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La mitochondrie et le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) forment un réseau dans les cellules qui contrôle la fonction et le destin cellulaire. La mitochondrie de la cellule ß pancréatique joue un rôle central dans la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose de par sa capacité à produire de l’ATP. Le RE lui prend en charge la mise en conformation de l’insuline et joue le rôle de stock calcique. Ces 2 organites se rejoignent au niveau de points de contact appelés Mitochondria Associated endoplasmic reticulum Membranes (MAMs,). Les MAMs sont le siège d’échanges calciques et lipidiques entre les 2 organites. Les altérations de la mitochondrie et du RE ont été montrées comme des facteurs contribuant au développement du diabète de type 2. L’implication des MAMs n’a cependant jamais été étudiée dans la cellule ß.La glucotoxicité provoquée par une exposition chronique à des concentrations élevées de glucose, est un facteur clé de la dysfonction ß pancréatique au cours du diabète de type 2. J’ai pu démontrer que la glucotoxicité augmentait la fission mitochondriale et le nombre de MAMs dans les cellules bêta humaines et INS-1E mais que ces MAMs présentaient des défauts d’échanges calciques, pouvant ainsi contribuer au défaut de la sécrétion d’insuline. J’ai ensuite modulé les MAMs soit via une stimulation aigue au glucose soit par l’utilisation d’un siRNA qui rompt partiellement les contacts entre le RE et la mitochondrie ou par l’utilisation d’un linker qui artificiellement force ces contacts. La stimulation aigue au glucose augmente les MAMs et le transfert de calcium du RE vers la mitochondrie alors que la rupture des contacts diminue la secretion d’insuline. Enfin le linker en forçant les rapprochements RE-mitochondrie mime les effets de la glucotoxicité.Ce travail, constitue la première étude structurelle et fonctionnelle des MAMs dans la cellule ß pancréatique, éclairant leur rôle dans la dysfonction ß pancréatique lors du développement du diabète de type 2 / Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) form a network in cells that control cellular function and fate. Mitochondria play a central role in insulin secretion in ß cell by its ability to product ATP. ER takes in charge of insulin folding and is the major cell calcium store. Both organelles interact at contact sites, defined as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), a multiprotein complex implicated in calcium transfer and lipid exchange . Alterations of mitochondria and ER have been shown to contribute to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes. MAMS were recently implicated in the regulation of glucose homeostasis But the role of MAMs in ß cells is still largely unknown and their implication in glucotoxicity-associated ß cell dysfunction remains to be defined.Here, I report that acute glucose stimulation stimulated ER-mitochondria interactions and calcium (Ca2+) exchange in INS-1E cells, whereas disruption of MAMs altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Conversely, chronic incubations with high glucose of either INS-1E cells or human pancreatic islets altered GSIS, and concomitantly reduced ER Ca2+ store, increased mitochondrial Ca2+ and reduced ATP-stimulated ER-mitochondria Ca2+ exchanges, despite an increase of organelle interactions. Furthermore, glucotoxicity-induced perturbations of Ca2+ signalling are associated with ER stress, altered mitochondrial respiration and mitochondria fragmentation, and these organelle stresses may participate to increased organelle tethering, as a protective mechanism. Lastly, sustained induction of ER-mitochondria interactions using a linker induced mitochondrial fission and altered GSIS.Therefore, dynamic organelle coupling participates to GSIS in ? cells and over-time disruption of organelle Ca2+ exchange might be a novel mechanism contributing to glucotoxicity-induced ß cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes

The master thesis describes the analysis and proposal of changes of information system for the village Hrušovany u Brna. The analysis of information system was done mainly using the method HOS8. Changes were made on the base of the analysis, mainly the new part of the information system, which collects data about waste sorting in families. Introduction of these changes bring new information to the management and contribute to better waste management in the village.

The aim of this thesis is to design a web application for software project management in the Lokola s.r.o. company. First, the currently used project management software is analysed. Next, the requirements of Lokola s.r.o. towards the new application are captured and analysed. Based on the analysis, corresponding use cases, data model and object design of the new application are created.

One of the most important factors in accessing dental care is having dental insurance. For people with low incomes, Medicaid is the main source of health insurance. Medi-Cal is California’s Medicaid program. Adult dental services were mostly eliminated in Medi-Cal in 2009 due to the economic downturn and partially restored in 2014. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of change in Medi-Cal dental coverage, specifically the partial restoration of adult dental coverage in 2014, on dental care utilization among Medi-Cal beneficiaries. The partial restoration significantly increased the utilization rates in dental clinics from 2014 to 2017 (22% in 2017 vs. 12% in 2013) for the overall population. However, the magnitude of increase differs in different age groups and ethnic groups. More statistically significant findings show greater utilization rates among beneficiaries of 19-64 than 65-74 and 75+ years old. Also, more significant findings show lower utilization among Black than White, Hispanic or Asian beneficiaries. The partial restoration significantly reduced the dental related ER visits among Medi-Cal beneficiaries from 2015 to 2017. However, the reduction is largely seen in beneficiaries of 19-64 years old in the ethnic groups of White and Black with reductions of 20 and 15 visits per 1,000 enrollees respectively in 2017 comparing to 2013. The dental related ER visits were lower for Hispanics and Asians, and remained very low among those 65 years old and above. In addition, the partial restoration resulted in increases in participation of dental care providers in the Medi-Cal program.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Indiana University School of Medicine / The islet β cell is central to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis as the β cell is solely responsible for the synthesis of Insulin. Therefore, better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing β cell function is crucial to designing therapies for diabetes. Pdx1, the master transcription factor of the β cell, is required for the synthesis of proteins that maintain optimal β cell function such as Insulin and glucose transporter type 2. Previous studies showed that Pdx1 interacts with the lysine methyltransferase Set7/9, relaxing chromatin and increasing transcription. Because Set7/9 also methylates non-histone proteins, I hypothesized that Set7/9-mediated methylation of Pdx1 increases its transcriptional activity. I showed that recombinant and cellular Pdx1 protein is methylated at two lysine residues, Lys123 and Lys131. Lys131 is involved in Set7/9 mediated augmented transactivation of Pdx1 target genes. Furthermore, β cell-specific Set7/9 knockout mice displayed glucose intolerance and impaired insulin secretion, accompanied by a reduction in the expression of Pdx1 target genes. Our results indicate a previously unappreciated role for Set7/9 in the maintenance of Pdx1 activity and β cell function. β cell function is regulated on both the transcriptional and translational levels. β cell function is central to the development of type 1 diabetes, a disease wherein the β cell is destroyed by immune cells. Although the immune system is considered the primary instigator of the disease, recent studies suggest that defective β cells may initiate the autoimmune response. I tested the hypothesis that improving β cell function would reduce immune infiltration of the islet in the NOD mouse, a mouse model of spontaneous type 1 diabetes. Prediabetic NOD mice treated with pioglitazone, a drug that improves β cell function, displayed an improvement in β cell function, a reduction in β cell death, accompanied by reductions in β cell autoimmunity, indicating that β cell dysfunction assists in the development of type 1 diabetes. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in β cell function is essential for the development of therapies for diabetes.

The objective of this thesis was to study the difficulties of Systems in the Internet's environment that are being used for analysis of Financial Market and on the basis of that to analyze, design, create and test these Information Systems. The main focus is primarily on monitoring of information in Financial Market and particularly on implementation of an interface for a customer and on a simple analysis of the gathered data. Furthermore this thesis describes and demonstrates the possibilities of current existing systems that are being used for analysis, gathering of financial data and automated trading in Financial Market, and also the possibilities of commonly used technologies in the Internet's environment: markup language HTML, database system MySQL and a scripting language PHP5, JavaScript and AJAX.

This text is documentation for multi-access system, which supports recoverable materials. It deals with structure possibilities according to functional system specification and its implementation through the PHP together with using MySQL database system. It analyses a progress of system creation from ER diagram through use-case diagram to programming itself. This work shows how to design web advertisement system which enables an user to define personal multi-level views on data. This project might have been as basis for commerce project, which can check up usability designed structure of individual parts.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Patients with the genetic disorder tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) suffer from neoplastic growths in multiple organ systems. These growths are the result of inactivating mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes, which negatively regulate the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1). There is currently no cure for this disease; however, my research has found that cells harboring TSC2-inactivating mutations derived from a rat model of TSC are sensitive to apoptosis induced by the clinically approved proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, in a manner dependent on their high levels of mTORC1 activation. We see that bortezomib induces the unfolded protein response (UPR) in our cell model of TSC, resulting in cell death via apoptosis. The UPR is induced by accumulation of unfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which activates the three branches of this pathway: Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) cleavage, phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), and the splicing of X-box binding protein1 (XBP1) mRNA. Phosphorylation of eIF2α leads to global inhibition of protein synthesis, preventing more unfolded protein from accumulating in the ER. This phosphorylation also induces the transcription and translation of ATF4 and CCAAT-enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). Blocking mTORC1 activity in these cells using the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, prevented the expression of ATF4 and CHOP at both the mRNA and protein level during bortezomib treatment. Rapamycin treatment also reduced apoptosis induced by bortezomib; however, it did not affect bortezomib-induced eIF2α phosphorylation or ATF6 cleavage. These data indicate that rapamycin can repress the induction of UPR-dependent apoptosis by suppressing the transcription of ATF4 and CHOP mRNAs. In addition to these findings, we find that a TSC2-null angiomyolipoma cell line forms vacuoles when treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. We found these vacuoles to be derived from the ER and that rapamycin blocked their formation. Rapamycin also enhanced expansion of the ER during MG-132 stress and restored its degradation by autophagy. Taken together these findings suggest that bortezomib might be used to treat neoplastic growths associated with TSC. However, they also caution against combining specific cell death inducing agents with rapamycin during chemotherapy.

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