The purpose of this thesis is to examine evidences of dramatic technique in Diderot's three major fictional works, "La Reliieuse," "Le Neveu de Rameau," and "Jaccues le fataliste." The management of dialogue, setting, and gesture is of particular concern, along with style and structure and the recurrent theme of the actor. The conclusion reached is that the influence of dramatic technique is everywhere present in the three works under consideration. Diderot enlists the reader's visual and auditory participation by the use of fast-paced dialogue, striking gestures, and dynamic settings. He also borrows certain stylistic and structural devices from the theater and enhances the dramatic impression by presenting many of his main characters as actors playing their own special roles.

This thesis examines the celebrity of governesses in British culture during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Victorian governess-mania was as pervasive as it was inexplicable, governesses comprising only a tiny fraction of the population and having little or no ostensible effect on the social, political, or economic landscape. Nevertheless, governesses were omnipresent in Victorian media, from novels and etiquette manuals to paintings, cartoons and pornography. Historians and literary critics have long conjectured about the root cause of popular fixation on the governess, and many have theorized that their cultural resonance owed to the host of contradictions and social conundrums they embodied, from being a `lady' who worked, to being comparable to that bugbear of Victorian society, the prostitute. However, while previous scholarship has maintained that governess-mania was produced by their peculiarity as social or economic actors, I intend to demonstrate that this nonconformity was extrapolated in visual and literary depictions to signify a more prurient deviance, specifically a fixation on human suffering. This analysis reveals that whether depicted in mainstream press or in nefarious erotica, popular interest in governesses was contoured by a fixation on their perceived relationship to corporal violence. Over the course of the nineteenth century governesses were increasingly portrayed as the victims of a huge range of internal and external threats, such as disease, sterility, assault, murder, rape, and even urban accidents like train crashes or gas leaks. Cast as flagellant birching madams in pornographic fantasy, governesses were also construed as deriving erotic authority through the infliction of pain on others. From imagining the governess as a pitiful victim of brutality or conversely eroticizing her as the stewardess of sadomasochism, all of these constructs rely on the dynamics of violation, on bodies that experience misfortune and bodies that mete that it out. Utilizing a wide array of sources and methodological approaches, I will demonstrate that the Victorian governess was not only popularly correlated with social or sexual irregularity, but that these themes were ultimately circumscribed by a larger preoccupation with the governess as an icon of violence and pain.

Master of Arts / Department of History / James E. Sherow / Whether as a “progressive” or an anti-New Dealer, Casement was always primarily concerned with creating a stable business climate for the beef industry––even though his ideas on methodology changed. Beginning in the 1920s, he argued for the preservation of republican virtue through the language of eugenics. Eugenics may be broadly defined as “the science of the improvement of the human race by better breeding.” During the Progressive era, Casement primarily supported structural reforms such as conservation and federal regulation of industry. After WWI he became increasingly concerned with the moral direction of the country and believed that stricter individual responsibility—encouraged by limited government—along with eugenic-inspired reforms were necessary to restore the country’s republican virtue. In Casement’s view, the New Deal inaugurated a governmental takeover of private property through unfair taxes for wealth redistribution and production controls that sapped individual initiative, thereby weakening an already weakened populace—especially in the agricultural sector.

Italie phare selon les mots de Jacques Le Goff, Italie proie durant les invasions étrangères ou simple « expression géographique » selon le prince de Metternich, l’Italie a depuis son premier souffle offert à l’histoire du monde de nombreux visages. A ce titre, elle fait figure de véritable étrangeté dans le paysage européen actuel. Une Italie politique et religieuse dans une Europe intensément laïque. Une toute jeune nation au milieu de patries millénaires. Un pays où, encore aujourd’hui, politique et religion marchent main dans la main. Où les consciences s’éveillent à la messe comme dans l’isoloir. Un pays où l’humain cherche désespérément à toucher du doigt le divin. Où le divin lui-même devient humain en la personne des successeurs de Saint-Pierre, pendants aussi appréciés que redoutés des dirigeants temporels italiques. Or, si l’Italie occupe une telle place pour notre humanité, c’est avant tout du fait de la dichotomie qui l’a toujours habitée. Âme guerrière et conquérante autant qu’émanation sanctifiée de la religion catholique, elle est la terre qu’humain et divin se sont disputés pendant des décennies. Et c’est à la Renaissance que ce combat atteint son apex. Car temporel et spirituel furent animés d’une même tension créatrice dans leur âpreté à « faire l’Italie » et leurs affrontements incessants allaient façonner l’essence même de l’Italie d’aujourd’hui, lui donnant ce caractère bicéphale qui est probablement l’un des aspects les plus constitutifs de l’identité italienne actuelle. Et lui confère une spécificité sans pareille en Europe / Italy lighthouse according to Jacques Goff’s words, Italy prey during the French and Spanish invasions ou simple « geographic expression » according to the prince of Metternich ; Italy has since her very first breath given the world history many visages. As such, Italy is a true strangeness in our modern European landscape, deeply proud of still exposing today the two side of her personnality. A politic and religious Italy in a very secular Europe. A very young nation among millenial homelands. A country transcended by its stormy story, by its intrinsic fragilities. A country where today, politic and religious are walking together. Where the minds awakes during the mass or in the voting booth. A country where human is begging for divine. Where divine himself becomes human in the sanctified person of St-Peters’s successors, equivalent as appreciated as feared of Italic secular leaders. And whose power exceeds the Vatican confines to radiate in the whole world, making Italy a real beacon illuminating the whole planet. Or, if Italy occupies such a place in our humanity, it is because of the dichotomy who always inhabited it. Warrior soul and hallowed emanation of catholicity, Italy is the place that human and divine have fought about during centuries. And this quarrel reaches its climax during the Renaissance era. Where temporal and spiritual power were also guided by a same creative strenght in their acerbity to do Italy et their ceaseless quarrels were going to shape the very soul of modern Italy, giving her this two-headed dimension which is likely the most constituent aspect of Italian identity. And gives this Nation an unparalleled specificity in Europe

A research report submitted to the faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Wits University, Johannesburg, 2017 / In blackface colonial history, “amusing” white blackface performances that depicted black people as the “natural born fool” were popular with white audiences during a time when whites perceived their racial superiority to be threatened. In Post-1994 South Africa, white supremacy is no longer an uncontested “fact”. As a result, white identities that are premised on “old” legislated notions of racial superiority are made insecure by perceived threats posed against whiteness. The previously disenfranchised and excluded black is now the central focus of South African power and politics and the loss of white centrality creates the “victim” perception that all post-apartheid societal pressures and changes are put on, and against whites. Their power has been “confiscated” and thereby no longer unique to white identity. Blackface is utilised by Leon Schuster in the post-apartheid film, Mama Jack (2005) to reproduce old ideologies of whiteness that remind viewers of its presence, privilege and power. As in the colonial past, it is through the principle white character Jack Theron and his mobilisation of blackface that white supremacy remains intact throughout the film. / XL2018

Thesis advisor: Kevin Kenny / This dissertation examines the development of ethnic consciousness in Boston's Irish and Jewish communities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, focusing on several interrelated areas of analysis: religion, public service, ethnic nationalism, and popular culture. As the city's leading non-Protestant groups, Irish and Jews challenged ideas of Yankee superiority, arguing they could retain their ethnic culture and still be respected, patriotic citizens. Both groups consisted of a small middle class of businessmen and professionals and a large immigrant working class. From these factions emerged the competing voices of individuals who sought to find the best way to promote the compatibility of their religion, culture, and ethnic nationalist aspirations with American loyalties. After decades of trying to achieve full acceptance, Irish and Jews saw World War I as the ultimate test of ethnic patriotism; instead of conforming to a prescribed notion of Anglo-Protestant citizenship, they insisted on the centrality of their religion and culture to civic identity. Yet while their war service brought confidence in their rights as ethnic Americans, it did not bring total acceptance. By the 1920s, the Irish controlled local public life, but assumed a defensive posture toward the Yankee elite; Jews, meanwhile, were optimistic regarding interfaith cooperation, despite increasing antisemitism. This study expands on and moves beyond present studies of immigrant acculturation by adding a new comparative dimension. It examines the contested expressions of ethnic patriotism based on class, gender, and generation within two ethnic communities, demonstrating how ethnic groups utilized similar strategies to project a positive public image and articulate their place in society. It also shows the intersection of local, national, and international concerns in the development of ethnic consciousness. Irish and Jews created hybrid ethnic cultures rooted in religion, cultural practices, and mass consumerism that would survive for decades in the city's entrenched ethnic neighborhoods. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Student Number : 0517117G - MA research report - School of International Relations - Faculty of Humanities / This study has analysed the experience and legitimacy of South Africa’s Foreign Policy in resolving African conflicts, using comparative study of Burundi and Lesotho. The main findings of the study are as follows: First, since 1994 South Africa’s foreign policy has evolved and directed at ensuring peace and stability in African continent. During Mandela era, the policy was dominated by human rights. When Mbeki took over in 1999 the policy was reconfigured and moved towards peace and economic prosperity in African continent to achieve African Renaissance. Second it has been argued that the interventions in Lesotho and Burundi were legitimate and successful despite the controversies in particular Lesotho. Last, the experience and lessons learnt in Lesotho helped to shape South Africa’s foreign policy when mediating in Burundi conflict which had led to a notable success.

Student Number : 0413400A - MA research report - School of Social Science - Faculty of Humanities / Refugees and asylum seekers are vulnerable group that requires both national and international protection in South Africa. It is the duty and responsibility of the South African government and international community to provide adequate protection to individuals who are compelled to flee their countries of origin due to well-founded fears of persecution or other life threatening problems. Such protection must meet internationally recognized and acceptable standards for the protection and treatment of refugees and asylum seekers, as outlined in various international law and conventions. South Africa has pledged through her democratic Constitution and the Refugee Act of 1998 to protect and promote the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in her territory. The research explores how South Africa has responded to the protection of the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in the post-apartheid era. The research also explicates the relationship between human rights and refugee protection and how human rights have been used to facilitate the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in South Africa. The thesis identifies the extent of compliance with the international refugee law, which South Africa has achieved within the first decade of democracy and the roles played by nonstate actors and other stakeholders in refugee protection in South Africa. It also explores the major problems and obstacles militating against the realisation and in pursuit of the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in the post-apartheid South Africa. Finally, the findings of this research are expected to contribute to our understanding of the problems facing refugees, the government and international community, and the range of options and interventions open to policy makers in the field which will help to secure such rights.

Esta pesquisa estudou o método de realcalinização química (RAQ), através da absorção e difusão de soluções alcalinas na superfície do concreto carbonatado. Neste estudo foram utilizadas três espécies químicas para obtenção das soluções alcalinas: carbonato de sódio, hidróxido de potássio, e hidróxido de cálcio. Para avaliar a eficácia desta nova técnica de reabilitação, foram realizadas medidas de profundidade de carbonatação e de realcalinização, medidas eletroquímicas de potencial de corrosão e de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) para a verificação do estado da armadura, ensaios de imersão, absorção e ascensão capilar em concretos de referência, carbonatados e realcalinizados. Em razão da falta de conhecimento sobre a eficácia da técnica de realcalinização eletroquímica (RAE) em relação à repassivação da armadura, em paralelo foi realizado o estudo da repassivação das armaduras na RAE. Em relação à durabilidade da técnica, foi avaliada a resistência do concreto recuperado quando submetido a um novo ciclo de carbonatação acelerada, analisando as novas profundidades de carbonatação para cada solução alcalina estudada. Na repassivação da armadura com a técnica de RAE, a solução de carbonato de sódio proporcionou valores de potencial de corrosão mais eletropositivos do que a solução de KOH, e gráficos de EIE similares aos obtidos com a solução de KOH. Na RAQ, a solução de KOH foi mais eficiente, sendo os resultados de potencial de corrosão similares aos obtidos com a solução de carbonato de sódio, no entanto, com valores de impedância e ângulo de fase superiores aos obtidos com carbonato de sódio. A solução de hidróxido de cálcio foi a que obteve os melhores valores de potencial de corrosão, proporcionando às barras valores mais eletropositivos do que antes da carbonatação. No entanto, a RAQ utilizando a solução de hidróxido de cálcio não propiciou a realcalinização do cobrimento do concreto, devendo então ser melhor estudada e, até que sua eficácia seja melhor entendida, sua aplicação deve ser vista com ressalvas. Ao final dos experimentos foi possível verificar que a RAQ aumentou bastante a durabilidade do cobrimento do concreto quando submetido a um novo ciclo de carbonatação acelerada. Enquanto os corpos-de-prova de referência ao final dos 45 dias de ensaio de carbonatação acelerada foram quase que totalmente carbonatados, os corpos-de-prova realcalinizados com as soluções de carbonato de sódio e hidróxido de potássio não apresentavam qualquer indício de carbonatação. / This research studied the method of chemical realkalisation (CRA), through the absorption and diffusion of alkalis in the carbonated concrete surface, as a new technique of rehabilitation. The experimental program was conducted in three set of concrete specimens: reference, carbonated and CRA treated. The CRA method was studied with three types of alkaline solutions: sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. To evaluate the effectiveness of CRA treatment was carried out measures of depths of carbonation and realkalisation; electrochemical measurements of potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to verify the condition of steel bars; immersion, absorption and capillary tests. Besides these tests, the study of repassivation in corroded steel bars when applied the technique of electrochemical realkalisation (ERA) was also performed in parallel, since their effectiveness is considered unclear in various studies regarding the durability of the technique. The concrete treated with CRA method was submitted to a new accelerated carbonation cycle, and new measurements of carbonation depth were made for each alkaline solution applied. The repassivates reinforcements with ERA technique showed that the sodium carbonate solution provided corrosion potential values more electropositive than the KOH solution, and EIS graphics are similar those obtained with the KOH solution. In CRA technique, the KOH solution was more efficient, and the results of corrosion potential are similar those obtained with the sodium carbonate solution, however, with the results of impedance and phase angle higher than for sodium carbonate solution. The calcium hydroxide solution showed the best results of corrosion potential, providing bars more electropositive than before carbonation. However, the calcium hydroxide solution not provided the concrete realkalisation, and this alkaline solution should be more studied. Their implementation must be viewed with exceptions until its effectiveness has been proved. At the end of durability experiments was possible to verify that the CRA greatly increased the concrete durability when subjected to a new accelerated carbonation cycle. After 45 days of testing, the reference concrete specimens were almost totally carbonated. Therefore, the concrete specimens realkalised with sodium carbonate and potassium hydroxide solutions were no carbonation indication.

O século XXI é marcado pela centralidade das novas tecnologias da informação e da comunicação e da tríade informação, comunicação e conhecimento. Diante da análise do cenário, pretende-se entender porque organizações privadas desenvolvem projetos de inclusão digital como diferencial estratégico e política de gestão de Relações Públicas. Durante a parte teórica, foram comparadas diversas teorias de estudiosos da atualidade sobre o cenário da era pós-moderna e a inclusão digital. O trabalho ainda conta com o estudo de caso sobre o Comitê para Democratização da Informática e quatro empresas parceiras mantenedoras dos projetos sociais da entidade. Apesar de o cenário apontar claramente o caráter estratégico assumido pela tecnologia digital, a atuação das empresas mantenedoras na divulgação dos projetos, via Internet, ainda é tímida. No entanto, todos os projetos de inclusão digital estavam estrategicamente relacionados à razão de ser do negócio, local de atuação e às diretrizes corporativas. / The 21st century mainly features are the new information and communication technologies and the triad information, communication and knowledge. On the behalf of the analysis of the scene, this study intends to understand why private organizations develop projects of digital inclusion as strategies and politics of management of Public Relations. During the theoretical part, there were compared several theories of renamed authors of the present time, on the scene of the post-modern age and the digital inclusion. Besides, this study presents a case study on the Committee for Informatics Democratization and four supporters companies of the social projects of the entity. Although the scene clearly points to the strategically character assumed by the digital technology, the performance of the supporters companies in the spreading of the projects, via Internet, still is shy. However, all the projects of digital inclusion were strategically related to the core business, place where companies have influence and linked to the corporative lines of direction.