la limitation réglementaire maximale des activités humaines impactantes pour les écosystèmes, (ii) la gestion des ressources par des populations locales ou traditionnelles ou (iii) la mise en place d’une gestion forestière durable sur des terres publiques. Nous nous plaçons dans une posture comparative entre la Guyane (France) et l’Amapá (Brésil), territoires partageant une frontière commune, principalement matérialisée par le fleuve Oyapock. La comparaison internationale entre ces deux régions présentant une couverture exceptionnelle en espaces protégés, dans des conditions écologiques et géographiques relativement similaires, nous permet d’observer l’influence du contexte historique et sociopolitique sur les modes de prise en charge de la gestion de l’environnement par les aires protégées. Nous nous sommes basés sur une approche constructiviste, appuyée sur une production de données principalement qualitatives (entretiens semi-directifs, analyse de documents, observation participante…). Nous avons ainsi procédé à une déconstruction critique des dispositifs « aires protégées », permettant de mettre en lisibilité les enjeux environnementaux qu’ils portent, et d’analyser l’efficacité environnementale des stratégies mises en œuvre. Cette analyse s’est articulée autour d’une lecture à la fois diachronique et multiscalaire des processus de gestion.Nous montrons que la mise en place des espaces protégés de Guyane et d’Amapá a été portée par des coalitions d’acteurs structurées autour de doctrines de gestion, c’est à dire de conceptions partagées des conditions de mise en œuvre d’une « bonne gestion environnementale ». Les dispositifs créés ont hérité des ressources stratégiques d’action et de la légitimité de ces coalitions. Les coalitions porteuses de la création des espaces protégés en Amapá sont fortement articulées aux mouvements sociaux et environnementaux plus généraux de l’Amazonie brésilienne, notamment pour les revendications socio-environnementales émergeant à la sortie de la période dictatoriale. En Guyane française, les espaces naturels protégés sont principalement la résultante de compromis entre d’une part une volonté d’exemplarité de l’action de la France en Amazonie, et d’autre part une recherche de minimisation des conflits avec les acteurs politiques locaux. / Nowadays, natural protected areas are one of the main public policies implemented at the international level in order to prevent the destruction of ecosystems. During the last decades, they became very numerous, and mobilized more and more diversified modes of action. However, natural ecosystems continue to deteriorate, and the effectiveness of protected areas is often questioned. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the factors influencing the effectiveness of protected areas in a context of Amazonian ecosystems that are still well preserved. We observed the implementation of environmental management arrangement (protected areas) that are based on various doctrines: (i) the strong limitation of all harmful human activities through legislation; (ii) the management of resources by local or traditional populations; and (iii) the implementation of sustainable forest management on public lands. We adopted a comparative approach between Guyana (France) and Amapá (Brazil), territories that share a common border, mainly identifiable by the Oyapock River. These two territories present quite similar ecological and geographical conditions, and both have an exceptional coverage of protected areas. Therefore this international comparison allowed us to observe the influence of the historical and socio-political context on the implementation of protected areas. We used a constructivist approach, mainly based on qualitative data (semi-structured interviews, document analysis, participant observation...). We effected a critical deconstruction of "protected areas" management arrangements in order to make their environmental objectives intelligible, and we analysed the environmental effectiveness of the strategies implemented. This analysis was based on a diachronic and multiscalar lecture of management processes. We show that the establishment of protected areas in Guiana and Amapá was led by coalitions of actors structured around management doctrines, i.e. shared conceptions of "good environmental management". Management arrangements created inherited the strategic resources of action and the legitimacy of these coalitions. In Amapá, coalitions were strongly articulated with wider social and environmental movements of the Brazilian Amazon, especially in the case of socio-environmental claims rising at the end of the dictatorship. In French Guiana, the natural protected areas are mainly the result of compromise between the French willingness to serve as an example in the Amazon region, and the minimisation of conflicts with local politicians.

No description available.