A utilização de resíduos para recuperação de solos degradados e aumento da produção florestal constitui uma estratégia sustentável para solucionar o problema da destinação final de diversos tipos de resíduos, tendo em vista a limitação técnica e econômica dos espaços apropriados, como aterros sanitários e industriais. Neste intuito, objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar os efeitos ambientais gerados pela disposição de resíduos agroindustriais e urbanos em áreas sob cultivo de eucalipto. O estudo foi realizado na Usina Vale Verde, localizada no Município de Baía Formosa/RN, cujo solo é predominantemente arenoso e de baixa fertilidade, em especial nas camadas superficiais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, sendo eles: T1 - Testemunha absoluta, sem nenhuma adubação; T2 - Adubação comercial, comumente aplicada pelas empresas do ramo florestal da Região Nordeste; T3 - Adubação potencial, constituída do dobro da adubação comercial; T4 - Adubação comercial + 1 t ha-1 de resíduo de gesso de construção e demolição; T5 - Adubação comercial + 20 t ha-1 de resíduo agroindustrial compostado; T6 - Adubação comercial + 20 t ha-1 de biossólido. Os efeitos da aplicação dos resíduos foram avaliados por meio de análises químicas do solo, diagnose nutricional das plantas (folhas, casca e madeira) e da serapilheira, além dos inventários florestais anuais. A aplicação de resíduos influiu positivamente na nutrição das plantas, proporcionando produção de madeira estatisticamente igual à obtida na adubação potencial. O T4 obteve incremento médio anual de madeira 30% maior que o T1 e igual ao T3. A aplicação de 20 t ha-1 de resíduo agroindustrial ou de 20 t ha-1 de biossólido não provocou efeitos ambientais negativos mensuráveis sobre o meio ambiente, representando uma possibilidade para a destinação final destes resíduos, refletida de forma positiva na fertilidade do solo, no volume de madeira produzido e principalmente nas questões ambientais que envolvem a não disposição final destes materiais em aterros / The use of wastes for recovery of degraded soils in order to increase forestry production is a sustainable strategy to solve the problem for the final disposal of various types of industrial and urban residues, considering the technical and economic limitations for appropriate spaces as industrial or sanitary landfills. According to this, the aim of this work was to evaluate the environmental impact generated by the disposal of agro-industrial and urban wastes in areas under cultivation of eucalyptus. The study was conducted at the Vale Verde Plant, located in the city of Baía Formosa/RN, Brazil, whose soil is predominantly sandy and with low fertility, especially in the superficial strata. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications and six treatments: T1 - Absolute control, no fertilizer; T2 - Commercial fertilizers commonly applied by companies in the forestry industry in Northeastern Brazil; T3 - Potential fertilization, consisting in double commercial fertilization; T4 - Commercial fertilizer plus 1 t ha-1 of waste gypsum obtained from construction and demolition; T5 - Commercial fertilizers plus 20 t ha-1 of composted agro industrial waste and T6 - Commercial fertilizers plus 20 t. ha-1 of sewage sludge. The effect of these residues were evaluated according to the chemical analysis of soils and plant compartments (leaves, barks and woods) as well as litter, plus annual forest inventories. The application of wastes had a positive influence over plant nutrition, providing wood production statistically equal to that obtained in potential fertilization treatment. T4 caused an average annual increment of 30% higher than T1 and equal to T3. The application of 20 t ha-1 of sewage sludge did not cause measurable negative environmental impacts on the environment, representing an excellent opportunity for the disposal of these wastes, reflected positively on the fertility of the soil, the volume of wood produced and mainly on the environmental impacts since did not involve the disposal of these materials in landfills

De acordo com a Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), a avaliação de impacto radiológico ambiental resultante da liberação de radionuclídeos para o meio ambiente, devido à operação normal de instalações nucleares, para propósito de proteção do público, é feita considerando o conceito de grupo crítico. Contudo, em 2006, a International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), para o mesmo propósito, propôs a adoção do conceito de indivíduo representativo. Uma vez que, em algum momento, o Brasil possa adotar esse novo conceito, no presente trabalho são avaliadas as alterações, em termos de procedimentos de cálculo e dos consequentes resultados, decorrentes da aplicação da metodologia de indivíduo representativo em comparação com a metodologia de grupo crítico atualmente utilizada para o controle regulatório das instalações nucleares brasileiras. Como referência, utilizou-se as potenciais liberações de radionuclídeos previstas para a operação normal da Unidade de Produção de Hexafluoreto de Urânio (USEXA), localizada no Centro Experimental Aramar (CEA). De forma específica, os objetivos são: efetuar a avaliação de impacto radiológico ambiental para o CEA, utilizando as duas metodologias recomendadas (determinística e probabilística) para o indivíduo representativo, conforme descritas pela ICRP (2006); efetuar a comparação dos resultados obtidos com essas metodologias com os obtidos com a metodologia utilizada para o grupo crítico; e efetuar uma análise crítica da necessidade e da disponibilidade de dados para a aplicação dessas metodologias, bem como das suas consequências para o controle operacional do CEA. Com base nos resultados obtidos, destaca-se que a utilização da metodologia de cálculo de grupo crítico continua sendo uma maneira simples e eficiente para a avaliação de impacto radiológico ambiental, quando comparada à utilização da metodologia de indivíduo representativo, o que torna o estabelecimento de programas de monitoramento e, consequentemente, o controle radiológico ambiental, mais simples e objetivos. / According to the National Commission for Nuclear Energy (CNEN), the assessment of environmental radiological impact from the release of radionuclides to the environment due to normal operation of nuclear facilities, for protecting the public, considers the concept of critical group. In 2006, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), for the same purpose, proposed the adoption of the concept of representative person. Once, at some point, this new concept probably will be adopted in Brazil, in this study the changes in terms of procedures for calculating and consequent results arising from the application of the representative person methodology are evaluated and compared to the critical group methodology currently used for regulatory control of Brazilian nuclear facilities. As a reference, it was used the predicted potential releases of radionuclides resulting from the normal operation of the Uranium Hexafluoride Production Plant (USEXA), located at Centro Experimental Aramar (CEA). Specifically, the objectives are: to carry out the environmental radiological impact for CEA, using the two recommended methods (deterministic and probabilistic) for the representative person, as described by the ICRP (2006); to make the comparison of results obtained with these methods with those obtained with the methodology used for the critical group; and, make a critical analysis of the need and the availability of data for the application of these methodologies, as well as its consequences for the operational control of CEA. Based on the results obtained, it is emphasized that the use of the methodology for calculating critical group remains a simple and efficient way to evaluate radiological environmental impact when compared to the use of the representative person methodology, which makes the establishment of monitoring programs, and therefore the environmental radiological control, simpler and objectives.

A bibliometric study was carried out to identify the main innovations and shortcomings pointed out by scientific research on impact assessment (IA). Out of 1,547 articles published between 1990 and 2015 in two leading journals, IAPA and EIAR, 381 were reviewed for their contents related to new methodological approaches or proposals for improving practice. It was found that innovations and gaps are predominantly treated disregarding IA\'s theoretical basis. We suggest that IA core values shall always guide innovation. It is proposed that the theoretical boundaries of an IA System shall be previously stablished when discussing innovation. The information systematized through a bibliometric approach allowed to propose a framework that correlates IA theoretical foundations with innovation options in a vertical integration way. / Um estudo bibliométrico foi desenvolvido para identificar as principais inovações e lacunas apontadas pela pesquisa científica em avaliação de impactos (AI). Dos 1.547 artigos publicados entre 1990 e 2015 nos dois periódicos de maior relevância na área, o IAPA e o EIAR, 381 artigos tiveram seus conteúdos analisados em relação a novas abordagens metodológicas ou propostas para melhoria da prática. Verificou-se que as inovações e lacunas são tratadas predominantemente desconsiderando a base teórica de AI. Sugerimos que os valores fundamentais da avaliação de impactos devem sempre orientar a inovação. Propõe-se que as fronteiras teóricas de um Sistema AI sejam estabelecidas previamente ao se discutir a inovação. A informação sistematizada através de uma abordagem bibliométrica permitiu propor uma estrutura que correlaciona os fundamentos teóricos da avaliação de impactos com as opções de inovação.

Este estudo teve como principal objetivo analisar as medidas ambientais adotadas pelo setor canavieiro do Brasil e relacioná-las ao contexto da economia verde e do decoupling. Por economia verde entende-se a economia que objetiva a promoção do bem-estar e igualdade social, conjuntamente à redução da escassez ecológica e dos riscos ambientais. Para que as sociedades transitem de uma economia marrom, tal como a atual que se baseia no uso intensivo de recursos naturais, para uma economia verde, o Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente (PNUMA) propôs diversas medidas a serem adotadas e, dentre estas, o incentivo ao desenvolvimento e uso de energias renováveis. A possibilidade de dissociação entre o uso de recursos naturais e/ou geração de impactos ambientais e a promoção do crescimento econômico constitui-se numa das bases para o \"esverdeamento\" da economia. Esta dissociação foi denominada na literatura pelo termo decoupling. A escolha do setor canavieiro para a análise da ocorrência do decoupling foi motivada pelo fato de que, além de ser um setor envolvido diretamente com a produção de etanol e bioenergia, ambos energias renováveis, a produção da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil tem se expandido nos últimos anos e gerado impactos ambientais como as emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Ademais, o etanol e a geração de bioenergia a partir da cana-de-açúcar são fontes de energia que estão sendo promovidas pelo governo brasileiro, o que consequentemente implicará em maior produção da cana e maior pressão ambiental. Para avaliar os impactos ambientais gerados pelo cultivo da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil utilizou-se como metodologia o cálculo de indicadores de decoupling, até então não calculados no país. Estes indicadores permitem a verificação da ocorrência do decoupling em um determinado setor produtivo ou na atividade econômica como um todo. Para o setor canavieiro, foram calculados quatro indicadores de impacto ambiental distintos, a saber, de uso de defensivos agrícolas (2000 a 2010), de uso de herbicidas (2000 a 2010), de uso de fertilizantes (1990 a 2010) e de emissões de gases de efeito estufa provenientes da queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar na fase de pré colheita (1990 a 2006). No caso dos defensivos e herbicidas, foram calculados indicadores de decoupling tanto usando dados de vendas de produto comercial quanto de ingrediente ativo. Apesar da não ocorrência do decoupling absoluto em nenhuma das variáveis analisadas, verificou-se algum grau de decoupling relativo em todas estas, principalmente em período mais recente. O resultado mais expressivo foi observado para as emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Ou seja, o decoupling está ocorrendo principalmente no impacto ambiental mais visível da produção de cana e que recebe maior pressão para ser eliminado, as queimadas. Ressalta-se que a literatura ainda carece de parâmetros de referência para a avaliação e comparação dos indicadores. O uso do controle biológico e a adoção de certificações ambientais são alguns dos fatores que podem contribuir para o decoupling na produção canavieira de maneira a torná-la mais sustentável. / This study aimed to analyze the environmental measures adopted by the sugarcane industry in Brazil and relate them to the context of the green economy and decoupling. Green economy means the economy that aims to promote the well-being and social equity, in addition to reducing ecological scarcity and environmental risks. For societies to shift from brown economy, as the current system that relies on intensive use of natural resources, to green economy, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) proposes the adoption of several measures, namely the incentive for the development and use of renewable energy. The possibility of decoupling natural resource use and/or generation of environmental impacts and simultaneously promoting economic growth constitutes one of the bases for greening the economy. The literature names this dissociation \"decoupling\". The choice of sugarcane industry to analyze the presence of decoupling was motivated by the fact that, besides being directly involved with ethanol and bio-energy production, both renewable energy sources, this industry has expanded production in Brazil in recent years and, in turn, generated environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, the Brazilian government has promoted ethanol and bioenergy generation from sugarcane, which will eventually result in higher sugarcane production and increased environmental pressure. To assess the environmental impacts generated by sugarcane cultivation in Brazil, the methodology proposed consists on measuring decoupling indicators, hitherto not calculated in the country. These indicators allow verifying the presence of decoupling in a particular sector or industry as a whole. For the sugarcane industry, this study calculated four environmental impact indicators, namely the use of pesticides (2000 to 2010), the use of herbicides (2000 to 2010), fertilizers (1990 to 2010) and greenhouse gas emissions from the pre-harvest burning of sugar cane (1990 to 2006). In the case of pesticides and herbicides, decoupling indicators were calculated using data for both sales of commercial product and the equivalent in active ingredient. Despite the environmental pressure over sugarcane cultivation in Brazil, decoupling has been only verified for greenhouse gases emissions from burning and from pesticides and herbicides use, measured by active ingredient. That is, decoupling occurs mainly for the most visible environmental impact of sugarcane production, the crop burning, which is the most targeted activity to be eliminated. The use of biological control and the adoption of environmental certifications are some factors that can contribute to decoupling of sugarcane production in order to make it more sustainable.

Shek Ming Hon. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-54). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Income Level and Environmental policy --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- International Trade and Environmental policy --- p.5 / Chapter 2.3 --- Other taxes and Environmental taxation --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4 --- Unemployment --- p.8 / Chapter 2.5 --- Tax and Tax Credits --- p.9 / Chapter 2.6 --- Foreigrt Investment and Environmental policy --- p.9 / Chapter 2.7 --- Pollution and Unemployment --- p.11 / Chapter 3 --- The Fr amework --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1 --- Resource allocation --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- National Welfare --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Optimal Capital Taxes --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Optimal Environmental Taxes --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Jointly Optimal Policies --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- Tariff Liberalization and Taxes --- p.33 / Chapter 4 --- Trade and pollution Policies under Investment Tax Credits --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1 --- Welfare Analysis on Capital Tax --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2 --- Welfare analysis on Capital Subsidy --- p.40 / Chapter 4.3 --- Policy in Simultaneous Change --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Capital Tax --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Capital subsidy --- p.45 / Chapter 5 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.48 / Chapter 6 --- Appendix --- p.55 / Chapter 6.1 --- Resource allocation --- p.55 / Chapter 6.2 --- Unemployment effect --- p.57 / Chapter 6.3 --- Cost and benefit of production of good X --- p.58 / Chapter 6.4 --- The 7 ° and s° schedules --- p.58

The main goal of this thesis is to provide a description and analysis of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which is one of the significant legal tools of environmental quality protection. This process precedes the development consent to the project and his purpose is to identify and comprehensively evaluate environmental impact of a project. The first part of this thesis is focused on the international and European legal context of the EIA. This part introduces the key international treaties related to the EIA (the Aarhus Convention and the Espoo Convention), then an example of the EIA's integration into policy of one of the international organisations (an example of the World Bank) and the reflection if the EIA procedure can be considered as part of the international customary law. In the second part of this chapter the context of the European law (especially the revised Directive 2011/92/EU) and the current Czech legal regulation is outlined. The second part of this thesis consists of the analysis of the Czech legal regulation of the EIA under the Act No. 100/2001 Coll., on the Environmental Impact Assessment, with the emphasis on its recent amendments (especially the amendment of Act No. 326/2017 Coll. effective from 1 November 2017). In this part the essential elements of the EIA...

Levels of underwater noise in the open ocean have been increasing since at least the 1960s due to growth in global shipping traffic and the speed and propulsion power of vessels. This rise in noise levels reduces the range over which vocal marine species can communicate, and can induce physiological stress and behavioural responses, which may ultimately have population-level consequences. Although long-term noise trends have been studied at some open-ocean sites, in shallower coastal regions the high spatiotemporal variability of noise levels presents a substantial methodological challenge, and trends in these areas are poorly understood. This thesis addresses this challenge by introducing new techniques which combine multiple data sources for ship noise assessment in coastal waters. These data include Automatic Identification System (AIS) ship-tracking data, shore-based time-lapse footage, meteorological data, and tidal data. Two studies are presented: in the first, AIS data and acoustic recordings from Falmouth Bay in the western English Channel are combined using an adaptive threshold, which separates ship passages from background noise in the acoustic data. These passages are then cross-referenced with AIS vessel tracks, and the noise exposure associated with shipping activity is then determined. The second study, at a site in the Moray Firth, Scotland, expanded the method to include shore-based time-lapse footage, which enables visual corroboration of vessel identifications and the production of videos integrating the various data sources. Two further studies examine and enhance basic analysis techniques for ambient noise monitoring. The first study examines averaging metrics and their applicability to the assessment of noise from shipping. Long-term data from the VENUS observatory are empirically assessed for different averaging times and in the presence of outliers. It is concluded that the mean sound pressure level averaged in linear space is most appropriate, in terms of both standardization and relevance to impacts on marine fauna. In the second study, a new technique for the statistical analysis of long-term passive acoustic datasets, termed spectral probability density (SPD), is introduced. It is shown that the SPD can reveal characteristics such as multimodality, outlier influence, and persistent self-noise, which are not apparent using conventional techniques. This helps to interpret long-term datasets, and can indicate whether an instrument’s dynamic range is appropriate to field conditions. Taken together, the contributions presented in this thesis help to establish a stronger methodological basis for the assessment of shipping noise. These methods can help to inform emerging policy initiatives, efforts to standardise underwater noise measurements, and investigation into the effects of shipping noise on marine life.

3 In recent years, the legislation on environmental impact assessment in the Czech Republic has undergone a great number of significant changes. The existing procedures in the EIA as well as in the subsequent authorization process have been substantially modified. The thesis aims to provide an overview of the EIA system in the Czech Republic, with particular regard to the recent changes made thereto. The thesis focuses on the main features of the EIA and analyses the institutes applied therein, considering the requirements of international and EU law and the conclusions of the judicial authorities or other independent bodies established to review the compliance with these requirements. Attention is paid not only to standard forms of assessment but also to special regimes in which certain project are assessed. The thesis also deals with the specifics that characterize the EIA procedure, such as public participation or impartiality and expertise of the assessment. The thesis identifies the pros and cons of the current legislation, including de lege ferenda proposals to address shortcomings where appropriate. Attention is also paid to the topics related to EIA currently discussed in the national, European and international fields, such as the streamlining trends which aim to enhance the quality and efficiency...

Orientador: Celso Eduardo Tuna / Banca: Mateus Ricardo Nogueira Vilanova / Banca: Rubens Alves Dias / Banca: Ricardo Babbay de Souza / Banca: Wendell de Queiróz Lamas / Resumo: O equilíbrio entre preservar o ecossistema, atender às necessidades sociais das comunidades e manter o desenvolvimento econômico, é uma condição de sobrevivência para qualquer tipo de negócio e projeto. Dentro deste contexto, o setor de mineração apresenta uma característica extrativista de grande impacto ambiental, sendo exportado parte dos minérios de ferro beneficiados no Brasil, permanecendo parte dos impactos ambientais em territórios nacionais. Devido à relevância do setor de mineração de ferro para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico do Brasil, é necessário criar iniciativas mais sustentáveis na dimensão ambiental para o setor. Esta pesquisa busca apresentar uma metodologia para determinar as emissões de CO2 em projetos de terminais portuários de exportação de minério de ferro, introduzindo um novo conceito "Índice de emissões de CO2 de um Projeto". O índice estabelecido utiliza como referência as emissões de CO2 em relação a capacidade produtiva e ciclo de vida do projeto. O trabalho foi delimitado entre o transporte ferroviário, processos internos dos terminais portuários, transporte marítimo e destinos de exportação. Foi consolidado o inventário energético de materiais-serviços aplicado na cadeia integrada de exportação, abrangendo as etapas do projeto: engenharia, construção, operação, transporte ferroviário e marítimo. Os resultados alcançados com o desenvolvimento da metodologia, permitem quantificar de forma prévia na fase de desenvolvimento da engenharia, as emiss... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The balance among preserving the ecosystem, meeting the social needs of communities, and maintaining economic development is a survival condition for any type of business and project. Within this context, the mining sector presents an extractive characteristic of great environmental impact, being exported part of the iron ores benefited in Brazil, remaining part of the environmental impacts in national territories. Due to the importance of the iron mining sector for the socioeconomic development of Brazil, it is necessary to create more sustainable initiatives in the environmental dimension for the sector. This research seeks to present a methodology to determine the CO2 emissions in projects of port terminals of export of iron ore, introducing a new concept "Index of CO2 emissions of a Project". The established index uses CO2 emissions in relation to the productive capacity and project life cycle. The work was delimited between rail transport, internal processes of port terminals, shipping and export destinations. The energy-materials-services inventory applied in the integrated export chain was consolidated, covering the stages of the project: engineering, construction, operation, rail and maritime transportation. The results obtained with the development of the methodology, allow to quantify previously in the development phase of the engineering, CO2 emissions in each stage of the project, enabling the development of projects with greater sustainability in the environmenta... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Abstract This research is designed to see the level of innovativeness of fashion brands in terms of being sustainable. It also aims to find out if there is a relation between business models and innovativeness within sustainability of fashion brands. Following the literature review, desk research, consumer survey and expert interviews are carried out. Desk research is made through web pages of fashion brands and some organizations. The information from the web pages revealed a lot about the current sustainability actions. In this desk research, 10 companies are examined in regard to their sustainability actions, to learn about what has been done and to see what can be considered as innovative in terms of sustainability. Following the desk research, a consumer survey is designed to explore the consumer opinion on the topics of sustainability and innovation. A consumer survey of 100 people is conducted at the Swedish School of Textiles. Due to the need for conscious knowledge about sustainability and innovation, people who studies or works in the textile school is specifically chosen as a cluster. The sample is called “Informed consumers” and is believed to have savvy about innovation and sustainability. How sustainability actions of brands are perceived, how consumers evaluate fashion brands and what they understand from “innovativeness” are some questions explored in the survey. Results are given via frequency distribution charts and maps. Following the survey, 5 interviews are made with contacts from the companies to study the issue also from the perspective of the business world. These expert interviews are verbally structured and are explained within the research. The method of interviews is qualitative research method and the result provides the reader an insight. To propose an assessment method for fashion companies, “The Innovation within Sustainability Index” is constructed. Although this index is inspired by some current environmental index models, the final model is original and includes the consumer perspective as well as author’s own evaluation on the innovative sustainability actions of the fashion companies. The companies which are evaluated in the index are: H&M, Lindex, Gina Tricot, Zara, Acne, Filippa K, Patagonia and Nike. At the end, it was not possible to point out significant relation between business models and innovativeness within sustainability. However, this result may differ when the model is applied to larger samples. / Program: Master Programme in Fashion Management