Το φαινόμενο της επιθηλιακής προς μεσεγχυματική μετατροπή είναι μια διδικασία που λαμβάνει χώρα κατά την εμβρυογένση και αφορά στη μετατροπή του φαινοτύπου των επιθηλιακών κυττάρων σε μεσεγχυματικά.Το φαινόμενο αυτό βρέθηκε ότι επανενεργοποιείται κατά τη διαδικασία της καρκινογένεσης και μετέχει στην ανάπτυξη των μεταστάσεων.Στην ανάπτυξη αυτού του φαινομένου συμβάλει η ενεργοποίηση μια σειρά απο σηματοδοτικά μονοπάτια / Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in carcinogenesis and metastasis.

<p>Embryonic development occurs with precisely timed morphogenetic cell movements directed by complex gene regulation. In this orchestrated series of events, some epithelial cells undergo extensive changes to become free moving mesenchymal cells. The transformation resulting in an epithelial cell becoming mesenchymal is called an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a dramatic cell biological change that occurs throughout development, tissue repair, and disease. Extensive <italic>in vitro</italic> research has identified many EMT regulators. However, most <italic>in vitro</italic> studies often reduce the complicated phenotypic change to a binary choice between successful and failed EMT. Research utilizing models has generally been limited to a single aspect of EMT without considering the total transformation. Fully understanding EMT requires experiments that perturb the system via multiple channels and observe several individual components from the series of cellular changes, which together make a successful EMT.</p><p>In this study, we have taken a novel approach to understand how the sea urchin embryo coordinates an EMT. We use systems level methods to describe the dynamics of EMT by directly observing phenotypic changes created by shifting transcriptional network states over the course of primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) ingression, a classic example of developmental EMT. We systematically knocked down each transcription factor in the sea urchin's PMC gene regulatory network (GRN). In the first assay, one fluorescently labeled knockdown PMC precursor was transplanted onto an unperturbed host embryo and we observed the resulting phenotype <italic>in vivo</italic> from before ingression until two hours post ingression using time-lapse fluorescent microscopy. Movies were projected for computational analyses of several phenotypic changes relevant to EMT: apical constriction, apical basal polarity, motility, and de-adhesion. </p><p>A separate assay scored each transcription factor for its requirement in basement membrane invasion during EMT. Again, each transcription factor was knocked down one by one and embryos were immuno-stained for laminin, a major component of basement membrane, and scored on the presence or absence of a laminin hole at the presumptive entry site of ingression. </p><p>The measured results of both assays were subjected to rigorous unsupervised data analyses: principal component analysis, emergent self-organizing map data mining, and hierarchical clustering. This analytical approach objectively compared the various phenotypes that resulted from each knockdown. In most cases, perturbation of any one transcription factor resulted in a unique phenotype that shared characteristics with its upstream regulators and downstream targets. For example, Erg is a known regulator of both Hex and FoxN2/3 and all three shared a motility phenotype; additionally, Hex and Erg both regulated apical constriction but Hex additionally affected invasion and FoxN2/3 was the lone regulator of cell polarity. Measured phenotypic changes in conjunction with known GRN relationships were used to construct five unique subcircuits of the GRN that described how dynamic regulatory network states control five individual components of EMT: apical constriction, apical basal polarity, motility, de-adhesion, and invasion. The five subcircuits were built on top of the GRN and integrated existing fate specification control with the morphogenetic EMT control.</p><p>Early in the EMT study, we discovered one PMC gene, Erg, was alternatively spliced. We identified 22 splice variants of Erg that are expressed during ingression. Our Erg knockdown targeted the 5'UTR, present in all spliceoforms; therefore, the knockdown uniformly perturbed all native Erg transcripts (&#8721;Erg). Specific function was demonstrated for the two most abundant spliceoforms, Erg-0 and Erg-4, by knockdown of &#8721;Erg and mRNA rescue with a single spliceoform; the mRNA expression constructs contained no 5'UTR and were not affected by the knockdown. Different molecular phenotypes were observed, and both spliceoforms targeted Tbr, Tel, and FoxO, only Erg-0 targeted FoxN2/3 and only Erg-4 targeted Hex. Neither targeted Tgif, which was regulated by &#8721;Erg knockdown sans rescue. Our results suggest the embryo employs a minimum of three unique roles in the GRN for alternative splicing of Erg. </p><p>Overall, these experiments increase the completeness and descriptive power of the GRN with two additional levels of complexity. We uncovered five sub-circuits of EMT control, which integrated into the GRN provide a novel view of how a complex morphogenetic movement is controlled by the embryo. We also described a new functional role for alternative splicing in the GRN where the transcriptional targets for two splice variants of Erg are unique subsets of the total set of &#8721;Erg targets.</p> / Dissertation

Les échanges entre les cellules tumorales et le microenvironnement jouent un rôle essentiel dans le développement des tumeurs. Dans ce contexte, la nouvelle famille de métalloprotéases, les protéines ADAM, constituent aujourd’hui des régulateurs majeurs de la progression tumorale en agissant sur la biodisponibilité des médiateurs de la communication cellulaire que sont les cytokines, chimiokines et facteurs de croissance. Au sein de cette famille, ADAM12 est la plus associée au cancer. Elle possède la particularité de jouer un rôle dans la signalisation cellulaire, de façon indépendante de son activité métalloprotéase, notamment dans les voies de signalisation du TGFβ. Notre étude montre pour la première fois un rôle pour la forme membranaire d'ADAM12 dans l'induction de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (EMT), un processus essentiel à l'invasion tumorale dont le TGFβ est un inducteur majeur. Cet effet est médié par l'activation des voies de signalisation du TGFβ, impliquant les protéines SMAD3, AKT et ERK et requiert le domaine cytoplasmique d'ADAM12L mais pas son domaine catalytique. L'activation de ces voies de signalisation pourrait impliquer une relocalisation d'ADAM12L au sein de plates-formes de signalisation dans les radeaux lipidiques. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré qu'ADAM12L interagit avec les protéines ZO-1 et ZO-2, des protéines des jonctions serrées, et pourrait favoriser leur désassemblage au cours de l'EMT. Nos travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence une nouvelle fonction pour ADAM12L dans l'EMT, par un mécanisme impliquant une modulation des signaux régulant ce processus. Une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique de ces mécanismes moléculaires pourrait permettre de développer de nouvelles thérapies ciblées pour lutter contre la progression tumorale. / Communication between tumoral cells and the microenvironnement plays an essential role in the developpement of tumors. In that context, the new family of metalloproteases, the ADAM proteins, are major regulators of the tumoral progression by acting on the bioavaibility of importants mediators of cellular communication as cytokines and growth factors. Among this family, ADAM12 is the most associated with cancer. It has been shown to mediate signaling pathways by a process independant of its metalloproteasis activity, in particular for TGFβ signaling. This study show for the first time a role for the membrane form of ADAM12 in the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a essential process involved in tumor invasion, whom TGFβ is a main inducer. This effect is mediated by the activation of TGFβ signaling pathways, SMAD3, AKT and ERK and require the cytoplasmic tail of ADAM12L but not its catalytic activity. Activation of these pathways could involve a relocalisation of ADAM12L in special signaling platform in lipid rafts. Moreover, we have shown that ADAM12L interact with ZO-1 and ZO-2, two proteins of tight junctions, and could facilitate their desassembling during EMT. This work underscore for the first time a new function of ADAM12L in EMT, by a mecanism invovlving a modulation of signals regulating this process. A better understanding of the dynamic of these molecular mecanisms could allow the developpement of new targeted therapies to fight against tumoral progression.

L'agressivité des cancers est souvent liée au pouvoir métastatique des cellules tumorales et la dissémination de ces dernières peut survenir suite à un phénomène appelé la transition épithéliomésenchymateuse. Une analyse de l'expression de la Cycline A2 conduite sur des échantillons humains de tumeurs primaires colorectales et de leurs métastases correspondantes révèle que cette protéine est moins abondante dans ces dernières. Le travail décrit dans cette thèse a permis de relier la Cycline A2 au remodelage du cytosquelette d'Actine dans les fibroblastes. Cette régulation requiert la localisation cytoplasmique de la molécule ainsi que son domaine N-terminal qui ne lie pas les CDKs. Nos expériences suggèrent que cette nouvelle activité est la conséquence d'une liaison directe entre la GTPase RhoA et la Cycline A2. La présence de cette dernière augmente l'activation de RhoA par sa GEF in vitro. L'utilisation de cellules épithéliales mammaires normales a permis l'identification d'un autre partenaire, RhoC. Dans ce contexte cellulaire, l'invalidation de la Cycline A2 diminue l'activation de RhoA et, renforce celle de RhoC ce qui conduit à une augmentation de l'invasion cellulaire en matrice de collagène. Ces cellules acquièrent aussi des propriétés mésenchymateuses caractéristiques de l'EMT, et ce phénotype est exacerbé par la présence de RasV12. Ce travail établit donc l'existence de nouvelles fonctions pour la Cycline A2 qui viennent compléter le tableau de régulation de la motilité par les protéines du cycle cellulaire et contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de son rôle dans le cancer. / Cancer aggressiveness is often associated with metastases occurrence and their dissemination can arise following an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cyclin A2 expression is lower in metastases relative to primary colon adenocarcinoma of matched human tumors. This manuscript describes new links between Cyclin A2 and Actin cytoskeleton remodeling in fibroblasts. This regulation requires a cytoplasmic localization of the protein and its N-terminal domain, which is unable to bind CDKs. This new Cyclin A2 activity appears to be mediated by its binding to RhoA. Accordingly, the activity of its GEF is potentiated when Cyclin A2 is present, in vitro. Furthermore, we used a normal mammary epithelial cell line and identified another Cyclin A2 partner, RhoC. Cyclin A2 depletion in this context leads to a reciprocal RhoGTPase activation where RhoA activation is impaired and that of RhoC is increased. Moreover, cell invasiveness is increased in a collagen matrix following Cyclin A2 knockdown in these cells. In addition, the epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties, which are exarcerbated by the expression of RasV12 and are characteristic of an EMT. Our work completes the network involving cell cycle proteins in motility. These novel functions of Cyclin A2 will hopefully help to understand the impact of its deregulation in cancer.

Le génome humain est largement transcrit en milliers d’ARN non traduits en protéines. Les longs ARN non-codants (ARNlnc) ont un rôle majeur dans la régulation du génome, au cours du développement et lors de la progression de nombreuses maladies, dont les cancers. La transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (TEM), donnant à une cellule la capacité de former des métastases, semble être un processus crucial transformant une tumeur bénigne en maladie mortelle. Certains ARNlnc ont été associés à ce phénomène, mais leur fonction reste à définir.Un modèle in vitro de TEM et des approches de séquençage d’ARN à très haut débit, nous ont permis de définir un catalogue d’ARNlnc dérégulés entre cellules épithéliales et mésenchymateuses. Parmi eux, nous avons identifié HOTAIR, étudié pour son expression aberrante dans les tumeurs métastasées et son interaction avec les complexes PRC2 et LSD1/CoREST/REST. Par des approches de perte et de gain de fonction, nous avons montré que HOTAIR n’est pas impliqué dans l’initiation de la TEM mais est un régulateur majeur de la prolifération cellulaire ainsi que des capacités de migration et d’invasion des cellules. Nous avons généré des lignées cellulaires sur-exprimant HOTAIR privé de son domaine d’interaction avec PRC2 ou LSD1. L’étude de leur phénotype et l’établissement de leur transcriptome ont permis de montrer que le domaine d’interaction avec le complexe LSD1/CoREST/REST est crucial pour la régulation de nombreux gènes par HOTAIR. Ces résultats permettent une meilleure compréhension du rôle des ARNlnc dans la TEM, et de la fonction cruciale de HOTAIR dans l’acquisition d’un phénotype métastatique par des cellules cancéreuses épithéliales. / The human genome is pervasively transcribed into thousands of non-coding transcripts. Numerous studies underline the diversity and importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in genome regulation and their impact on development and diseases. Processes of cancer progression are extensively studied, in particular the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) that enables epithelial cancer cells to invade other tissues to form metastases. If several lncRNAs have been associated with EMT, their molecular function is not clearly defined. Using a well-established in vitro cell model of EMT and high-throughput RNA sequencing approaches, we defined a catalogue of annotated and novel lncRNAs significantly deregulated between epithelial and mesenchymal states of HEK cells. Among them, we identified HOTAIR, linked to cancer metastasis and described as a scaffold RNA guiding chromatin-modifying complexes PRC2 and LSD1/CoREST/REST. Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we showed that HOTAIR is not an inducer of the EMT per se but a major regulator of cell proliferation rate, migratory and invasive capacities. We generated stable cell-lines over expressing HOTAIR transcripts lacking PRC2- or LSD1-interacting domains. Transcriptome analysis and phenotypic studies showed that LSD1-binding domain is crucial for HOTAIR-mediated gene regulation. Altogether, our results give new insights into lncRNAs role in EMT, with a better understanding of HOTAIR-mediated gene regulation mechanism and its role in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype by cancer cells. Further studies will be performed to deeper investigate lncRNAs role in EMT, particularly for previously unannotated lncRNAs.

No description available.

No description available.

Patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) are reliant on the peritoneum to provide a semi-permeable barrier to allow for dialysis (solute clearance), salt and water removal (ultrafiltration). PD patients are at risk of developing peritoneal fibrosis and angiogenesis which can lead to a decline in peritoneal membrane function. Specifically, PD patients develop increased solute transport and decreased osmotic conductance leading to ultrafiltration failure. Peritoneal angiogenesis is the leading factor that results in augmented peritoneal membrane solute transport which is associated with worse outcomes – increased risk of mortality and PD technique failure. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) is one of the primary cytokines involved in inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis. We hypothesize that PD leads to injury of the epithelial lining of the peritoneum – the mesothelial cells. These cells undergo a transition process and transitioned mesothelium are a source for angiogenic and fibrogenic growth factors. Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 is an angiogeneic factor and has been observed to correlate with increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). MMP9 has the ability to cleave and activate membrane bound factors such as E-cadherin and b-catenin respectively. There is substantial evidence that the canonical WNT/b-catenin pathway is active during fibrosis, and angiogenesis in different biological contexts. Thus, we investigated the role of MMP9 and WNT signaling in peritoneal angiogenesis. Limited evidence exists describing the role of noncanonical WNT signaling but some reports suggest that non-canonical WNT signaling inhibits WNT/b-catenin signaling. Non-canonical WNT5A has differential effects based on receptor context and has been shown to block WNT/b-catenin signaling in the presence of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Like Orphan Receptor 2 (Ror2). The overall hypothesis of this PhD thesis is that MMP9 and WNT signaling play a key role in inducing peritoneal angiogenesis and are associated with changes in peritoneal membrane function. We expect WNT5A and Ror2 to protect against peritoneal membrane injury. From the overnight effluent of stable PD patients, we cultured mesothelial cells and assayed these for expression of MMP and WNT related genes. MMP9 and WNT1 gene expression were observed to be strongly correlated with peritoneal membrane solute transport in patients on PD. WNT2 mRNA was also positively correlated with peritoneal solute transport. We overexpressed MMP9 in the mouse peritoneum to demonstrate its role in angiogenesis and confirmed these findings using MMP9 -/- mice. In addition to this, we have shown a novel mechanism by which MMP9 induces angiogenesis by E-cadherin cleavage and b-catenin mediated signaling. The observed cross-talk between MMP9 and b-catenin prompted investigation of the activation of canonical WNT/b-catenin signaling in development of peritoneal membrane injury. In an experimental model of TGFB induced pertioneal injury, we confirmed the activation of WNT/b-catenin signaling. In addition to this we, we blocked the WNT pathway and observed that WNT/b-catenin signaling is required to induce peritoneal angiogenesis. WNT5A mRNA was downregulated during TGFB induced injury suggesting a more protective role. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated its ability to antagonize the WNT/b-catenin signaling pathway. We demonstrated that WNT5A protected against angiogenesis by blocking the canonical WNT pathway. WNT5A is thought to antagonize the WNT/b-catenin signaling pathway by signaling through receptor Ror2. In cell culture, we overexpressed TGFB and blocked Ror2. This resulted in elevated levels of VEGF and fibronectin suggesting that Ror2 is involved in mediating protection. Therefore, Ror2 possesses the ability to regulate VEGF and may be a potential candidate by which WNT5A mediates its protective effects. In conclusion, our findings identified MMP9 and WNT1 as potential biomarkers of increased peritoneal solute transport in patients that are on PD. We have also found a novel mechanism by which MMP9 interacts with b-catenin to induce peritoneal angiogenesis and have provided a first look at WNT/b-catenin signaling in peritoneal angiogenesis. Lastly, we have shown WNT5A to protect against peritoneal angiogenesis. Taken together, our findings are not only significant to the realm of PD research but hold wide applicability to research in the biomedical sciences. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

P8 est un gène lié au stress cellulaire qui a été identifié et caractérisé dans notre laboratoire. Il est surexprimé dans diverses pathologies, et plus particulièrement dans l'adénocarcinome pancréatique. Notre étude se focalise sur le rôle de p8 dans la progression tumorale et la formation des métastases du cancer du pancréas. Dans ce travail, nous avons démontré, dans un premier temps, que p8 régule la migration, l'adhésion et l'invasion cellulaire induites par diverses molécules dont le TGF-&#946;1, par le biais de la GTPase CDC42, dont il contrôle l'expression et l'activité. Nous avons prouvé aussi que la présence de p8 est nécessaire pour la mise en place d'une transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse, facilitant ainsi l'action pro-tumorale du TGF-&#946;1. Enfin, une analyse morphologique d'adénocarcinomes pancréatiques humains et murins nous a permis d'identifier la présence de cellules « cannibales », déficientes en p8, capables de phagocyter et ainsi limiter la prolifération d'autres cellules. Nous avons décortiqué ce mécanisme au niveau moléculaire. Son étude nous a permis de conclure, qu'en absence de p8, une nouvelle transition de type épithélio-phagocytaire est instaurée, ayant comme résultat un cannibalisme cellulaire, potentialisé notamment par le TGF-&#946;1, qui agirait dans ce cas comme un agent anti-tumoral. L'avancée de ces résultats donne place à des nouvelles perspectives vis-à-vis de l'importance de p8, d'abord d'un point de vue moléculaire sur les actions pro et anti-tumorales du TGF-&#946;1, ensuite en tant que potentielle cible thérapeutique dans le cancer du pancréas. / P8 is a gene related to cellular stress, identified and characterized in our laboratory, and overexpressed in several diseases, especially in pancreatic cancer (PDAC). Our study focuses on the role of p8 in tumor progression and metastasis formation in PDAC. In this work, we have demonstrated that firstly, p8 regulates pancreatic cancer cell migration, invasion and adhesion, induced by several molecules like TGF-&#946;1, through CDC42, a small GTPase, whose expression and activation is controlled by p8. We also established that p8 is necessary to set up epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, promoting TGF-&#946;1 pro-tumoral effects. Finally, morphological analysis of human and murine pancreatic cancer, allowed us to identify “cannibal” cells, in which p8 expression was absent, able to phagocytose another cells and in this way limit its proliferation. We dissected the mechanism involved in this process at the molecular level. This study led us to conclude that when p8 is absent, a new epithelial-to-phagocytic transition takes place, resulting in cell cannibalism, maximized by TGF-&#946;1 action that will play an anti-tumoral role. These results underscore, on one hand, the crucial role of p8, at the molecular level, over the pro and anti-tumoral effects of TGF-&#946;1 and on the other hand its potential role in pancreatic cancer therapy.

A interação entre células tumorais e células estromais tem um papel central na progressão neoplásica. As células estromais mesenquimais multipotentes (MSCs) podem se integrar ao microambiente tumoral onde modulam o crescimento dos tumores por meio de distintos mecanismos. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre o papel das MSCs na metástase, a principal causa de morte em pacientes com câncer. Utilizando um modelo de melanoma murino ortotópico, nós demonstramos que MSCs obtidas da medula óssea de camundongos (MO-MSCs) ocupam o nicho perivascular nos tumores primários e aumentam 2,5 vezes a incidência de micrometástases pulmonares quando co-infundidas com células de melanoma B16. Observamos ainda que o meio condicionado das MO-MSCs não altera o potencial de colonização pulmonar das células B16 infundidas sistemicamente. Isto indica que as MO-MSCs modulam as fases iniciais da cascata metastática, durante a qual ocorrem os processos de invasão e intravasão nos vasos sangüíneos. Em correlação com estes efeitos pró-metastáticos, o secretoma das MO-MSCs induziu a transição epitélio-mesenquimal (EMT) nas células de melanoma in vitro. Após cultivo em meio condicionado das MO-MSCs, as células B16 adquiriram uma morfologia evidentemente fibroblástica. Ao mesmo tempo, houve o rearranjo dos filamentos de actina e o aumento da expressão de marcadores mesenquimais como fibronectina, vimentina, FSP1, N-caderina e ZEB2, acompanhado da repressão transcricional de E-caderina. A ativação da EMT pelo secretoma das MO-MSCs resultou na aquisição de propriedades metastáticas nas células de melanoma. Após cultivo em meio condicionado de MO-MSCs, as células B16 tiveram seu potencial de ancoragem à fibronectina reduzido, ao passo que houve o aumento na mobilidade e no potencial de invasão em matrizes tridimensionais. Utilizando inibidores competitivos de ATP contra o receptor tirosina-cinase Met, demonstramos que a aquisição de todas as propriedades metastáticas avaliadas e a ativação da EMT nas células de melanoma é mediada pela ativação da via HGF/Met. Estes dados destacam o papel das MOMSCs no microambiente tumoral como fonte perivascular de moléculas indutoras da EMT, cuja ativação leva a aquisição de traços metastáticos nas células de melanoma. Além disso, a inibição da via HGF/Met pode neutralizar os efeitos das MO-MSCs sobre as células tumorais, contribuindo para a repressão de propriedades fundamentais que sustentam a progressão e a disseminação neoplásica. Estas informações são importantes para o desenvolvimento seguro das MO-MSCs como ferramenta terapêutica e demonstram a importância da sinalização entre MSCs e células tumorais na disseminação metastática. Mais especificamente, estas observações reforçam a inibição da via HGF/Met como uma abordagem promissora para o tratamento da metástase. / The crosstalk between tumor cells and stromal cells can profoundly impact tumor progression. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been reported to integrate the tumor microenvironment where they are described to modulate tumor growth by distinct mechanisms. However, little is known about the impact of MSCs on metastasis, the main cause of death in patients with cancer. Using an orthotopic mouse melanoma model, we showed that mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMMSCs) occupy the perivascular niche within primary tumors and increased by 2.5-fold the incidence of lung micrometastases after co-infusion with B16 melanoma cells. Also, MO-MSCs conditioned medium did not affect the lung colonization ability of systemically infused B16 cells. This indicates that MO-MSCs induces the initial steps of the metastatic cascade, during which the invasion and intravasion occurs. Correlating with these metastatic effects, the BM-MSCs\' secretome activated the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in B16 cells in vitro. After culture in BMMSCs\' conditioned medium, B16 cells acquired an evident fibroblastic morphology. Simultaneously, we observed the rearrangement of actin filaments and the upregulation of mesenchymal markers such as fibronectin, vimentin, FSP1, Ncadherin and ZEB2. In agreement with the loss of epithelial phenotype, BM-MSCs\' secretome also suppressed E-cadherin expression in B16 cells. The activation of EMT by BM-MSCs leaded to the acquisition of metastatic traits in melanoma cells. After culture in BM-MSCs\' conditioned medium, B16 cells displayed reduced anchorage to fibronectin and increased motility and invasiveness in threedimensional matrix plugs. Inhibition of Met receptor with competitive ATP inhibitors demonstrated that the induction of EMT and the resultant acquisition of metastatic traits are driven by activation of HGF/Met signaling pathway. Taken together, these evidences highlight the role of BM-MSCs as a perivascular source of EMT-inductive signals, whose activation leads to acquisition of metastatic traits in melanoma cells. Furthermore, inhibition of HGF/Met signaling pathway can neutralize the effects of BM-MSCs on tumor cells, thereby allowing the repression of fundamental properties which support tumor progression and metastasis. This information is useful to safely develop BM-MSCs as therapeutic tool and demonstrate the relevance of the signaling between MSCs and tumor cells during metastasis. More specifically, it reinforces that inhibition of Met signaling can be a promissory approach for the treatment of metastasis.