Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar processos de interação ar-mar na porção leste da América do Sul e Oceano Atlântico adjacente ao longo do Holoceno (últimos 12.000 anos). Para isso, os efeitos de forçantes naturais sobre a variabilidade climática foram investigados em três escalas temporais: (i) milenar-centenária: efeitos de pulsos de degelo no Oceano Atlântico, e de variações nas forçantes solar e orbital sobre o modo dipolar subtropical do Atlântico sul e consequências sobre a precipitação, durante o Holoceno; (ii) cenário médio: efeitos de diferenças na forçante orbital em relação ao clima presente sobre a precipitação média no continente, durante o Holoceno médio (6.000 anos atrás), por meio de uma compilação de dados paleoclimáticos inédita para esse período, e comparação com resultados de simulações numéricas; (iii) multidecadal: efeitos de variações na forçante vulcânica ao longo do último milênio (850 a 1850 da Era Comum) sobre a variabilidade do modo equatorial do Atlântico e consequências sobre a precipitação na América do Sul. Os resultados mostraram efeitos dos eventos de rápido resfriamento do Hemisfério norte na variabilidade do modo dipolar subtropical do Atlântico sul, com consequências principalmente sobre a precipitação do Nordeste do Brasil. O cenário médio para o Holoceno médio apontou déficit hídrico na porção leste da América do Sul durante esse período, relacionado com menor quantidade de insolação de verão recebida pelo Hemisfério sul. A dificuldade na coleta de testemunhos marinhos foi identificada como um dos principais limitantes em estudos paleoclimáticos. O vulcanismo explosivo observado no último milênio resfriou a região tropical no ano da erupção, e enfraqueceu a relação entre a precipitação na porção leste da América do Sul e o modo equatorial do Atlântico. Finalmente, a presente tese demonstrou, por meio de comparações dados-modelo, a importância do Oceano Atlântico no regimes de chuva da América do Sul em diversas escalas temporais para climas onde a forçante antropogênica era pouco significativa. 195 pp. / This work investigates the air-sea interaction processes in eastern South America and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean for the Holocene (past 12,000 years). The effects of the natural forcings on climate variability were investigated in three time-scales: (i) millennial-to-centennial: effects of Atlantic meltwater pulses and changes in the solar and orbital forcings on the South Atlantic subtropical dipole, and rainfall impacts during the Holocene; (ii) mid-Holocene scenario: effects of changes in the orbital forcing, in comparison to the present-day conditions, on mean precipitation over the continent, during the mid-Holocene (6,000 years ago). This was achieved through an unpublished multiproxy compilation and comparison with numerical experiments; (iii) multidecadal: effects of changes in the volcanic forcing along the past millennium (850 to 1850 Common Era) on the variability of the Atlantic equatorial mode and consequences on precipitation over South America. Results show effects of the Northern Hemisphere cooling events on the variability of the South Atlantic subtropical dipole, with impacts mainly over Northeastern Brazil\'s rainfall. The mid-Holocene scenario results indicate a water deficit in eastern South America during this period related to a decrease in Southern Hemisphere summer insolation. The difficulty in marine cores sampling is identified as one of the main problems in current paleoclimate studies. The explosive volcanism observed during the past millennium cooled the tropical regions at the year of the volcanic eruption, and weakened the relation between the precipitation in eastern South America and the Atlantic equatorial mode. This thesis shows through data-model approaches the importance of the Atlantic Ocean on South America precipitation regimes in the climate timescales where the anthropogenic forcing was not so relevant. 195 pp.

Dans cette thèse, nous avons abordé plusieurs thématiques liées aux modes de variabilité climatique dans l'Atlantique tropical à l'échelle interannuelle. Les analyses statistiques nous ont permis dans un premier temps de mettre en évidence les deux principaux modes dominants de cette variabilité interannuelle: un mode équatorial et un mode méridien. Le mode équatorial est responsable d'anomalies de température de surface de la mer (SST) principalement dans le Golfe de Guinée et est identifié par des variations de la pente du niveau de la mer dans la bande équatoriale. Il est dû à des rétroactions dynamiques entre le vent, le niveau de la mer et la SST. Quant au mode méridien, il se manifeste par des fluctuations inter-hémisphériques de SST et est contrôlé par des rétroactions dynamiques et thermodynamiques entre le vent, l'évaporation et la SST. L'évaluation du couplage de ces variables clés du mode méridien nous a permis de proposer un modèle conceptuel pour expliquer les principaux mécanismes responsables des oscillations du mode méridien. Le modèle a montré que le mode méridien résulte de la superposition d'un mécanisme auto-entretenu basé sur les rétroactions positives et négatives générant des oscillations régulières de haute fréquence (2-3 ans) et d'un autre mécanisme d'oscillation basse fréquence (4-9 ans) lié à l'influence d'ENSO du Pacifique Est. Comme l'évolution de ces deux modes est fortement liée au déplacement méridien de la zone de convergence intertropicale (ITCZ) qui transporte les pluies, nous avons ensuite identifié la signature de ces modes sur la salinité de la surface de la mer à l'aide observations in situ et d'une simulation numérique régionale. Les processus océaniques et/ou atmosphériques responsables de la signature de chaque mode ont été également identifiés grâce à un bilan de sel dans la couche de mélange du modèle validé. Le bilan de sel a révélé que le forçage atmosphérique, lié à la migration de l'ITCZ, contrôle la région équatoriale tandis que l'advection, due à la modulation des courants, du gradient vertical et le mélange à la base de la couche de mélange, explique les variations de SSS dans les régions sous l'influence des panaches. [...] / In this thesis, we investigate several topics related to the interannual climatic modes in the tropical Atlantic. Statistical analyses allows us to extract the two main dominant modes of interannual variability: an equatorial mode and a meridional mode. The equatorial mode is responsible for Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies mainly found in the Gulf of Guinea and is linked to variations of the sea-level slope in the equatorial band. It is due to dynamic feedbacks between zonal wind, sea level and SST. The meridional mode is characterised by inter-hemispheric SST fluctuations and is controlled by dynamic and thermodynamic feedbacks between the wind, evaporation and SST. After quantifying the coupling between key variables involved in the meridional mode, we develop a conceptual model to explain the main mechanisms responsible for meridional mode oscillations. The model shows that the meridional mode results from the superposition of a self-sustaining mechanism based on positive and negative feedbacks generating regular oscillations of high frequency (2-3 years) and another low frequency oscillation mechanism (4-9 years) related to the influence of ENSO. As the evolution of these two modes is strongly linked to the meridional shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and associated rainfall maximum, we identify the signature of these modes on Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) using in situ observations and a regional numerical simulation. Oceanic and/or atmospheric processes responsible for the signature of each mode are also identified through a mixed-layer salt budget in the validated model. The salt balance reveals that the atmospheric forcing, related to the ITCZ migration, controls the equatorial region while the advection, due to the modulation of current dynamics, the vertical gradient and mixing at the base of the mixed layer, explains SSS variations in regions under the influence of plumes. Finally, we study the Equatorial Kelvin wave characteristics and influences on the density that are involved in the meridional and equatorial mode connection processes, using a very simplified model of gravity wave propagation along the equator. After a brief description of this model, which was initially constructed to study dynamics in the equatorial Pacific, we apply it to the specific case of the equatorial Atlantic by validating its analytical and numerical solutions under adiabatic conditions. [...]

Equatorial Guinea is the only former Spanish colony in Africa south of the Sahara. Consequently, the Spanish-language literature produced by its authors has been resistant to classification in both the fields of Hispanic and African literary studies. This thesis examines a selection of contemporary narratives written between 1994 and 2007 by the following authors: José Fernando Siale Djangany, Maximiliano Nkogo Esono, Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel and Joaquín Mbomio Bacheng. My main objective in this dissertation is to identify, explain and relate the ways in which post-independence authors express identity in their respective texts. In order to accomplish this task, this thesis posits situational interactions as the key sites for identity expression. Developed from the tenets of symbolic interactionism, the syncretic theoretical model of identity views it as telescopic. It is expected that, through the examination of the chosen texts, a contribution can be made to the understanding of the way in which each author expresses identity and can therefore feed into the larger discussion of identity in Equatorial Guinean narrative.

In studies of the ocean it has become conventional to retain only the component of the Coriolis force associated with the radial component of the Earth’s rotation vector, the so-called “traditional approximation”. We investigate the role of the “non-traditional” component of the Coriolis force, corresponding to the non-radial component of the rotation vector, in transporting abyssal waters across the equator. We first derive a non-traditional generalisation of the multi-layer shallow water equations, which describe the flow of multiple superposed layers of inviscid, incompressible fluid with constant densities over prescribed topography in a rotating frame. We derive these equations both by averaging the three-dimensional governing equations over each layer, and via Hamilton’s principle. The latter derivation guarantees that conservation laws for mass, momentum, energy and potential vorticity are preserved. Within geophysically realistic parameters, including the complete Coriolis force modifies the domain of hyperbolicity of the multi-layer equations by no more than 5%. By contrast, long linear plane waves exhibit dramatic structural changes due to reconnection of the surface and internal wave modes in the long-wave limit. We use our non-traditional shallow water equations as an idealised model of an abyssal current flowing beneath a less dense upper ocean. We focus on the Antarctic Bottom Water, which crosses the equator in the western Atlantic ocean, where the bathymetry forms an almost-westward channel. Cross-equatorial flow is strongly constrained by potential vorticity conservation, which requires fluid to acquire a large relative vorticity in order to move between hemispheres. Including the complete Coriolis force accounts for the fact that fluid crossing the equator in an eastward/westward channel experiences a smaller change in angular momentum, and therefore acquires less relative vorticity. Our analytical and numerical solutions for shallow water flow over idealised channel topography show that the non-traditional component of the Coriolis force facilitates cross-equatorial flow through an almost-westward channel.

Dans ce mémoire, je démontre que la distribution de probabilités de l'état quantique Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) sous l'action locale de mesures de von Neumann indépendantes sur chaque qubit suit une distribution qui est une combinaison convexe de deux distributions. Les coefficients de la combinaison sont reliés aux parties équatoriales des mesures et les distributions associées à ces coefficients sont reliées aux parties réelles des mesures. Une application possible du résultat est qu'il permet de scinder en deux la simulation de l'état GHZ. Simuler, en pire cas ou en moyenne, un état quantique comme GHZ avec des ressources aléatoires, partagées ou privées, et des ressources classiques de communication, ou même des ressources fantaisistes comme les boîtes non locales, est un problème important en complexité de la communication quantique. On peut penser à ce problème de simulation comme un problème où plusieurs personnes obtiennent chacune une mesure de von Neumann à appliquer sur le sous-système de l'état GHZ qu'il partage avec les autres personnes. Chaque personne ne connaît que les données décrivant sa mesure et d'aucune façon une personne ne connaît les données décrivant la mesure d'une autre personne. Chaque personne obtient un résultat aléatoire classique. La distribution conjointe de ces résultats aléatoires classiques suit la distribution de probabilités trouvée dans ce mémoire. Le but est de simuler classiquement la distribution de probabilités de l'état GHZ. Mon résultat indique une marche à suivre qui consiste d'abord à simuler les parties équatoriales des mesures pour pouvoir ensuite savoir laquelle des distributions associées aux parties réelles des mesures il faut simuler. D'autres chercheurs ont trouvé comment simuler les parties équatoriales des mesures de von Neumann avec de la communication classique dans le cas de 3 personnes, mais la simulation des parties réelles résiste encore et toujours. / In this Master's thesis, I show that the probability distribution of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger quantum state (GHZ) under local action of independent von Neumann measurements follows a convex distribution of two distributions.The coefficients of the combination are related to the equatorial parts of the measurements, and the distributions associated with those coefficients are associated with the real parts of the measurements. One possible application of my result is that it allows one to split into two pieces the simulation of the GHZ state. Simulating, in worst case or in average, a quantum state like the GHZ state with random resources, shared or private, as well as with classical communication resources or even odd resources like nonlocal boxes is a very important in the theory of quantum communication complexity. We can think of this simulation problem as a problem in which many people get the description of a von Neumann measurement. Each party does not know the description of any other measurements belonging to the other parties. Each party after having applied his measurement on the subsystem of the state that he shares with the others gets a classical outcome. The joint distribution of the outcomes of every parties follows the distribution studied in this thesis in the case of the GHZ state. My result indicates that in order to simulate the distribution, we can first simulate the equatorial parts of the measurements in order to know which distribution associated to the real parts of the measurements to simulate. Other researchers have found how to simulate the equatorial parts of the von Neumann measurements with classical resources in the case of 3 parties, but it is still unknown how to simulate the real parts.

The history of exploration is one of the great chapters in the history of mankind, which offers not only strong personal stories of desire and determination but is also related to the Great Powers policy. What stands in center of attention of this thesis is an institution established under the patronage of British king William IV, the aim of which was the promotion of geography and exploration of continents. The Royal Geographical Society has been among others distiguished in the support of expeditions which managed to map the sources of the Nile and contribute to a solution of one of the long term mysteries of the mankind.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-05-29T15:53:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_ModelagemNumericaInfluencia.pdf: 27445698 bytes, checksum: b2f20d88d64f730c32bbbb597ce25bad (MD5) / Rejected by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br), reason: Definir palavras-chave on 2014-08-06T16:12:41Z (GMT) / Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-08-27T13:10:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_ModelagemNumericaInfluencia.pdf: 27445698 bytes, checksum: b2f20d88d64f730c32bbbb597ce25bad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-10T14:50:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_ModelagemNumericaInfluencia.pdf: 27445698 bytes, checksum: b2f20d88d64f730c32bbbb597ce25bad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-10T14:50:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_ModelagemNumericaInfluencia.pdf: 27445698 bytes, checksum: b2f20d88d64f730c32bbbb597ce25bad (MD5) Previous issue date: 1993 / UFPA - Universidade Federal do Pará / PETROBRAS - Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. / FADESP - Fundação de Amparo e Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A América do Sul apresenta várias peculiaridades geomagnéticas, uma delas, é a presença do Eletrojato Equatorial, o qual se estende de leste para oeste no Brasil ao longo de aproximadamente 3500 km. Considerando-se o fato de que a influência do Eletrojato Equatorial pode ser detectada a grandes distâncias do seu centro, isto suscita o interesse em se estudar os seus efeitos na exploração magnetotelúrica no Brasil. A influência do eletrojato equatorial na prospecção magnetotelúrica tem sido modelada para meios geológicos uni e bidimensionais valendo-se para isto de soluções analíticas fechadas e de técnicas numéricas tais como elementos finitos e diferenças finitas. Em relação aos meios geológicos tridimensionais, eles tem sido modelados na forma de "camadas finas", usando o algoritmo "thin sheet". As fontes indutoras utilizadas para simular o eletrojato equatorial nestes trabalhos, tem sido linhas de corrente, eletrojatos gaussianos e eletrojatos ondulantes. Por outro lado, o objetivo principal da nossa tese foi o modelamento dos efeitos que o eletrojato equatorial provoca em estruturas tridimensionais próprias da geofísica da prospecção. Com tal finalidade, utilizamos o esquema numérico da equação integral, com as fontes indutoras antes mencionadas. De maneira similar aos trabalhos anteriores, os nossos resultados mostram que a influência do eletrojato equatorial somente acontece em frequências menores que 10-1 Hz. Este efeito decresce com a distância, mantendo-se até uns 3000 km do centro do eletrojato. Assim sendo, a presença de grandes picos nos perfis da resistividade aparente de um semi-espaço homogêneo, indica que a influência do eletrojato é notável neste tipo de meio. Estes picos se mostram com diferente magnitude para cada eletrojato simulado, sendo que a sua localização também muda de um eletrojato para outro. Entretanto, quando se utilizam modelos geo-elétricos unidimensionais mais de acordo com a realidade, tais como os meios estratificados, percebe-se que a resposta dos eletrojatos se amortece significativamente e não mostra muitas diferenças entre os diferentes tipos de eletrojato. Isto acontece por causa da dissipação da energia eletromagnética devido à presença da estratificação e de camadas condutivas. Dentro do intervalo de 3000 km, a resposta eletromagnética tridimensional pode ser deslocada para cima ou para baixo da resposta da onda plana, dependendo da localização do corpo, da frequência, do tipo de eletrojato e do meio geológico. Quando a resposta aparece deslocada para cima, existe um afastamento entre as sondagens uni e tridimensionais devidas ao eletrojato, assim como um alargamento da anomalia dos perfis que registra a presença da heterogeneidade tridimensional. Quando a resposta aparece deslocada para baixo, no entanto, há uma aproximação entre estes dois tipos de sondagens e um estreitamento da anomalia dos perfis. Por outro lado, a fase se mostra geralmente, de uma forma invertida em relação à resistividade aparente. Isto significa que quando uma sobe a outra desce, e vice-versa. Da mesma forma, comumente nas altas frequências as respostas uni e tridimensionais aparecem deslocadas, enquanto que nas baixas frequências se mostram com os mesmos valores, com exceção dos eletrojatos ondulantes com parâmetros de ondulação α = —2 e —3. Nossos resultados também mostram que características geométricas próprias das estruturas tridimensionais, tais como sua orientação em relação à direção do eletrojato e a dimensão da sua direção principal, afetam a resposta devido ao eletrojato em comparação com os resultados da onda plana. Desta forma, quando a estrutura tridimensional é rotacionada de 90°, em relação à direção do eletrojato e em torno do eixo z, existe uma troca de polarizações nas resistividades dos resultados, mas não existem mudanças nos valores da resistividade aparente no centro da estrutura. Ao redor da mesma, porém, se percebe facilmente alterações nos contornos dos mapas de resistividade aparente, ao serem comparadas com os mapas da estrutura na sua posição original. Isto se deve à persistência dos efeitos galvânicos no centro da estrutura e à presença de efeitos indutivos ao redor do corpo tridimensional. Ao alongar a direção principal da estrutura tridimensional, as sondagens magnetotelúricas vão se aproximando das sondagens das estruturas bidimensionais, principalmente na polarização XY. Mesmo assim, as respostas dos modelos testados estão muito longe de se considerar próximas das respostas de estruturas quase-bidimensionais. Porém, os efeitos do eletrojato em estruturas com direção principal alongada, são muito parecidos com aqueles presentes nas estruturas menores, considerando-se as diferenças entre as sondagens de ambos tipos de estruturas. Por outro lado, os mapas de resistividade aparente deste tipo de estrutura alongada, revelam um grande aumento nos extremos da estrutura, tanto para a onda plana como para o eletrojato. Este efeito é causado pelo acanalamento das correntes ao longo da direção principal da estrutura. O modelamento de estruturas geológicas da Bacia de Marajó confirma que os efeitos do eletrojato podem ser detetados em estruturas pequenas do tipo "horst" ou "graben", a grandes distâncias do centro do mesmo. Assim, os efeitos do eletrojato podem ser percebidos tanto nos meios estratificados como tridimensionais, em duas faixas de freqüência (nas proximidades de 10-1 Hz e para freqüências menores que 10-3 Hz), possivelmente influenciados pela presença do embasamento cristalino e a crosta inferior, respectivamente. Desta maneira, os resultados utilizando o eletrojato como fonte indutora, mostram que nas baixas freqüências as sondagens magnetotelúricas podem ser fortemente distorcidas, tanto pelos efeitos galvânicos da estrutura tridimensional como pela presença da influência do eletrojato. Conseqüêntemente, interpretações errôneas dos dados de campo podem ser cometidas, se não se corrigirem os efeitos do eletrojato equatorial ou, da mesma forma, não se utilisarem algoritmos tridimensionais para interpretar os dados, no lugar do usual modelo unidimensional de Tikhonov - Cagniard. / South America presents several unique geomagnetic features, one of which is the Equatorial Electrojet, a current system which extends east - west in Northern Brazil, for almost 3500 km. Considering the fact that the influence of the Equatorial Electrojet can be detected at great distances from its central axis, it is important to understand its effects on magnetotelluric exploration in Brazil. In magnetotelluric prospecting, the influence of the equatorial electrojet has been modelled for both one and two - dimensional geological media, employing both analytical and numerical techniques solutions such as finite element and finite difference. Three-dimensional geological media have been modeled by "thin – layers "using a "thin sheet" algorithm. Lines of current, gaussian electrojets and undulatory electrojets have been used as induction sources to simulate the equatorial electrojet in these algorithms. In this thesis the principal objective is to model the effects of the equatorial electrojet on three - dimensional structures commonly found in geophysical prospecting. To accomplish this, we have computed numerical solutions of the integral equation for three - dimensional media using the inductive sources mentioned before. As previous works have indicated, our results also show that the influence of the equatorial electrojet is prominant only for frequencies lower than 10-1 Hz. This influence decreases with distance but is detectable up to as far as 3000 km from the center of the electrojet. Thus, the presence of peaks in the apparent resistivity profiles over a homogeneous half - space indicates that the influence of the electrojet is more noticeable for this kind of medium. These peaks display different amplitudes for each type of simulated electrojet, and the peak locations also change from one electrojet to the other. However, when we use more geologically realistic one - dimensional models such as a stratified media, the effect of the electrojet source diminishes considerably and the results do not vary greatly for the different kinds of electrojet employed in the model. This effect is caused by the electromagnetic energy dissipation due to the presence of stratified conductive layers within the media. Within the 3000 km region, the three - dimensional electromagnetic response can be larger or smaller than the plane wave response, depending on location body, frequency, kind of the electrojet and geology. When the apparent resistivity is larger than the plane wave response, there is a spread between the one and the three-dimensional sounding curves caused by the electrojet, as well as a widening of the profile anomaly caused by the three - dimensional inhomogeneities relative to the one due to a plane wave. When the apparent resistivity is less the two kinds of sources yield anomalies approximately equal as well as a shortening of the profile anomaly. On the other hand, the phase usually shows an inverted way related to the apparent resistivity. This means that when one phase goes up the apparent resistivity goes down, and vice - versa. Similarily at high frequencies, the one and three - dimensional phases are offset, while at low frequencies they are the same, except for the undulating electrojet with undulation factor α = -2 and -3. Our results also show that the geometric characteristics of three-dimensional structures, such as their orientation relative to the direction of the electrojet and the dimensions of their principal direction, change the response due to the electrojet source as compared to a plane wave source. For example, when the three - dimensional structure is rotated 90 degrees, relative to the direction of the electrojet, there is a change in polarization (of the electric and magnetic fields) but there are no changes in the values of apparent resistivity at the center of symmetry of the structure. When the measurements are taken away from the center of symmetry changes in the apparent resistivity are shown when compared with the unrotated structure. This is due to the persistente of the galvanic effects at the center of the structure and the presence of inductive effects at the periphery of the three - dimensional body. When we elongate the principal direction of the three - dimensional structure, the magnetotelluric soundings start to approach those of two-dimensional structures. This is more noticiable in the XY polarization. Even so, the responses of the models tested are still quite different from the responses of the quasi two - dimensional structures. Nevertheless, the effects of the electrojet in structures with elongated principal direction are very similar to those present in smaller structures, considering the differences between the soundings of both kinds of structures. On the other hand, the apparent resistivities of this kind of elongated structures show a great increase at the edges of these structures, both for the plane wave or electrojet sources. This effect is caused by the chanelling of the current along the main direction of the structure. The modelling of gelogical structures in the Marajó Basin, confirms that the effects of the electrojet can be detected even in small horst and graben structures located at great distances from electrojet center. Electrojet effects are noticeable in both one and three - dimensional media for two frequency bands, one near 10-1 Hz and another band, between 10-3 Hz to DC. This possibly reflects the influence of a resistive geological basement and a resistive lower crust, respectively. The results of the analysis, using the electrojet as an inductive source show that at low frequencies the computed responses from the magnetotelluric soundings can be strongly distorted, both by galvanic effects in the three - dimensional structure as well as the presence of the electrojet. Therefore, if the equatorial electrojet effects are not accounted for, a misleading interpretation magnetotelluric data will result. Similarily, a three - dimensional model should be used to interpret the data, instead of one-dimensional Tikhonov-Cagniard model.

This thesis deals with tropical intraseasonal variation (TISV) having time scales in 20-80 day range. Variations on this time scale have been observed to have profound influence on the weather and climate of the entire globe, and hence its study forms an important area of current research. A large number of studies have been carried out on this topic since the pioneering work of Madden and Julian in 1971. However, the observational studies are biased towards using the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) as the variable of interest, and other variables, pressure in particular, have received less attention. The present thesis explores features of intraseasonal variations in sea level pressure (SLP) with the following main objectives. 1. Compare and contrast wavenumber – frequency spectra of OLR, zonal winds and SLP. 2. Quantify temporal and spatial variations of different tropical modes observed in the above variables. 3. Investigate intraseasonal variations in sea level pressure in the tropics and its meridional connections. 4. Document the movement of cloud bands during the periods of high and low TISV activity during different seasons. 5. Explore the relations between intraseasonal variations in SLP and monsoon rainfall over India. The study considered global data for a time period of 25 years from 1979 to 2003. Spectral analysis and correlations are the main tools of analysis. A combined FFT-wavelet spectral method, which uses FFT in longitude and wavelet transform in time, was developed for this purpose. This method provided an effective way of obtaining wavenumber - frequency spectra as well as in quantifying temporal variations of different modes. The transform gives spectral intensity as a function of wavenumber, frequency and time. The analysis is applied to OLR, zonal wind and SLP to understand spectral characteristics of different modes and their temporal variations. The thesis shows that the nature of spectra for OLR, SLP and wind is different although these variables are physically connected. OLR spectrum shows many of the equatorial modes observed from the previous studies for an equivalent depth of 40 m. Spectra of zonal winds at three vertical levels (850 mb, 500 mb and 200 mb) shows peaks corresponding to MJO, Kelvin modes at an equivalent depth of 75 m and Rossby Haurwitz modes. SLP spectrum is different from others. It has peaks at wavenumber zero and at MJO and Rossby Haurwitz modes. Another important new result of the thesis is the spatial and temporal behavior of SLP on intraseasonal time scales. It is shown that the the global atmosphere exhibits quasi-periodic oscillations in SLP with variations in the tropics and high latitudes strongly correlated but in opposite phases. Importantly, the strength of TISV is correlated with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. This may have some predictive value for predicting the active and weak TISV activity.

Dans ce mémoire, je démontre que la distribution de probabilités de l'état quantique Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) sous l'action locale de mesures de von Neumann indépendantes sur chaque qubit suit une distribution qui est une combinaison convexe de deux distributions. Les coefficients de la combinaison sont reliés aux parties équatoriales des mesures et les distributions associées à ces coefficients sont reliées aux parties réelles des mesures. Une application possible du résultat est qu'il permet de scinder en deux la simulation de l'état GHZ. Simuler, en pire cas ou en moyenne, un état quantique comme GHZ avec des ressources aléatoires, partagées ou privées, et des ressources classiques de communication, ou même des ressources fantaisistes comme les boîtes non locales, est un problème important en complexité de la communication quantique. On peut penser à ce problème de simulation comme un problème où plusieurs personnes obtiennent chacune une mesure de von Neumann à appliquer sur le sous-système de l'état GHZ qu'il partage avec les autres personnes. Chaque personne ne connaît que les données décrivant sa mesure et d'aucune façon une personne ne connaît les données décrivant la mesure d'une autre personne. Chaque personne obtient un résultat aléatoire classique. La distribution conjointe de ces résultats aléatoires classiques suit la distribution de probabilités trouvée dans ce mémoire. Le but est de simuler classiquement la distribution de probabilités de l'état GHZ. Mon résultat indique une marche à suivre qui consiste d'abord à simuler les parties équatoriales des mesures pour pouvoir ensuite savoir laquelle des distributions associées aux parties réelles des mesures il faut simuler. D'autres chercheurs ont trouvé comment simuler les parties équatoriales des mesures de von Neumann avec de la communication classique dans le cas de 3 personnes, mais la simulation des parties réelles résiste encore et toujours. / In this Master's thesis, I show that the probability distribution of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger quantum state (GHZ) under local action of independent von Neumann measurements follows a convex distribution of two distributions.The coefficients of the combination are related to the equatorial parts of the measurements, and the distributions associated with those coefficients are associated with the real parts of the measurements. One possible application of my result is that it allows one to split into two pieces the simulation of the GHZ state. Simulating, in worst case or in average, a quantum state like the GHZ state with random resources, shared or private, as well as with classical communication resources or even odd resources like nonlocal boxes is a very important in the theory of quantum communication complexity. We can think of this simulation problem as a problem in which many people get the description of a von Neumann measurement. Each party does not know the description of any other measurements belonging to the other parties. Each party after having applied his measurement on the subsystem of the state that he shares with the others gets a classical outcome. The joint distribution of the outcomes of every parties follows the distribution studied in this thesis in the case of the GHZ state. My result indicates that in order to simulate the distribution, we can first simulate the equatorial parts of the measurements in order to know which distribution associated to the real parts of the measurements to simulate. Other researchers have found how to simulate the equatorial parts of the von Neumann measurements with classical resources in the case of 3 parties, but it is still unknown how to simulate the real parts.

The Örebro Mission was founded by John Ongman in 1891. Missionary work in Central Africa began through Ongman’s local church in 1914, at first within other mission societies, but was later continued by the Örebro Mission. From 1921 the Örebro Mission developed its own work in Middle Congo and Oubangui-Chari within French Equatorial Africa. The aim of this thesis is to study how the process of change took place, starting with pioneering work undertaken by Swedish missionaries and resulting in the founding of independent Baptist churches. The analysis is based on the classic three-self policy, aiming at self-governing, self-supporting and self-extending indigenous churches. Using the principal-agent perspective in history writing, the role and significance of a number of key persons are focused. The interaction between the internal process and the cultural, political and ecumenical contexts is taken into consideration. The thesis shows that the three-self formula was used from the beginning as a theoretical goal, but also that its realization was seen in a very long time perspective. Several steps were gradually taken in that direction, but the study shows that contextual factors became as important incitements for the change as the missionaries’ own theologically based motives. It rather took “a second conversion” from a colonial mental framework to speed up the process in its final phase towards the creation of African denominations and the integration into them in 1962 of the Swedish mission structure and work.