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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

THE ROLE OF CELL SURFACE GRP78 AND ANTI-GRP78 AUTOANTIBODIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS

Crane, Elizabeth January 2016 (has links)
Damage to the endothelium is an important contributor to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. GRP78 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident molecular chaperone in normal healthy endothelium that functions to assist in the correct folding of newly synthesized proteins and to prevent the aggregation of folding intermediates. In addition, GRP78 is present as a transmembrane protein on the surface of lesion-resident endothelial cells. Surface GRP78 is known to act as a surface signaling receptor in cancer cells and is activated by anti-GRP78 autoantibodies (GRP78a-Abs) isolated from the serum of cancer patients. However, the role of cell surface GRP78 on endothelial cells and the influence of GRP78a-Abs in atherosclerosis is unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of GRP78a-Abs on lesion development, examine whether engagement of cell surface GRP78 by GRP78a-Abs modulates endothelial cell function, and determine whether GRP78a-Abs were associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans. This research showed that ApoE-/- mice with advanced atherosclerotic lesions have elevated serum levels of GRP78a-Abs and ApoE-/- mice immunized against recombinant GRP78 demonstrated a significant increase in GRP78a-Abs titers as well as accelerated lesion growth. Furthermore, this work demonstrated that activation of surface GRP78 on endothelial cells by GRP78a-Abs significantly increases gene expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 as well as leukocyte adhesion through the NFκB pathway. Additionally, middle-aged to elderly adults at risk for CVD showed a tendency toward elevated circulating GRP78a-Ab levels. Our results suggest that signaling through cell surface GRP78 can activate intracellular pathways that contribute to endothelial cell activation and augment atherosclerotic lesion development. These findings demonstrate a novel role for GRP78a-Abs and surface GRP78 receptor activity in endothelial cell function and the early stages of lesion development, as well as establish an initial framework for future work involving circulating GRP78a-Abs and atherosclerotic disease in humans. Furthermore, this work indicates inhibiting the interaction of GRP78a-Abs with cell surface GRP78 could present a novel therapeutic strategy to modulate lesion growth, thereby reducing the risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
122

IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ESTROGEN-MEDIATED EFFECTS ON FEMALE MEIOSIS: STUDIES OF BISPHENOL A AND ESTROGEN RECEPTORS

Susiarjo, Martha January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
123

Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation of Cat-1 Gene Expression by Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress

Li, Yi 21 July 2009 (has links)
No description available.
124

The Effect of Dissolved Air on the Cooling Performance of a Partially-Confined FC-72 Spray

Puterbaugh, Rebekah Lee 09 September 2008 (has links)
No description available.
125

Induction of p53 Dependent Cellular Senescence Through HdmX Inhibition or YPEL3 Expression

Miller, Kelly Lynn Robbins 25 June 2010 (has links)
No description available.
126

Roles of PPP1R15A (GADD34) and PPP1R15B (CReP) in ER Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Zebrafish Caudal Fin Epidermal Cells

Ohata, Ayano 01 January 2024 (has links) (PDF)
ER stress occurs in response to the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, subsequently activating three signal transduction pathways collectively called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Although the goal of the UPR is to restore ER homeostasis, it can result in apoptosis when ER stress is too severe or prolonged. CHOP, which is induced by all three branches of the UPR, is central to inducing ER stress-induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of numerous pro-apoptotic genes. One of the downstream targets of CHOP is GADD34, which contributes to PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of eIF2α together with its homolog CReP to restore the attenuated global translation. A previous study reveals that morpholino knockdown of GADD34 rescued chronic ER stress-induced apoptosis in zebrafish caudal fin epidermal cells in vivo. However, due to the limitations of morpholino, any morpholino data about novel phenotypes should be verified with comparative mutant data. Therefore, we sought to investigate how GADD34 and CReP are involved in acute and chronic ER stress-induced apoptosis using GADD34 or CReP mutant zebrafish embryos. GADD34 heterozygous or CReP heterozygous zebrafish are crossed to produce the embryos of the following genotypes: wildtype, GADD34 heterozygous mutant, GADD34 homozygous mutant, CReP heterozygous mutant, and CReP homozygous mutant embryos. At 24hpf, embryos were treated with ER stress inducer Thapsigargin for either 4 hours or 24 hours to induce acute or chronic ER stress. After stained with acridine orange for an apoptosis assay, each embryo was imaged under a confocal microscope and subsequently genotyped. GADD34 or CReP mutation alone did not affect levels of apoptosis induced by acute ER stress. Similarly, CReP mutation alone did not affect levels of apoptosis induced by chronic ER stress. However, GADD34 mutation rescued chronic ER stress-induced apoptosis, and the differences between the apoptosis level in GADD34 homozygous mutants and those in wildtype and GADD34 heterozygous mutants were statistically significant. Our results indicate no obvious role of GADD34 and CReP in acute ER stress-induced apoptosis, which is consistent with the previous morpholino data. However, as GADD34 mutation rescued chronic ER stress-induced apoptosis, the CHOP- GADD34 downstream pathway is likely to be involved in chronic ER stress-induced apoptosis. In the future, GADD34 and CReP double mutant embryos should be used to analyze for the redundancy of GADD34 and CReP.
127

Influência do condicionamento da dentina na resistência de união de cimento de ionômero de vidro / Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Dentin Conditioning Influence on Glass Ionomer Cement Bond Strength

Garbui, Bruna Uglik 05 July 2012 (has links)
Objetivos: avaliar o efeito de 3 parâmetros de condicionamento da dentina utilizando o laser de Er,Cr;YSGG (2,78m) na resistência de união (RU) de cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional (CIV). Materiais e métodos: Foram utilizados neste estudo 68 terceiros molares humanos, divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (n=17/ grupo): G1 (grupo controle): nenhum tipo de condicionamento; G2: condicionamento com laser de Er,Cr;YSGG 0,5W, 25mJ, 20Hz ou G3: 1,0W, 50mJ, 20Hz e G4: 1,5W, 75mJ, 20Hz. Dois dentes em cada um dos grupos foram observados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) para identificar as características morfológicas dos diferentes condicionamentos de superfície realizados. Os outros 15 dentes/grupo, foram preparados para ensaio de RU, obtendo uma superfície plana de dentina onde foram construídos 3 (n=45/grupo) corpos de prova em forma de cilindro (1mm de diâmetro X 0,5mm de altura) utilizando o ionômero de vidro Ketac Molar Easymix- 3M ESPE. Após o armazenamento em água destilada por 24h a 37oC os espécimes foram ensaiados pelo teste de microcisalhamento. Os valores finais de resistência adesiva foram calculados e expressos em Mega Pascal (MPa). Os dados foram coletados e analisados por ANOVA (p<0,001). Resultados: Os espécimes do G2 apresentaram os maiores resultados de RU (10,50MPa ±0,84), seguido pelo G1 (4.77MPa ±0.59), G3 (3.32MPa ±0.39) e G4 (2,94MPa ±0,50) que não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante quanto comparados entre si. A análise em MEV do G1 mostrou camada de smear ao longo de toda a superfície de dentina, enquanto nos outros grupos observou-se túbulos dentinários abertos, característicos na irradiação com laser de Er,Cr:YSGG. Os pulsos do laser no G2 eram facilmente distinguidos, o que não acontecia nos grupos G3 e G4, sugerindo que parâmetros de energia maiores podem causar efeitos mais extensos à estrutura da dentina. Na análise do padrão de fratura, todos os grupos apresentaram maior porcentagem de fratura adesiva G1:73,3%, G2:48,9% G3:66,7% e G4:64,4%. O tipo de fratura mista foi proporcional ao aumento da RU (G1:24,4%, G2:46,7%, G3:20,0% e G4:17,8%). Conclusão: O condicionamento da dentina com o laser de Er,Cr:YSGG na potência de 0,5W aumentou significativamente a RU do CIV à dentina, enquanto os demais parâmetros testados reduziram a RU. / Objective: To evaluate the effect of 3 dentin conditioning parameters of Er,Cr:YSGG laser (2,78 m) on the bond strength (BS) of conventional glass ionomer cement (CGIC). Methods: A total of 68 third molars were divided into four groups and was subjected to one of the following pretreatments: G1- the control group, no pretreatment was realized; G2, G3 and G4 were pretreated with Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation at 0.5 W, 25 mJ, 9 J/cm2, and 20 Hz (G2); 1.0 W, 50 mJ, 18 J/cm2, and 20 Hz (G3); and at 1.5 W, 75 mJ, 27 J/cm2, and 20 Hz (G4). A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation (n=2) of pretreated dentine and a microshear bond strength test (n=15) were performed after 24h of water immersion. To build the specimens (each of which was 1 mm in diameter) for the microshear test, CGIC (Ketac Molar Easy Mix) was used. The data were analysed by one-way ANOVA (p<0.001). Results: The G2 specimens presented the highest BS results (10.50 MPa ± 0.84), and G1 had the next highest average BS values (4.77 MPa ± 0.59). G3 (3.32 MPa ± 0.39) and G4 (2.94 MPa ± 0.50) demonstrated the lowest BS values, although the BS difference between these groups was not statistically significant (p>0.001). The SEM analysis of G1 revealed that the smear layer covered the entire dentine surface, whereas in groups G2, G3, and G4, irregular dentine was detected that possessed the open dentinal tubules and protruded peritubular dentine that are the characteristic results of laser irradiation. Laser pulses could easily be distinguished in G2 but not in G3 and G4, suggesting that higher energy parameters can broadly disrupt dentine structure and thereby affect the bonding of dentine to GIC. Conclusion: Dentine pretreatment with an Er,Cr:YSGG laser at a power of 0.5 W increased the BS of conventional GIC.
128

Análise do selamento marginal de restaurações realizadas após remoção de cárie radicular com o laser de Er, Cr:YSGG / Microleakage of Composite Resin Restoration After Root Caries Removal by Er,Cr:YSGG Laser.

Martins, Vinicius Rangel Geraldo 02 August 2007 (has links)
Com o objetivo de testar a qualidade das restaurações realizadas após a remoção de cárie de raiz com laser de alta potência, realizamos esse trabalho. Lesões de cárie radicular foram induzidas em fragmentos dentais humanos (n=154) através de contaminação com o S. mutans. Obtidas as lesões, essas foram removidas com instrumento cortante rotatório (ICR) em baixa rotação (grupo controle) ou com o laser de Er,Cr:YSGG, (?=2,78 µm, taxa de repetição= 20 Hz, duração de pulso na ordem de 140 a 150 µs, energia por pulso de 0 a 300 mJ) em 13 potências diferentes entre 1 e 4 W, em intervalos de 0,25 W entre cada grupo (n=11 por grupo). Para a remoção de cárie, foi utilizada a peça de mão 2415 e a fibra de safira modelo ?G? (Ø= 600 µm) posicionada a 1 mm das amostras (modo não contato). Após a remoção das lesões de cárie e mensuração do tempo necessário para este passo operatório, uma amostra de cada grupo foi preparada para microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Em seguida, as demais foram condicionadas com Clearfil SE Bond, restauradas com resina composta de baixa viscosidade e submetidas à termociclagem (1.000 ciclos de 5°C e 55°C) e então imersas em solução de azul de metileno a 2 % para teste de microinfiltração. Depois desta etapa, as amostras foram seccionadas e analisadas em microscopia luz para a obtenção do índice de microinfiltração, assim como de outras características, como a área da interface dente/restauração, a profundidade das cavidades, e a presença de cárie residual sob as restaurações. Os dados foram comparados estatisticamente (p?0,05). Os resultados indicaram que o ICR removeu as lesões de cárie mais rapidamente que o laser (p<0,05). As eletromicrografias de varredura mostraram que o grupo controle apresentou as margens cavitárias sem irregularidades e a superfície dentinária coberta pela camada de esfregaço, obliterando os túbulos dentinários. Todas as cavidades preparadas com o laser apresentaram margens irregulares. Quando parâmetros inferiores a 2,0 W foram utilizados, observou-se a presença de material amorfo sobre a superfície dentinária, com pouca exposição dos túbulos dentinários. Já nos parâmetros acima de 2,0 W, as cavidades apresentaram superfícies com aspecto de escamas, ausência da camada de esfregaço, túbulos dentinários abertos e crateras, distribuídas de forma irregular. Quando analisadas em microscopia de luz, as amostras irradiadas com potências superiores a 3,0 W apresentaram cavidades mais profundas em relação às demais. Graças às irregularidades promovidas pelo laser, as amostras irradiadas com potências maiores que 1,5 W apresentaram maior área de interface dente/restauração do que aquelas do grupo controle ou irradiadas com os parâmetros mais baixos. O índice de infiltração foi semelhante entre todos os grupos irradiados, e significantemente maiores que o do grupo controle. Houve correlação fortemente positiva entre a quantidade de cárie residual presente nas amostras e os índices de microinfiltração. Nas condições deste estudo pôde-se concluir que a remoção de cárie radicular com laser de Er,Cr:YSGG seguida de restauração com resina composta mostrou pobre selamento marginal em função da presença de cárie residual nas paredes das cavidades. / The present study aimed to compare the sealing ability of root caries restoration after caries removal with bur or Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Seventy two extracted human carious-free molars and premolars were used. After the in vitro root caries induction using S. mutans, the carious lesions were removed either by the conventional technique using burs (control), or by the Er,Cr:YSGG laser ((?=2,78 µm, repetition rate= 20 Hz, pulse duration around 150 µs, energy per pulse of 0 to 300 mJ, non-contact mode), using 13 different parameters, between 1 and 4,0 W. For the irradiation procedures, a 600 µm tip was used. During caries removal, preparation time was recorded for all groups. After that, one sample of each group was observed in scanning electron microscopy (MEV), and the others were conditioned with Clearfil SE Bond and restored with a flowable composite. Then, the samples were termocycled (1000 Cycles) and immersed into a 2 % methylene blue solution for microlekage analysis. These samples were sectioned and analyzed under light microscopy for microleakage index calculation. Other characteristics, such as the dentin/composite interface area, the cavity depth and the presence of residual caries under the restorations, were also evaluated. The data were statistically analyzed by either ANOVA complemented by the Tukey?s test or Kruskall-Wallis complemented by the Dunn?s test (p = 0.05). The caries lesions were significantly faster removed by the conventional method (p<0.05). Amongst the lased groups, the caries removal time was inversely proportional to the parameters used. SEM revealed that the surfaces treated by air turbine were smooth, but with debris. When parameters under 2.0 W were used, an amorphous material covering the dentin surface was observed. Using parameters above of 2.0 W, SEM revealed surfaces with smooth undulations, with absence of smear layer, and some irregular-distributed craters. No signs of carbonization were observed. The light microscopy analysis showed that the samples irradiated with power outputs over 3.0 W were deeper than those irradiated with lower parameters and those prepared with bur. The samples irradiated with power outputs higher than 1.5 W presented dentin/composite interface area larger than those of the control group. Finally, the infiltration index was similar in all lased groups, and significantly higher than those of control group (p<0.05). The microleakage index and the presence of residual caries, only detected by light microscopy, at the lateral walls of the cavities obtained by Er, Cr:YSGG laser was significantly higher compared to control cavities. In the conditions of this study, we can conclude that the carious removal by Er, Cr:YSGG laser, independently of the parameters used, creates dentin surfaces characteristics that promotes a poor marginal sealing.
129

Hidroxiapatita sintética nanoestruturada e esmalte dental aquecidos e irradiados por laser de Er, Cr: YSGG: caracterização por FTIR e por DRX / NANOSTRUCTURED SYNTHETIC HYDROXYAPATITE AND DENTAL ENAMEL HEATED E IRRADIATED BY ER,CR:YSGG. CHARACTERIZED BY FTIR AND XRD.

Rabelo Neto, José da Silva 18 May 2009 (has links)
Este estudo procurou avaliar as mudanças físicas e/ou químicas que ocorrem na hidroxiapatita (HAP) sintética e na presente no esmalte dental sob ação de aquecimento térmico em forno ou irradiação com o laser de Er,Cr:YSGG (2,79 m). Busca-se obter variações em sua estrutura a fim de torná-los mais resistentes à desmineralização, visando e prevenir a formação da cárie dental. A HAP sintética foi produzida pela reação das soluções de Ca(NO3) e (NH4)2HPO4 com controle de temperatura e pH. O esmalte foi coletado do dentes bovinos e triturados. As amostras em pó de HAP sintética e esmalte foram submetidas a aquecimento térmico em forno nas temperaturas de 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C e 1000 °C. Foram feitas irradiações laser com 5,79 J/cm2, 7,65 J/cm2, 10,55 e 13,84 J/cm2 para a HAP sintética e de 7,53 J/cm2, 10,95 J/cm2 e 13,74 J/cm2 para o esmalte. As amostras foram avaliadas por difração de raios-X(DRX) para análise das fases cristalográficas presentes e análise pelo método de Rietveld para comprovação destas fases cristalográficas e determinação de respectivas proporções no material. Foram obtidos também as variações de parâmetros de rede da cela unitária (eixo-a, eixo-c e volume), tamanho dos cristalitos e taxas de ocupações dos sítios dos átomos de Ca e P de ambos os materiais. As amostras foram ainda analisadas por espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), que mostrou as variações composicionais ocasionadas pelos tratamentos calculando-se as áreas das bandas referentes aos radicais carbonato, fosfato, água adsorvida e hidroxila. A termografia no infravermelho foi usada para medir a temperatura superficial gerada pelo feixe do laser nas amostras sólidas de esmalte. Com relação às fases cristalográficas presentes só foram encontradas além da fase majoritária de hidroxiapatita, as fases de fosfato de octacálcio (OCP) nas amostra de HAP sintética e tricálcio 9 fosfato da fase b (b -TCP) no esmalte aquecido a 800 °C. Apresentaram-se mudanças nos parâmetros de rede da cela unitária da HAP sintética e do esmalte, com diminuição do eixo-a, volume e tamanho dos cristalitos até as temperaturas entre 400 °C e 600 °C e também nas amostras irradiadas a laser. Acima da temperatura de 600 °C há o aumento destes parâmetros de rede. A relação Ca/P em todas as amostras sofreram diminuições, sendo que na amostra de esmalte irradiada a 7,53 J/cm2 apresentou Ca/P igual a 1,6817 e a irradiada a 13,74 J/cm2 apresentou Ca/P igual a 1,6831. A espectroscopia mostrou que os efeitos tanto do aquecimento como da irradiação laser podem ser observados principalmente nas bandas de carbonato, água adsorvida e hidroxila e que as mudanças da rede cristalográfica podem ser correlacionadas com substituições de carbonato em sítios de hidroxilas e fosfatos. Ambos os tratamentos causam também diminuição da concentração de carbonatos, sendo que este efeito ocorreu com maior intensidade nas irradiações a laser e houve ainda diminuição na quantidades de água adsorvida e hidroxilas. Todas estas alterações modificam as propriedades do material, como sua solubilidade e consequentemente influenciam na resistência à desmineralização de interesse para processos como prevenção da cárie dental e erosão dental. / The study evaluate the physical changes and/or chemical that occurs in synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) and in enamel under action of thermal heating in oven or laser irradiation of Er,Cr:YSGG that may cause changes in its structure to make them more resistant to demineralization aiming the formation of dental caries. The synthetic HAP was produced by reaction of solutions of Ca(NO3) and (NH4)2HPO4 with controlled temperature and pH. The enamel powder was collected from the bovine teeth. Samples of powder enamel and synthetic HAP were subjected to thermal heating in oven at temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C and 1000 °C. For the laser irradiation of materials, were made with 5,79 J/cm2 of irradiation, 7,65 J/cm2, 10,55 J/cm2 and 13,84 J/cm2 for synthetic HAP and 7,53 J/cm2, 10,95 J/cm2, and 13,74 J/cm2 for the enamel. The samples were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for analysis of crystallographic phases and analysis by the Rietveld method, to determine their respective proportions in the material, as well as results of changes of the lattice unit cell parameters (axisa, axis-c and volume), crystallites sizes and the occupation rate of sites of Ca and P atoms. The samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which should compositional changes due to treatment related to carbonate, phosphate, adsorbed water and hydroxyl radicals content. The infrared was used to measure the surface temperature generated by the laser beam in the solid samples of enamel. Besides the major hydroxyapatite crystallographic phases, there was formations of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and phase of tricalcium phosphate (-TCP ) in enamel heated at 800 °C. There was reduction of the axis-a, volume and size of crystallites to the temperatures between 400 °C and 600 °C and also on laser irradiated samples. Above the temperature of 600 °C it is observed the effect in the lattice parameters. The Ca/P relation in all the samples decreased. The enamel samples irradiated by 7,53 J/cm2 showed Ca/P equal to 1,6817 and by 13,74 J/cm2 Ca/P was 1,6831. Spectroscopy results showed that both the heating and laser irradiation cause changes primarily in the bands of carbonate, water adsorbed and hydroxyl and the crystallographic changes of the lattice may be correlated with changes in carbonate in the sites of hydroxyl and phosphates. The effects of heating in oven and laser irradiation causes reduction of carbonate content, and this effect was more evident in laser irradiated samples, there was also decreases in water and adsorbed hydroxyl contents. All these changes alter the properties of the material, as its solubility and therefore affect the demineralization process and can be useful for caries prevention as well as dental erosion prevention.
130

Hidroxiapatita sintética nanoestruturada e esmalte dental aquecidos e irradiados por laser de Er, Cr: YSGG: caracterização por FTIR e por DRX / NANOSTRUCTURED SYNTHETIC HYDROXYAPATITE AND DENTAL ENAMEL HEATED E IRRADIATED BY ER,CR:YSGG. CHARACTERIZED BY FTIR AND XRD.

José da Silva Rabelo Neto 18 May 2009 (has links)
Este estudo procurou avaliar as mudanças físicas e/ou químicas que ocorrem na hidroxiapatita (HAP) sintética e na presente no esmalte dental sob ação de aquecimento térmico em forno ou irradiação com o laser de Er,Cr:YSGG (2,79 m). Busca-se obter variações em sua estrutura a fim de torná-los mais resistentes à desmineralização, visando e prevenir a formação da cárie dental. A HAP sintética foi produzida pela reação das soluções de Ca(NO3) e (NH4)2HPO4 com controle de temperatura e pH. O esmalte foi coletado do dentes bovinos e triturados. As amostras em pó de HAP sintética e esmalte foram submetidas a aquecimento térmico em forno nas temperaturas de 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C e 1000 °C. Foram feitas irradiações laser com 5,79 J/cm2, 7,65 J/cm2, 10,55 e 13,84 J/cm2 para a HAP sintética e de 7,53 J/cm2, 10,95 J/cm2 e 13,74 J/cm2 para o esmalte. As amostras foram avaliadas por difração de raios-X(DRX) para análise das fases cristalográficas presentes e análise pelo método de Rietveld para comprovação destas fases cristalográficas e determinação de respectivas proporções no material. Foram obtidos também as variações de parâmetros de rede da cela unitária (eixo-a, eixo-c e volume), tamanho dos cristalitos e taxas de ocupações dos sítios dos átomos de Ca e P de ambos os materiais. As amostras foram ainda analisadas por espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), que mostrou as variações composicionais ocasionadas pelos tratamentos calculando-se as áreas das bandas referentes aos radicais carbonato, fosfato, água adsorvida e hidroxila. A termografia no infravermelho foi usada para medir a temperatura superficial gerada pelo feixe do laser nas amostras sólidas de esmalte. Com relação às fases cristalográficas presentes só foram encontradas além da fase majoritária de hidroxiapatita, as fases de fosfato de octacálcio (OCP) nas amostra de HAP sintética e tricálcio 9 fosfato da fase b (b -TCP) no esmalte aquecido a 800 °C. Apresentaram-se mudanças nos parâmetros de rede da cela unitária da HAP sintética e do esmalte, com diminuição do eixo-a, volume e tamanho dos cristalitos até as temperaturas entre 400 °C e 600 °C e também nas amostras irradiadas a laser. Acima da temperatura de 600 °C há o aumento destes parâmetros de rede. A relação Ca/P em todas as amostras sofreram diminuições, sendo que na amostra de esmalte irradiada a 7,53 J/cm2 apresentou Ca/P igual a 1,6817 e a irradiada a 13,74 J/cm2 apresentou Ca/P igual a 1,6831. A espectroscopia mostrou que os efeitos tanto do aquecimento como da irradiação laser podem ser observados principalmente nas bandas de carbonato, água adsorvida e hidroxila e que as mudanças da rede cristalográfica podem ser correlacionadas com substituições de carbonato em sítios de hidroxilas e fosfatos. Ambos os tratamentos causam também diminuição da concentração de carbonatos, sendo que este efeito ocorreu com maior intensidade nas irradiações a laser e houve ainda diminuição na quantidades de água adsorvida e hidroxilas. Todas estas alterações modificam as propriedades do material, como sua solubilidade e consequentemente influenciam na resistência à desmineralização de interesse para processos como prevenção da cárie dental e erosão dental. / The study evaluate the physical changes and/or chemical that occurs in synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) and in enamel under action of thermal heating in oven or laser irradiation of Er,Cr:YSGG that may cause changes in its structure to make them more resistant to demineralization aiming the formation of dental caries. The synthetic HAP was produced by reaction of solutions of Ca(NO3) and (NH4)2HPO4 with controlled temperature and pH. The enamel powder was collected from the bovine teeth. Samples of powder enamel and synthetic HAP were subjected to thermal heating in oven at temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C and 1000 °C. For the laser irradiation of materials, were made with 5,79 J/cm2 of irradiation, 7,65 J/cm2, 10,55 J/cm2 and 13,84 J/cm2 for synthetic HAP and 7,53 J/cm2, 10,95 J/cm2, and 13,74 J/cm2 for the enamel. The samples were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for analysis of crystallographic phases and analysis by the Rietveld method, to determine their respective proportions in the material, as well as results of changes of the lattice unit cell parameters (axisa, axis-c and volume), crystallites sizes and the occupation rate of sites of Ca and P atoms. The samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which should compositional changes due to treatment related to carbonate, phosphate, adsorbed water and hydroxyl radicals content. The infrared was used to measure the surface temperature generated by the laser beam in the solid samples of enamel. Besides the major hydroxyapatite crystallographic phases, there was formations of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and phase of tricalcium phosphate (-TCP ) in enamel heated at 800 °C. There was reduction of the axis-a, volume and size of crystallites to the temperatures between 400 °C and 600 °C and also on laser irradiated samples. Above the temperature of 600 °C it is observed the effect in the lattice parameters. The Ca/P relation in all the samples decreased. The enamel samples irradiated by 7,53 J/cm2 showed Ca/P equal to 1,6817 and by 13,74 J/cm2 Ca/P was 1,6831. Spectroscopy results showed that both the heating and laser irradiation cause changes primarily in the bands of carbonate, water adsorbed and hydroxyl and the crystallographic changes of the lattice may be correlated with changes in carbonate in the sites of hydroxyl and phosphates. The effects of heating in oven and laser irradiation causes reduction of carbonate content, and this effect was more evident in laser irradiated samples, there was also decreases in water and adsorbed hydroxyl contents. All these changes alter the properties of the material, as its solubility and therefore affect the demineralization process and can be useful for caries prevention as well as dental erosion prevention.

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