Orientadores: Fosca Pedini Pereira Leite, Silvana Gomes Leite Siqueira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T12:09:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Machado_GlaucoBarretodeOliveira_M.pdf: 985183 bytes, checksum: 0ebee94e2eacdcb899d86341f1c8dc83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Macroalgas oferecem alimento e hábitat para pequenos herbívoros, como anfípodes. O papel da macroalga como alimento é um dos principais fatores que influencia a interação herbívoro-macroalga. Dessa forma, para compreender essa interação, é imprescindível conhecer as consequências da dieta sobre a aptidão de pequenos herbívoros e a associação desses animais com as macroalgas em campo. Nesse estudo, avaliamos a variação temporal de anfípodes herbívoros da família Ampithoidae e da alga parda Sargassum filipendula e suas epífitas. Em complemento, investigamos o efeito do consumo de algas com diferentes características (Sargassum filipendula e duas algas epífitas, Dictyota cervicornis e Hypnea musciformis) sobre a aptidão de dois ampitoídeos, Cymadusa filosa e Sunampithoe pelagica, bem como a preferência e taxa alimentar desses anfípodes. A composição das espécies de Ampithoidae variou quanto ao tempo e foi influenciada pela biomassa de Sargassum e pela intensidade de epifitismo. Sunampithoe pelagica destacou-se como a espécie de ampitoídeo mais abundante, apresentando forte associação com a biomassa de Sargassum. As espécies C. filosa, Ampithoe marcuzzi e A. ramondi ocorreram em menor abundância e acompanharam a variação da biomassa de epífitas. Nos experimentos de aptidão, jovens de S. pelagica alimentados com Sargassum, em comparação àqueles nos tratamentos com Hypnea e Dictyota, apresentaram maior sobrevivência, o que sugere uma dieta restrita apresentada por essa espécie. Para C. filosa, a sobrevivência foi semelhante entre jovens submetidos às três dietas, porém, aqueles alimentados com Sargassum apresentaram maior crescimento e sucesso reprodutivo. Em um experimento de múltipla escolha de algas, adultos de C. filosa e S. pelagica apresentaram maior preferência de consumo pela alga Sargassum. Quando não oferecida escolha quanto ao alimento, as três algas foram consumidas por adultos de C. filosa a uma mesma taxa. Em contraste, Sargassum foi à alga mais consumida por adultos de S. pelagica no experimento de taxa alimentar. Apesar de ambas as espécies de anfípodes apresentarem maior preferência e sucesso ao consumirem Sargassum, elas responderam de maneiras distintas quando oferecidas outras algas, o que pode refletir as diferenças observadas entre essas espécies quanto aos seus padrões de ocorrência em campo. Nesse sentido, enquanto um importante componente na interação entre pequenos herbívoros e macroalgas, a dieta pode influenciar as respostas de anfípodes herbívoros às variações de biomassa das macroalgas. Além disso, nossos resultados reforçam a importância de se considerar as especificidades de cada herbívoro para compreensão do impacto desses animais sobre a comunidade de algas / Abstract: Macroalgae offer food and habitat for small herbivores, such as amphipods. The role of the macroalgae as food is one of the main driving factors of the herbivore-macroalga interaction. Hence, in order to comprehend this interaction, one must necessarily know the consequences of the diet on the fitness of small herbivores and on the association between these animals and the algae in the field. We herein assess the temporal variation of herbivore amphipods, of the Ampithoidae family, and of the brown seaweed Sargassum filipendula and its epiphytes. In addition, we explore the effects of the consumption of algae with different characteristics (Sargassum filipendula and two epiphytes, Dictyota filosa and Sunampithoe pelagica) on the fitness of two ampithoids, Cymadusa filosa and Sunampithoe pelagica, as well as on their feeding preference and rate. The composition of Ampithoidae species displayed temporal variation and was influenced by the Sargassum biomass and the intensity of epiphytism. Sunampithoe pelagica revealed itself as the most abundant species of Ampithoidae, and was strongly associated to the Sargassum biomass. The C. filosa, Ampithoe marcuzzi and A. ramondi species were less abundant, and they accompanied the variation of the epiphyte biomass. In the fitness experiments, young S. pelagica being fed Sargassum, as compared to the groups being fed Hypnea and Dictyota, displayed larger survival rates. This suggests that this species has a restricted diet. Regarding C. filosa, the survival rate was similar for the young specimens subjected to three diets, but those fed Sargassum showed greater growth and higher reproductive success. In a multiple choice experiments, C. filosa and S. pelagica adults were shown to prefer consuming Sargassum. When they were not offered a choice, C. filosa adults consumed the three algae at the same rate. In contradistinction to this, in the feeding rate experiment S. pelagica adults consumed Sargassum the most. In spite of the two amphipod species displaying greater preference and success rates when consuming Sargassum, they reacted differently when other algae was offered them, which might explain the observed differences regarding their occurrence patterns in the field. Therefore, as an important factor of herbivore-macroalgae interaction, feeding can influence the responses of herbivorous amphipods to changes in macroalgae biomass. Furthermore, our results stress the importance of considering the specificities of each herbivore in order to understand the impact of these animals on the community of algae / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

Orientador: Marco Antonio de Assis / Resumo: Epífitas são plantas que, em algum estágio do ciclo de vida, sobrevivem sem estar conectadas ao solo. Estão presentes em todos os grandes grupos de traqueófitas e abrangem cerca de 10% de suas espécies. Diversos estudos têm sido feitos com o intuito de se conhecer a flora epifítica dos remanescentes florestais brasileiros, porém, apesar dos esforços dos pesquisadores, ainda há muito trabalho a ser feito, sendo a pesquisa taxonômica um instrumento importante para se compreender a biodiversidade. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo, uma área de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual localizada no extremo oeste do estado de São Paulo. Desse modo, pretendeu-se contribuir para o conhecimento da biodiversidade da região, realizando um inventário florístico das epífitas vasculares, com a elaboração de chaves de identificação dicotômicas e de um guia ilustrado das epífitas vasculares do Parque. As epífitas vasculares amostradas foram classificadas de acordo com categorias ecológicas e síndromes de dispersão. Foram coletadas 75 espécies de epífitas vasculares, distribuídas em 49 gêneros e 11 famílias. Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae e Polypodiaceae foram as famílias mais representativas, totalizando 68% das espécies amostradas. Peperomia e Tillandsia foram os gêneros mais ricos. A categoria ecológica das holoepífitas características compreendeu 85% das espécies e a anemocoria foi a síndrome de dispersão predominante, ocorrendo em 76% das espécies. A análise d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Epiphytes are plants that at some stage in their life cycle survive without being connected to the soil. They are present in all major groups of tracheophytes and comprise about 10% of their species. Several studies have been done with the purpose of knowing the epiphytic flora of brazilian forest remnants, but despite the efforts of the researchers, there is still much work to be done, and taxonomic research is an important tool to understand biodiversity. The present work was developed in the Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo, an area of semideciduous seasonal forest located in the extreme west of São Paulo state. The aimed of this present study was contribute to the knowledge of the region's biodiversity, by making a floristic inventory of the vascular epiphytes with the elaboration of dichotomous identification keys and an illustrated guide of the vascular epiphytes of the Parque. The vascular epiphytes sampled were classified according to ecological categories and dispersion syndromes. Seventy five species of vascular epiphytes were collected, corresponding 49 genera and 11 families. Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae and Polypodiaceae were the most representative families, totalizing 68% of the sampled species. Peperomia and Tillandsia were the richest genera. The ecological category of the characteristic holoepiphytes comprised 85% and anemochory was the predominant dispersion syndrome, corresponding 76% of the species. The analysis of floristic similarity indicated an area in ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-14T13:47:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jucaradesouzamarques.pdf: 2834697 bytes, checksum: bd8cb7f7f4821edb8a4aa78ac292e3dc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:05:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jucaradesouzamarques.pdf: 2834697 bytes, checksum: bd8cb7f7f4821edb8a4aa78ac292e3dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:05:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jucaradesouzamarques.pdf: 2834697 bytes, checksum: bd8cb7f7f4821edb8a4aa78ac292e3dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Floresta Atlântica apresenta-se intensamente fragmentada com remanescentes em diversos estágios sucessionais. A regeneração florestal desses locais está relacionada a diversas formas de vida, como arbóreas, herbáceas, lianas e epifíticas. As epífitas possuem importante papel ecológico ao influenciarem positivamente na heterogeneidade ambiental, na colonização de novos ambientes e na manutenção dos ecossistemas. Partindo-se da hipótese de que o componente epifítico responde diretamente à qualidade ambiental local ao longo da sucessão secundária, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a relação entre os diferentes graus de regeneração e a comunidade epifítica encontrada. Para isto foram realizadas análises da composição florística, distribuição horizontal e vertical e de diversidade biológica e taxonômica em três trechos de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, localizado no município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. O fragmento foi previamente ocupado por uma fazenda cafeeira, cuja forma de atividade influenciou para a atual formação do mosaico de condições florestais, desenvolvido através da regeneração natural após o abandono. A amostragem foi de 10 parcelas de 20 x 20 metros, alocadas aleatoriamente em cada uma das três áreas (bosqueamento, palmital e floresta secundária). Em cada parcela foram analisadas todas as árvores com DAP > 5 cm, sendo os forófitos examinados quanto à estratificação. Foram registradas 42 espécies de epífitas distribuídas em 31 gêneros e 12 famílias. A família com maior riqueza foi Polypodiaceae (9 spp.), seguida por Moraceae (8 spp.), Orchidaceae (7 spp.) e Bromeliaceae (4 spp.). Os resultados demonstram que a composição da comunidade epifítica se difere qualitativamente entre todas as áreas, havendo predomínio de sete espécies encontradas em comum nos três trechos, sendo elas: Billbergia horrida; Billbergia zebrina; Catasetum hookeri; Microgramma squamulosa; Pleopeltis astrolepis; Pleopeltis hirsutissima e Portea petropolitana. A hipótese inicial foi confirmada, com o local mais avançado na sucessão (palmital) apresentando os melhores valores de riqueza, diversidade e equabilidade da comunidade de epífitas. Assim como o histórico de uso das áreas, o estrato arbóreo teve grande influência na comunidade epifítica, principalmente relacionado ao porte e espécie das árvores. Piptadenia gonoacantha, espécie historicamente utilizada no sombreamento das lavouras, foi a principal espécie de forófito, mostrando-se relevante para a melhor regeneração da comunidade epifítica nas áreas de palmital e bosqueamento. / The Atlantic Forest presents intensely fragmented with remaining in different successional stages. The forest regeneration of these sites is related to various forms of life, such as arboreous, herbaceous, liana and epiphytes. Epiphytes have important ecological role by positively influence the environmental heterogeneity, the colonization of new environments and at the maintenance of ecosystems. Starting from the hypothesis that the epiphytic component responds directly to local environmental quality along the secondary succession, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the different levels of regeneration and epiphytic community found. For this purpose were carried out analysis of the floristic composition, horizontal and vertical distribution and biological and taxonomic diversity in three areas of a fragment of semideciduous forest, located in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. The fragment was previously occupied by a coffee farm, whose form of activity influenced for the current formation of the mosaic of forest conditions, developed through natural regeneration following abandonment. The sample was 10 plots of 20 x 20 meters, randomly allocated to each of the three areas (bosqueamento, palmital and secondary forest). In each plot were analyzed all trees with DBH > 5 cm, and the phorophytes were examined for stratification. Were registered 42 species of epiphytes distributed in 31 genera and 12 families. The richest family was Polypodiaceae (9 spp.), followed by Moraceae (8 spp.), Orchidaceae (7 spp.) and Bromeliaceae (4 spp.). The results demonstrate that the composition of epiphytic community differs qualitatively from all areas, with a predominance of seven species found in common in three sections, which are: Billbergia horrida; Billbergia zebrina; Catasetum hookeri; Microgramma squamulosa; Pleopeltis astrolepis; Pleopeltis hirsutissima and Portea Petropolitana. The initial hypothesis was confirmed with the most advanced place in succession (palmital) presenting the highest richness, diversity and evenness of the epiphytic community. As the history of use of the areas, the tree layer had great influence in the epiphytic community, mainly related to the size and species of trees. Piptadenia gonoacantha, species historically used in the shading of farming, was the main species of phorophytes, being relevant to the better regeneration of the epiphytic community in the areas of palmital and bosqueamento.

Les plantes n'exploitent pas seules les nutriments du sol, mais dépendent de champignons avec lesquels elles forment des symbioses mycorhiziennes dans leurs racines. C'est en particulier vrai pour les 25 000 espèces d'orchidées actuelles qui dépendent toutes de champignons mycorhiziens pour accomplir leur cycle de vie. Elles produisent des graines microscopiques qui n'ont pas les ressources nutritives pour germer, mais qui dépendent de la présence de partenaires adéquats pour nourrir l'embryon (hétérotrophie) jusqu'à l'apparition des feuilles (autotrophie). Les mycorhiziens restent présents dans les racines des adultes où ils contribuent à la nutrition, ce qui permet d'étudier plus facilement la diversité des symbiotes à l'aide des outils génétiques. Conscients des biais des études en faveur des régions tempérées, nous avons étudié la diversité des mycorhiziens d'orchidées tropicales à La Réunion. Nous avons montré que (1) les orchidées tropicales ont des partenaires semblables aux orchidées tempérées et méditerranéennes (Sebacinales, Ceratobasidiaceae et surtout Tulasnellaceae), et que ces taxons de champignons sont largement représentés dans différents biomes et dans différentes plantes hôtes. Nous avons aussi démontré pour la première fois que (2) les orchidées épiphytes (dont les associations étaient peu connues) ont des cortèges mycorhiziens différents de ceux des orchidées terrestres dans les communautés tropicales. De plus, en développant une approche à l'échelle de réseaux d'interactions (78 espèces de La Réunion), nous avons montré que (3) les espèces tropicales ont tendance à être généralistes et que (4) le réseau mycorhizien des orchidées montre des propriétés semblables à celles des réseaux d'interactions mutualistes (nestedness et asymétrie d'interaction), alors que la nature mutualiste de cette symbiose mycorhiziennes fait débat. Dans un second volet de la thèse, nous avons étudié les partenaires des orchidées non chlorophylliennes (mycohétérotrophes) tropicales. Nous avons montré que (5) les espèces tropicales peuvent s'associer à des champignons saprophytes qui les nourrissent en carbone issu de la décomposition de la litière dans les forêts tropicales humides et que (6) les modèles tropicaux (en n'étant pas spécifiques) remettent en question les idées reçues sur la mycohétérotrophie des plantes. Nous avons confirmé que (7) la mycohétérotrophie dérive d'un régime nutritionnel intermédiaire (mixotrophie) mis en place dans des lignées chlorophylliennes. Dans un dernier volet de la thèse, nous avons posé la question du déterminisme phylogénétique des associations orchidées-champignons. En analysant la force du signal dans les phylogénies des deux partenaires, nous avons vérifié que (8) les associations mycorhiziennes sont peu conservées à l'échelle supra-générique dans la phylogénie des orchidées, et qu'elles (9) peuvent être maintenues à une échelle plus récente (cas de certains clades d'angraecoïdes). Ces résultats soulignent l'empreinte relative des processus écologiques et évolutifs sur les patrons d'associations actuels, et remettent en question l'idée qu'un processus de coévolution pourrait guider le système. / Plants generally do not exploit soil nutrients themselves, but they depend upon mycorrhizal symbioses with root-associating fungi. This is the case for the current 25,000 orchid species that depend on the development of a mycorrhizal association to germinate and establish. They produce minute seeds lacking nutritional ressources required to germinate, so that they depend on the presence of suitable fungal partners to obtain carbon (heterotrophy) until the development of leaves (autotrophy). Mycorrhizal fungi remain present in the roots of adult plants where they contribute to the plant nutrition, which makes the molecular identification of fungal partners easier. Given the fact that most studies have been conducted in temperate regions, we have studied the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in tropical orchids of La Réunion. We have found that (i) tropical orchids have the same partners as temperate and mediterranean orchids (Sebacinales, Ceratobasidiaceae, and above all Tulasnellaceae), and that these fungi are widespread in biomes and host plants. We have also showed for the first time that (ii) epiphytic orchids-that have hardly been studied-have partners that differ from terrestrial orchids' in tropical plant communities. Moreover, by developing an interaction network approach (78 species of La Réunion), we have found that (iii) most tropical species are generalists and that (iv) the mycorrhizal network shows the same properties as the mutualistic interaction networks' (nestedness and interaction asymmetry), whereas the mutualistic nature of the orchid symbiosis is still a current issue. In the second part of our thesis, we have studied the fungal partners of achlorophyllous (i.e. mycoheterotrophic) tropical orchids. We have found that (v) tropical species often associate with saprophytic fungi that provide carbon extracted from decaying wood or leaves in tropical soils, and that (vi) tropical models, because of their lack of specificity, challenge the rule drawn from temperate models. We have also confirmed in tropical models that (vii) mycoheterotrophy evolved from mixotrophic ancestors (i.e. intermediate nutritional mode). In the last part of our thesis, we have dealt with the influence of orchid and fungal phylogenies in explaining the structure of the observed networks. By measuring the phylogenetic signals in both orchid and fungal phylogenies, we have checked that (viii) mycorrhizal interactions are not explained by the phylogenetic placements of either orchid genera or fungal taxa. However, we have noticed that (ix) a phylogenetic signal can occur in recent clades of orchid species (but not in fungal species). These results provide insights in the relative imprint of ecological and evolutionary processes on the current patterns of fungus-orchid associations, and challenge the idea that the coevolutionary process could drive the system.

The species-rich genus Peperomia (Black Pepper relatives) is the only genus among early diverging angiosperms where epiphytism evolved. The majority of fruits of Peperomia release sticky secretions or exhibit hook-shaped appendages indicative of epizoochorous dispersal, which is in contrast to other flowering plants, where epiphytes are generally characterized by fruit morphological adaptations for anemochory or endozoochory. We investigate fruit characters using Cryo-SEM. Comparative phylogenetic analyses are applied for the first time to include life form and fruit character information to study diversification in Peperomia. Likelihood ratio tests uncover correlated character evolution. We demonstrate that diversification within Peperomia is not homogenous across its phylogeny, and that net diversification rates increase by twofold within the most species-rich subgenus. In contrast to former land plant studies that provide general evidence for increased diversification in epiphytic lineages, we demonstrate that the evolution of epiphytism within Peperomia predates the diversification shift. An epiphytic-dependent diversification is only observed for the background phylogeny. An elevated frequency of life form transitions between epiphytes and terrestrials and thus evolutionary flexibility of life forms is uncovered to coincide with the diversification shift. The evolution of fruits showing dispersal related structures is key to diversification in the foreground region of the phylogeny and postdates the evolution of epiphytism. We conclude that the success of Peperomia, measured in species numbers, is likely the result of enhanced vertical and horizontal dispersal ability and life form flexibility but not the evolution of epiphytism itself.

The species-rich genus Peperomia (Black Pepper relatives) is the only genus among early diverging angiosperms where epiphytism evolved. The majority of fruits of Peperomia release sticky secretions or exhibit hook-shaped appendages indicative of epizoochorous dispersal, which is in contrast to other flowering plants, where epiphytes are generally characterized by fruit morphological adaptations for anemochory or endozoochory. We investigate fruit characters using Cryo-SEM. Comparative phylogenetic analyses are applied for the first time to include life form and fruit character information to study diversification in Peperomia. Likelihood ratio tests uncover correlated character evolution. We demonstrate that diversification within Peperomia is not homogenous across its phylogeny, and that net diversification rates increase by twofold within the most species-rich subgenus. In contrast to former land plant studies that provide general evidence for increased diversification in epiphytic lineages, we demonstrate that the evolution of epiphytism within Peperomia predates the diversification shift. An epiphytic-dependent diversification is only observed for the background phylogeny. An elevated frequency of life form transitions between epiphytes and terrestrials and thus evolutionary flexibility of life forms is uncovered to coincide with the diversification shift. The evolution of fruits showing dispersal related structures is key to diversification in the foreground region of the phylogeny and postdates the evolution of epiphytism. We conclude that the success of Peperomia, measured in species numbers, is likely the result of enhanced vertical and horizontal dispersal ability and life form flexibility but not the evolution of epiphytism itself.