O objetivo desta tese é demonstrar que para um subshift de Markov topologicamente transitivo com alfabeto enumerável e um potencial &#402 com pressão de Gurevic finita e variação limitada (&#402) < &#8734, existe um único estado de equilíbrio &#181t&#402 para cada t > 1, e a família (&#181t&#402)t>1 tem um ponto de acumulação quando t > &#8734. Além disso se também supomos que o &#402 é um potencial de Markov, demonstramos que a família de estados de equilíbrio (&#181t&#402)t>1 converge quando t > &#8734. Finalmente demonstramos a continuidade em &#8734 da entropia com respeito ao parâmetro t. Estes resultados não dependem da hipótese de existência de medidas de Gibbs. / The aim of this thesis is to prove that for a topologically transitive Markov subshift with countable alphabet and a summable potential &#402 with finite topological pressure Gurevic and bounded variation (&#402) < &#8734, there exists an equilibrium state &#181t&#402 tf for each t > 1 and the family of equilibrium states (&#181t&#402)t>1 associated to each potential tf has an accumulation point at t > &#8734. Moreover if we also assume that &#402 is a Markov potential we prove that the equilibrium states family (&#181t&#402)t>1 converges when t > &#8734. Finally we prove the continuity at &#8734 of the entropy with respect to the parameter t. These results do not depend on assuming the existence of Gibbs measures.

O objetivo desta tese é demonstrar que para um subshift de Markov topologicamente transitivo com alfabeto enumerável e um potencial &#402 com pressão de Gurevic finita e variação limitada (&#402) < &#8734, existe um único estado de equilíbrio &#181t&#402 para cada t > 1, e a família (&#181t&#402)t>1 tem um ponto de acumulação quando t > &#8734. Além disso se também supomos que o &#402 é um potencial de Markov, demonstramos que a família de estados de equilíbrio (&#181t&#402)t>1 converge quando t > &#8734. Finalmente demonstramos a continuidade em &#8734 da entropia com respeito ao parâmetro t. Estes resultados não dependem da hipótese de existência de medidas de Gibbs. / The aim of this thesis is to prove that for a topologically transitive Markov subshift with countable alphabet and a summable potential &#402 with finite topological pressure Gurevic and bounded variation (&#402) < &#8734, there exists an equilibrium state &#181t&#402 tf for each t > 1 and the family of equilibrium states (&#181t&#402)t>1 associated to each potential tf has an accumulation point at t > &#8734. Moreover if we also assume that &#402 is a Markov potential we prove that the equilibrium states family (&#181t&#402)t>1 converges when t > &#8734. Finally we prove the continuity at &#8734 of the entropy with respect to the parameter t. These results do not depend on assuming the existence of Gibbs measures.

We study two topics on surface diffeomorphisms, their mapping classes and dynamics. For the mapping classes of a punctured disc, we study the $\ZxZ$ subgroups of the fundamental groups of the corresponding mapping tori. An application is the proof of the fact that a satellite knot with braid pattern is prime. For the mapping classes of the disc minus a Cantor set, we study a special type of reducible mapping class. This has direct application on the embeddings of solenoids in $\mathbb{S}^3$. We also give some examples of other types of mapping classes of the disc minus a Cantor set. For the dynamics of surface diffeomorphisms, we prove three formulas for computing the topological pressure of a $C^1$-generic conservative diffeomorphism with no dominated splitting and show the continuity of topological pressure with respect to these diffeomorphisms. We prove for these generic diffeomorphisms that there is no equilibrium states with positive measure theoretic entropy. In particular, for hyperbolic potentials, there are no equilibrium states. For $C^1$ generic conservative diffeomorphisms on compact surfaces with no dominated splitting and $\phi_m(x):=-\frac{1}{m}\log \Vert D_x f^m\Vert, m \in \mathbb{N}$, we show that there exist equilibrium states with zero entropy and there exists a transition point $t_0$ for the one parameter family $\lbrace t \phi_m\rbrace_{t\geq 0}$, such that there is no equilibrium states for $ t \in [0, t_0)$ and there is an equilibrium state for $t \in [t_0,+\infty)$.

Cette thèse est essentiellement composée de deux parties traitant des problèmes de Cauchy ou des problèmes périodiques. Dans la première partie, on étudie la stabilité de solutions régulières au voisinage d'états d'équilibre non constants pour un système d'Euler-Maxwell isentropique compressible bipolaire. Par des estimations d'énergie classiques et un argument de récurrence sur l'ordre des dérivées des solutions, on montre l'existence globale et l'unicité des solutions régulières du système lorsque les données initiales sont proches des états d'équilibre. On obtient aussi le comportement asymptotique des solutions quand le temps tend vers l'infini. Dans la deuxième partie, on considère la stabilité en temps long des solutions régulières de systèmes d'Euler-Maxwell et de Navier-Stokes-Maxwell compressibles dans le cas non isentropique lorsque les états d'équilibre sont constants. Grâce à des choix convenables de symétriseurs des systèmes et à des estimations d'énergie, on montre l'existence globale et l'unicité des solutions régulières des systèmes avec données initiales petites. De plus, par le principe de Duhamel et l'outil d'analyse de Fourier, on obtient des taux de décroissance des solutions quand le temps tend vers l'infini. / This thesis is essentially composed of two parts dealing with Cauchy problems and periodic problems. In the first part, we study the stability of smooth solutions near non constant equilibrium states for a two-fluid isentropic compressible Euler-Maxwell system.By classical energy estimates together with an induction argument on the order of the derivatives of solutions, we prove the existence and uniqueness of global solutions to the system when the given initial data are near the equilibrium states. We also obtain the asymptotic behavior of solutions when the time goes to infinity. In the second part, we consider the long time stability of the global smooth solutions for compressible Euler-Maxwell and Navier-Stokes-Maxwell systems in non isentropic case when the equilibrium solutions are constants. With the help of suitable choices of symmetrizers and energy estimates, we prove the existence and uniqueness of global solutions to the systems with given small initial data. Furthermore, using the Duhamel principle and the Fourier analysis tool, we obtain the decay rates of smooth solutions as the time goes to infinity.