Les recherches sur les Trois contes, considérés comme une oeuvre secondaire, n'avancent pas tellement en comparaison avec celles qui portent sur les autres oeuvres de Flaubert. Cependant les Trois contes représentent le dernier ouvrage complet de Flaubert et ils ont deux grandes particularités. La première est relative à la forme de l’oeuvre,c’est-à-dire le conte ; la deuxième se caractérise par l’emploi des trois dénominateurs communs qui se manifestent dans les romans de Flaubert : la fiction, l’histoire sacrée et l’histoire ancienne en Orient. De plus, l’action des contes se passe à diverses époques, de l’Antiquité au XIXe siècle.Dans cette recherche, en réfléchissant sur le motif qui poussent Flaubert à écrire les Trois contes, nous analysons l’évolution du processus créatif du point de vue des interactions des personnages et des épisodes dans chaque conte ainsi que dans la totalité des Trois contes, à fin de reconsidérer la conception littéraire de Flaubert qui continue à influencer la littérature moderne. Malgré la brièveté de cette oeuvre, Flaubert laissa de nombreux manuscrits, carnets et correspondances avant de parvenir aux aboutissements des textes définitifs. Il est donc indispensable d’interpréter l’avant-texte pour analyser les Trois contes.En fait, l’analyse des manuscrits nous confirme que la méthode de création de Flaubert selon laquelle il dédouble ses personnages et ses épisodes, forme une cohérence et en même temps un univers sans fin qui transcende les frontières non seulement entre des éléments divers à l’intérieur de chaque conte, mais aussi entre des époques et entre des cultures occidentales et orientales / Literary analyses concerning the Three Tales have not been as widespread as for some of Flaubert’s other notable literary works. However, the Three Tales have two essential characteristics making it one of Flaubert’s most important works. The first characteristic is that, compared to his other works, the Three Tales are relatively short. The second is that the Three Tales involve various themes found in many of Flaubert’s literary works. For example, in A Simple Heart, Flaubert shows his imaginative wizardry; in Saint Julian, writing about the legend of Saints, Flaubert revisits a common thread in his works; lastly, as he has done in the past, Flaubert sets his third tale, Herodias, in the Ancient Orient.In this thesis, the writer considers the motivation behind the writing of the Three Tales and also attempts to shed light on the evolution of Flaubert’s artistic imagination. This involves looking at the creation and description of the characters and theirjourneys. It is imperative that analysts attempt to decipher the subtext found in many of Flaubert’s notebooks and earlier manuscripts of the Three Tales, so as to better understand the profound impact that Flaubert has had on modern literature.Ultimately, in-depth analyses of Flaubert’s manuscripts shows how he created his stories. His unique style shows that he commonly spreads his main characters among his most important scenes in each tale. The author also describes Flaubert’s peculiarity for writing coherent stories, while transcended the boundaries of different elements in each tale and also between western and oriental cultures.

The reason for data mining is to generate rules that can be used as the basis for making decisions. One such area is sequence mining which, in terms of transactional datasets, can be stated as the discovery of inter-transaction associations or associations between different transactions. The data used for sequence mining is not limited to data stored in overtly temporal or longitudinally maintained datasets and in such domains data can be viewed as a series of events, or episodes, occurring at specific times. The problem thus becomes a search for collections of events that occur frequently together. While the mining of frequent episodes is an important capability, the manner in which such episodes interact can provide further useful knowledge in the search for a description of the behaviour of a phenomenon but as yet has received little investigation. Moreover, while many sequences are associated with absolute time values, most sequence mining routines treat time in a relative sense, returning only patterns that can be described in terms of Allen-style relationships (or simpler), ie. nothing about the relative pace of occurrence. They thus produce rules with a more limited expressive power. Up to this point in time temporal interval patterns have been based on the endpoints of the intervals, however in many cases the ‘natural’ point of reference is the midpoint of an interval and it is therefore appropriate to develop a mechanism for reasoning between intervals when midpoint information is known. This thesis presents a method for discovering interacting episodes from temporal sequences and the analysis of them using temporal patterns. The mining can be conducted both with and without the mechanism for handling the pace of events and the analysis is conducted using both the traditional interval algebras and a midpoint algebra presented in this thesis. The visualisation of rules in data mining is a large and dynamic field in its own right and although there has been a great deal of research in the visualisation of associations, there has been little in the area of sequence or episodic mining. Add to this the emerging field of mining stream data and there is a need to pursue methods and structures for such visualisations, and as such this thesis also contributes toward research in this important area of visualisation.

Les recherches sur les Trois contes, considérés comme une oeuvre secondaire, n'avancent pas tellement en comparaison avec celles qui portent sur les autres oeuvres de Flaubert. Cependant les Trois contes représentent le dernier ouvrage complet de Flaubert et ils ont deux grandes particularités. La première est relative à la forme de l'oeuvre,c'est-à-dire le conte ; la deuxième se caractérise par l'emploi des trois dénominateurs communs qui se manifestent dans les romans de Flaubert : la fiction, l'histoire sacrée et l'histoire ancienne en Orient. De plus, l'action des contes se passe à diverses époques, de l'Antiquité au XIXe siècle.Dans cette recherche, en réfléchissant sur le motif qui poussent Flaubert à écrire les Trois contes, nous analysons l'évolution du processus créatif du point de vue des interactions des personnages et des épisodes dans chaque conte ainsi que dans la totalité des Trois contes, à fin de reconsidérer la conception littéraire de Flaubert qui continue à influencer la littérature moderne. Malgré la brièveté de cette oeuvre, Flaubert laissa de nombreux manuscrits, carnets et correspondances avant de parvenir aux aboutissements des textes définitifs. Il est donc indispensable d'interpréter l'avant-texte pour analyser les Trois contes.En fait, l'analyse des manuscrits nous confirme que la méthode de création de Flaubert selon laquelle il dédouble ses personnages et ses épisodes, forme une cohérence et en même temps un univers sans fin qui transcende les frontières non seulement entre des éléments divers à l'intérieur de chaque conte, mais aussi entre des époques et entre des cultures occidentales et orientales

Acute hypotensive episodes (AHE) is a critical event that can lead to irreversible organ damage and death in intensive care units (ICU). The goal of the 10 th annual PhysioNet/Computers in Cardiology Challenge is to predict which ICU patients will experience AHE within a forecast window of one hour. In tackling this problem, most of the previous studies extract their features for AHE prediction from the time history of MAP, diastolic ABP and systolic ABP. In contrast, by exploring the interaction within the cardiovascular system, this work employs frequency domain approach. Toward this goal, this work proposes two feature sets: degree of concentration and energy from the spectrogram of the ECG and ABP signals. The mulstiscale entropy of these features have also been studied. The effectiveness of these features is statically investigated by comparing their means between the AHE and non AHI patient groups.

Class of 2015 Abstract / Objectives: To assess the accuracy of the presenting signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and treatments presented in the first 12 episodes of season one, the last 4 episodes of season four, and the last 7 episodes of season six of the television show, House, MD Methods: A descriptive retrospective evaluation of the accuracy of mentioned episodes and seasons of the television series House, MD was performed. The accuracy of the presenting signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and treatment in each episode was rated on a score of 1 to 4. A score of 1 represented information that was correct and average/and or usual, 2 and 3 indicated less accuracy, and 4 represented information that was not correct. Each researcher individually scored the episodes, and a final accuracy score was determined by consensus of the three reviewers. The results for seasons 4 and 6 were combined with episodes previously evaluated in other students’ projects. Results: The ANOVA results showed no statistically significant differences among the variables in Season 1, however, the treatment was the most accurate. In both season 4 and 6, the ANOVA test did demonstrate a statistically significant difference with the treatment group being most accurate. Conclusions: For season 1, there were no differences in accuracy of the treatments and diagnoses when compared to the signs and symptoms of each episode, however, for season 4 and 6, the treatments were more accurate than the presenting signs and symptoms and the diagnoses.

Class of 2010 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: To evaluate glycemic control, therapy associated weight loss/gain, and hypoglycemic events for the newer type 2 diabetic agents pramlintide, exenatide, and sitagliptin. METHODS: The meta-analysis examined the efficacy of three currently FDA approved peptide analogues in nonpregnant adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. All randomized, placebo controlled trials of exenatide, pramlintide, and sitagliptin that were indexed in MEDLINE or and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews that fit the inclusion criteria were included. The drug treatment efficacy was analyzed in terms of HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) change from baseline compared to placebo in trials lasting at least 12 weeks. Weight change from baseline per treatment group was also a primary measure. The safety of the treatments was assessed in terms of number of hypoglycemic events noted in the clinical trials. Each of these dependent variables was assessed separately for the three products. RESULTS: The meta-analysis of the six exenatide articles included in the analysis found statistically significant reductions in both HbA1c and weight when compared to placebo. However, patients were three times as likely to experience hypoglycemia with exenatide than placebo (RR= 3.01 95%CI[0.427 to 3.865]). Meta-analysis of pramlintide studies showed statistically significant lowering of HbA1c and weight. Overall pramlintide resulted in a rate of hypoglycemia nearly equal to that of placebo (RR= 0.94 95%CI[0.699 to 1.265]). Meta-analysis of sitagliptin found statistically significant reductions in HbA1c compared to placebo. However, sitagliptin use was not associated with a reduction in weight in the random effects meta-analysis model. In terms of hypoglycemic events, sitagliptin use was associated with 2.89 times greater risk of causing hypoglycemic episodes compared to placebo (RR=2.89 95%CI[0.704 to 5.877]). CONCLUSIONS: All three newer products were associated with improved glycemic control compared to placebo. Improvement in weight was associated with exenatide and pramlintide treatment. Pramlintide was not associated with an increase in hypoglycemic episodes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:57:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3214_1.pdf: 3789743 bytes, checksum: 5121a8308f93d20405e932f1e9bab193 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Universidade Federal do Amazonas / Um breve exame do atual tráfego Internet mostra uma mistura de serviços conhecidos e desconhecidos, novas e antigas aplicações, tráfego legítimo e ilegítimo, dados solicitados e não solicitados, tráfego altamente relevante ou simplesmente indesejado. Entre esses, o tráfego Internet não desejado tem se tornado cada vez mais prejudicial para o desempenho e a disponibilidade de serviços, tornando escasso os recursos das redes. Tipicamente, este tipo de tráfego é representado por spam, phishing, ataques de negação de serviço (DoS e DDoS), vírus e worms, má configuração de recursos e serviços, entre outras fontes. Apesar dos diferentes esforços, isolados e/ou coordenados, o tráfego Internet não desejado continua a crescer. Primeiramente, porque representa uma vasta gama de aplicações de usuários, dados e informações com diferentes objetivos. Segundo, devido a ineficácia das atuais soluções em identificar e reduzir este tipo de tráfego. Por último, uma definição clara do que é não desejado tráfego precisa ser feita. A fim de solucionar estes problemas e motivado pelo nível atingido pelo tráfego não desejado, esta tese apresenta: 1. Um estudo sobre o universo do tráfego Internet não desejado, apresentado definições, discussões sobre contexto e classificação e uma série de existentes e potencias soluções. 2. Uma metodologia para identificar tráfego não desejado baseada em orquestração. OADS (Orchestration Anomaly Detection System) é uma plataforma única para a identificação de tráfego não desejado que permite um gerenciamento cooperativa e integrado de métodos, ferramentas e soluções voltadas a identificação de tráfego não desejado. 3. O projeto e implementação de soluções modulares integráveis a metodologia proposta. A primeira delas é um sistema de suporte a recuperação de informações na Web (WIRSS), chamado OADS Miner ou simplesmente ARAPONGA, cuja função é reunir informações de segurança sobre vulnerabilidades, ataques, intrusões e anomalias de tráfego disponíveis na Web, indexá-las eficientemente e fornecer uma máquina de busca focada neste tipo de informação. A segunda, chamada Alert Pre- Processor, é um esquema que utilize uma técnica de cluster para receber múltiplas fontes de alertas, agregá-los e extrair aqueles mais relevantes, permitindo correlações e possivelmente a percepção das estratégias usadas em ataques. A terceira e última é um mecanismo de correlação e fusão de alertas, FER Analyzer, que utilize a técnica de descoberta de episódios frequentes (FED) para encontrar sequências de alertas usadas para confirmar ataques e possivelmente predizer futuros eventos. De modo a avaliar a proposta e suas implementações, uma série de experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de comprovar a eficácia e precisão das soluções

Pattern Discovery, a popular paradigm in data mining refers to a class of techniques that try and extract some unknown or interesting patterns from data. The work carried out in this thesis concerns frequent episode mining, a popular framework within pattern discovery, with applications in alarm management, fault analysis, network reconstruction etc. The data here is in the form of a single longtime-ordered stream of events. The pattern of interest here, namely episode, is basically a set of event-types with a partial order on it. The task here is to unearth all patterns( episodes here) which have a frequency above a user-defined threshold irrespective of pattern size. Most current discovery algorithms employ a level-wise a priori-based method for mining, which basically adopts a breadth-first search strategy of the space of all episodes. The episode literature has seen multiple ways of defining frequency with each definition having its own set of merits and demerits. The main reason for different frequencies definitions being proposed is that, in general, counting all occurrences of a set of episodes is computationally very expensive. The first part of the thesis gives a unified view of all the apriori-based discovery algorithms for serial episodes(associated with a total order)under these various frequencies. Specifically, the various existing counting algorithms can be viewed as minor modifications of each other. We also provide some novel proofs of correctness for some of the serial episode counting schemes, which in turn can be generalized to episodes with general partial orders. Our unified view helps us derive quantitative relationships between different frequencies. We also discuss all the anti-monotonicity properties satisfied by the various frequencies, a crucial information needed for the candidate generation step. The second part of the thesis proposes discovery algorithms for episodes with general partial orders, for which no algorithms currently exist in literature. The discovery algorithm proposed is apriori-based and generalizes the existing serial and parallel (associated with a trivial order) episode algorithms. The discovery algorithm is a level-wise procedure involving the steps of candidate generation and counting a teach level. In the context of general partial orders, a major problem in a priori-based discovery is to have an efficient candidate generation scheme. We present a novel candidate generation algorithm for mining episodes with general partial orders. The counting algorithm design for general partial order episodes draws ideas from the unified view of counting for serial episodes, presented in the first part of the work. We formally show the correctness of the proposed candidate generation and counting steps for general partial orders. The proposed candidate generation algorithm is flexible enough to be able to mine in certain specialized classes of partial orders (satisfying what we call maximal sub episode property), of which, the serial and parallel class of episodes are two specific instances. Our algorithm design initially restricts itself to the class of general partial order episodes called injective episodes wherein repeated event-types are not allowed. We then generalize this to a larger class of episodes called chain episodes, where episodes can have some repeated event types. The class of chain episodes contains all (including non-injective) serial and parallel episodes and thus our method properly generalizes the existing methods for serial and parallel episode discovery. We also discuss some problems in extending our algorithms to episodes beyond the class of chain episodes. Also, we demonstrate that frequency alone is not a sufficient enough interestingness measure for episodes with unrestricted partial orders. To address this issue, we propose an additional measure called bidirectional evidence to assess interestingness which, along with frequency is found to be extremely effective in unearthing interesting patterns. In the frequent episode framework, the choice of thresholds are most often user-defined and arbitrary. To address this issue, the last part of the work deals with assessing significance of partial order episodes in a statistical sense based on ideas from classical hypothesis testing. We declare an episode to be significant if its observed frequency in the data stream is large enough to be very unlikely, under a random i.i.d model .The key step in the significance analysis involves the mean and variance computation of the the time between successive occurrences of the pattern. This computation can be reformulated as, solving for the mean and variance of the first visit time to a particular stat e in an associated Markov chain. We use a generating function approach to solve for this mean and variance. Using this and a Gaussian approximation to the frequency random variable, we can now calculate a frequency threshold for any partial order episode, beyond which we infer it to be significant. Our significance analysis for general partial order episodes generalizes the existing significance analysis of serial episode patterns. We demonstrate on synthetic data the effectiveness of our significance thresholds.

Thesis (MA (Ancient Studies))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The aim of this study is to determine inter-subjective, verifiable criteria according to which paragraphs can be distinguished in BH narrative texts. Distinguishing these units plays an important role in the understanding and processing of written texts. Corpus studies in text-linguistics and empirical studies in psycholinguistic studies have established that narrative is not only characterized by a string of sentences, but has a multi-dimensional or hierarchical structure, which can be broken down into units. These units are regarded as episodes, which are cognitively and structurally relevant. An episode is defined as a memory block. Semantically, it is defined as a thematically unified entity, the surface boundaries of which are marked linguistically. On the one hand, text production studies have established that authors employ segmentation markers or devices at the beginning of each episode in order to warn the reader that a new episode is impending. On the other hand, studies in text comprehension have also concluded that readers understand these devices of textual segmentation. On the basis of the above investigations, this study established a set of criteria for identifying episodes. The criteria included several segmentation devices such as overspecified referential expressions, temporal expressions, and shifts in space that mark the boundaries of episodes, as well as devices that signal thematic continuity in narrative episodes of BH. The value and validity of these criteria were then tested in the light of a specific corpus of texts, viz. 1 Sam 1-6. The text was analyzed and episodes have been distinguished by means of the above-mentioned set of criteria. These episodes were then compared to the paragraph distinctions (i.e. the graphic representations of episodes), which are made in a representative number of commentaries and translations. The investigation confirmed that many of the paragraph distinctions in commentaries and translations are justifiable. However, it was also found that the paragraph distinctions of exegetes and translators often differ. This finding confirmed the necessity (and need) of inter-subjectively verifiable, and well-founded, criteria for distinguishing paragraphs in BH narratives. This exploratory study established the value of the model used, but also indicated that further investigation is needed to refine various aspects of the model.

Esta dissertação de Mestrado visa apresentar os resultados e reflexões obtidos através de uma pesquisa envolvendo a inter-relação entre a História e Epistemologia da Ciência. Teve-se como objetivos principais desta investigação teórica: a construção de uma convergência epistemológica entre as ideias e defesas em Ciência dos filósofos Gaston Bachelard e Imre Lakatos, como também a construção de episódios em Ciência discutidos em grande parcela sob tais olhares histórico-filosóficos. Esta pesquisa possui abordagem qualitativa e quanto aos seus objetivos insere-se como descritiva-reflexiva. Iniciou-se tal investigação realizando um aprofundamento teórico envolvendo as especificidades de cada epistemologia com o objetivo de clarificar o entendimento referente aos pontos estruturantes de cada olhar epistemológico. Em relação ao processo de construção dos episódios em Ciência, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico contemplado em maior parte por livros e artigos científicos que tratassem da respectiva temática do episódio, buscando-se uma diversidade de fontes para fundamentar este processo de escrita, com o intuito de valorizar um olhar abrangente sobre a História da Ciência. De modo geral, a construção da convergência epistemológica se fundamentou no que ambas as epistemologias têm em comum que é a própria defesa da História da Ciência por uma natureza epistemológica dinâmica e evolutiva (no que tange à mutabilidade do conhecimento científico), visão normativa, essência dialética e caráter racional objetivo. Desta forma, buscou-se explorar as relações teóricas envolvendo os olhares histórico-filosóficos de ambos os epistemólogos na escrita dos episódios. O primeiro episódio em Ciência visou apresentar e refletir sobre dois programas científicos conflitantes na História da Ciência, os programas flogístico e calórico, os quais marcaram, pontualmente, o período pré-científico da Química e o nascimento das bases teóricas da Química moderna. Já o segundo episódio em Ciência almejou apresentar as principais concepções de matéria desenvolvidas pelos gregos durante a Antiguidade. Os episódios em Ciência produzidos nesta pesquisa valorizam um olhar histórico-filosófico da Ciência através da referida convergência, como também possibilitam uma compreensão da história do pensamento científico por uma natureza conjectural (naturalmente falível) e em constante estado de evolução. Desta forma, defende-se que as epistemologias de Lakatos e Bachelard possuem grande valia ao campo didático científico, pois fomentam concepções epistemológicas contemporâneas e defendem uma Ciência aberta e em constante estágio de devir. Além do mais, os episódios em Ciência podem servir como significativas ferramentas didáticas a abordagens de temas científicos elucidados por olhares que contemplam discussões pertinentes à essência histórico-filosófica do pensamento científico no contexto do ensino. Esta pesquisa evidencia, na base dos seus resultados finais, a necessidade de se buscar valorizar a qualificação da História da Ciência como um importante cerne das discussões dos conteúdos científicos no campo didático, como também a fomentação de um distanciamento em relação às concepções alicerçadas no contexto de ensino que remetem à epistemologia tradicional. / The aim of this Masters dissertation is to present results and reflections obtained from research that involved the interrelation between the History and the Epistemology of Science. The main objectives of this theoretical investigation were the following: the construction of an epistemological convergence between the ideas and advocacies of philosophers Gaston Bachelard and Imre Lakatos, in addition to the construction of Science episodes discussed mostly under such historical-philosophical viewpoints. The research is from a qualitative approach and regarding the objectives is inserted as descriptive-reflexive. The investigation started through further theoretical development involving the specifics of each epistemology with the objective of clarifying the understanding related to the structural points from each epistemological viewpoint. As to the process of construction of the Science episodes, a bibliographical ascertainment was made covering mainly books and scientific articles that dealt with the respective issue of the episode, seeking for source diversity to serve as the foundation for this writing process with the intent of valuing a comprehensive viewpoint of Science History. In general, the construction of the epistemological convergence was founded on where both epistemological share in common, namely the advocacy of Science History itself by a dynamic, evolving epistemological nature (pertaining to the mutability of scientific knowledge), normative viewpoint, dialectic essence, and an objective rational character. This way, an exploration of the theoretical relations was sought that involved the historical-philosophical viewpoints of both epistemologists for writing the episodes. The first Science episode is aimed at presenting and reflecting upon two conflicting scientific programs in Science History, the phlogistic and caloric programs, that were a timely marker of the pre-scientific period in Chemistry and the birth of the theoretical bases for modern Chemistry. The aims of the second Science episode is to present the main conceptions of matter developed by the Greeks in Antiquity. The Science episodes produced by this research value a historical-philosophical viewpoint of Science from the above mentioned convergence, and also allowed for an understanding of the history of scientific thought by a conjectural nature (naturally fallible) and in a constant state of evolution. This way, it is advocated that Lakatos' and Bachelard's epistemologies are of great value to the scientific didactic field by enhancing contemporary epistemological conceptions and advocate that Science be open and in a permanent state of becoming. Furthermore, the Science episodes may serve as significant didactic tools for approaching scientific themes elucidated by viewpoints the include discussions pertaining the historical-philosophical essence of the scientific thought within a teaching context. Based on its final results, this research brings to evidence the need to pursue valuing the qualification of Science History as an important core when discussing scientific contents in the didactic field, as well as enhancing a further distancing in relation go conceptions founded within the teaching context that remit to traditional epistemology.