Dans le roman d’aventures médiéval, le thème de la fuite ne peut être perçu de manière uniforme mais en fonction du sexe du personnage principal. L’homme qui fuit est un couard déshonoré, la femme en fuite un nouveau prototype d’héroïne. En effet, être en fuite, suppose d’errer dans un univers inconnu, regorgeant de territoires pas toujours domestiqués par l’homme et largement inexplorés par la femme, l’espace extérieur restant traditionnellement un terrain de chasse masculin. Identités mouvantes trahies par le déguisement et la mouvance de leur nom, étapes laborieuses marquées par la nécessité de gagner sa vie, virilité parfois à toute épreuve, ces jeunes demoiselles sillonnent les contrées en quête d’elles-mêmes. Seul rempart contre le suicide, la fuite féminine synthétise une révolte avouée et exprimée. Donner ainsi la parole à des femmes dans des schémas narratifs éprouvés, les faire coexister aux côtés des chevaliers errants, c’est bien leur permettre de poser, ou de redécouvrir, les bases de leur identité. Parfois assistées dans leur démarche brutale, elles s’attribuent désormais la responsabilité d’elles-mêmes et acquièrent peu à peu une indépendance qui, jusque-là, était irréalisable à l’intérieur des murs de leur forteresse androcentrique. Aussi, fuir leur confère-t-elles un contrôle tout à fait inédit de leur personne. La circulation des femmes dans les romans du Moyen Âge demeure donc un enjeu non seulement narratif, mais aussi social, privé, humain. A l’heure de la redécouverte des grandes aventurières des XIXe et XXe siècles, l’accent est porté sur une nouvelle mobilité de la femme. Notre thèse regarde plus en avant et examine des femmes nomades dans les fictions romanesques médiévales. Ce motif fédérateur rassemble vraisemblablement quelques topoï notoires issus de sources anciennes mythologiques récupérées par la littérature du Moyen Âge. Il s’agira de décrypter l’architecture de ce motif pour en déterminer les origines. / In medieval adventure novels, the theme of escape is not treated in an balanced manner but depends on the gender of the main character. The man who flees is a dishonored coward while the fleeing woman represents a new prototype of heroin. It appears that being on the run involves wandering into an unknown world full of territories which are not always domesticated by men and which are largely unexplored by women, because, traditionally, this outer space represents a male hunting territory. Their changing identities betrayed by the disguise and by the instability of their names, laborious steps marked by the need to earn a living, and sometimes a virility in every challenge, this is what defines these young women who go across the countries as seekers of themselves The feminine at flight which implies an admitted and spoken rebellion, is the only defense against suicide. Thus, giving voice to women in proven narrative patterns, making them coexist alongside the errant knights, it is a perfect way which allows them to settle, or to rediscover, the basis of their identity. Even though they are sometimes assisted in their brutal steps, henceforth they assume the responsibility upon themselves, and gradually acquire an independence which, hitherto, was impossible within the walls of their androcentric fortress. Fleeing gives them also a completely new control of themselves. The women running in the novels of the Middle Ages represents a challenge not only from a narrative aspect but also from a social, private, and human view point. At the time of the rediscovery of the great adventurers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the emphasis falls on a new mobility of women. Our thesis looks further away and examines nomadic women in medieval romance fiction. This unifying pattern is likely to bring together some known topoi from ancient mythological sources, retrieved by the literature of the Middle Ages. Our aim is to decrypt the architecture of this pattern in order to determine its origins as well.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第22753号 / 薬科博第127号 / 新制||薬科||14(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科薬科学専攻 / (主査)教授 二木 史朗, 教授 中山 和久, 教授 髙倉 喜信 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

In few picked sources where ammonia occurs in an under-limited amount ,according to valid legislation, there will its outflow be modeled in various atmospheric conditions and its toxicity will be compared with other mostly used toxic substances. The danger for people living in the surroundings of under-limited sources will be evaluated from the results and the way for better safeness will be suggested.

Academic literature has increasingly shown escape foreign direct investment (FDI) to be a strategic motive used by firms investing abroad to diversify their risk to their home market. Internationalisation allows firms to mitigate the risk of being based in uncertain environments characterised by underdeveloped institutions and economic weakness (institutional voids), which are seen as comparative disadvantages. By expanding abroad, firms reduce their dependence on the home market for their revenues and profits. To date, most existing research has explored the characteristics, drivers and motivations for outbound FDI from emerging economies, but has paid relatively less attention to the economic consequences of such investments. The aim of this study is to gain an understanding of the economic consequences of escape FDI. Understanding the economic consequences of escape FDI will enable managers of South African multinational firms (MNEs) to develop and implement internationalisation strategies that create value, as measured by an increase in market capitalisation, for the firm. Quantitative, explanatory research methods were adopted in order to gain new insights into the economic consequences of escape FDI. The study adopted a longitudinal, multi-industry design and was deductive in nature. The population was 85 firms, which were investigated over a 5-year period, with an interval between 2013 and 2018. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics followed by confirmatory regression analysis. The key finding was that South African MNEs who invested in emerging markets, particularly in multiple host countries in Africa whilst adopting a “portfolio approach” to their international investments, delivered exceptional performance, creating significant value in the process. The secondary finding was that individual firms who either invested in emerging markets or developed markets created and destroyed value evenly, confirming existing literature that firms are heterogeneous and that a firms place in time and space, and thus context, matters fundamentally. The findings from this research add to the extant literature in the field of international business by introducing the “portfolio approach” to international investment strategy and performance. The implications for management is that firms need to understand their ownership advantages in designing and implementing international investment strategies because escape based FDI and related economic performance can have profound direct consequences for the firm itself, but indirectly on the wider community as a whole. / Mini Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MPhil (International Business) / Unrestricted

The thesis deals with the study of issues of escape, nomadism and territorialisation with regard to postmodern society. These concepts are explored on the basis of works by two French postmodern authors: Giles Deleuze and Michel Maffesoli. However, the analysis of seemingly similar ways of telling about these topics is to prove their considerable difference with respect to their understanding of life, world and society. In the theoretical part, the research focuses on Deleuz's concepts of becoming, multiplicity and division of space into smooth and grooved and Maffesoli's concepts of postmodern society associated with neotribalism, its desire to wander and dynamic rooting. The analytical part of the thesis is based on these concepts to interpret the documentary cycle "Kmeny", which relates to the topic of urban subculture within the Czech Republic.

The aim of this essay is to study the lives of Bosnian refugees who were forced into fleeing their homeland and integrate into the Swedish culture and society.  During the period of 1992 to 1996, approximately 2.2 million Bosnian citizens were forced to flee to other countries due to the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some of the citizens were internally displaced in nearby regions or border countries. Other refugees sought residence in different parts of the world. The Swedish Migration agency granted residency permits to 50,000 Bosnians between the years of 1993 to 1994.1  In order to accomplish the purpose of the essay, four Bosnian refugees who arrived in Sweden during the 1990s have been interviewed. The four interviewees generated answers which are then compared to previous research in this field. Written history tends to describe people in power as well as warfare in general. Therefore, by using oral history as a method in this study to investigate Bosnian refugees ́experiences, a more significant perspective of how they experienced integration in the Swedish society is more likely to appear. With their experiences and memories that they share with us, one will understand the life of a refugee.  This essay entails a qualitative approach where we conducted semi-structured interviews with Bosnian refugees. The theory we used to analyze the results is an integration model developed by Jose Alberto Diaz who studied integration in Sweden.  As a result, this study shows various factors that affect the individual ́s integration into the Swedish society. For example, the personal integration, housing integration, language skills, meaningful employment and livelihood, social contacts and the treatment of the authorities. These are some of the factors that affect the integration of immigrants.

As the threat of ransomware increases, the ever-growing demand for more efficient cybersecurityimplementations invite cybercriminals to find new methods of bypassing these counter measures.One method for bypassing potential antivirus software is to use the binaries already present on thevictim device, causing them damage by using trusted binaries which does not trigger windowsdefender (or similar antivirus measures).This thesis attempts to use virtual machines as a living of the land binary. By utilizing the virtualenvironment of Windows iso images within a hypervisor, the attacker can download and execute abinary without being stopped by the bare metal host’s IDS or IPS. As the attacker controls the virtualenvironment, they can disable Windows Defender within the virtual machine and acquire theransomware without the upper layer of IDS or IPS even noticing, meaning they also remain stealthyfor a persistent engagement. The attacker would then proceed to use the share folder functionalityof the hypervisor and target a directory with sensitive files, before executive the binary within thevirtual machine. To the bare metal host, it would look like a hypervisor process is affecting the fileswithin the shared folder, which does not raise any alarms. However, what is actually happening is theransomware of the attacker’s choice has encrypted the files of the target directory (or mounteddrive, depending on method used), and can now continue to the next directory (or drive).The results of this work showed that virtual machines can be used for living off the land binariesattacks by utilizing either the shared folder functionality of a specific hypervisor, or by mounting adrive to a virtual machine. The experiments were proven to work within their own parameters,assuming certain requirements are fulfilled for the attack to be doable. Defenders can tweak IDS andIPS policies to limit or warn when a user access or changes partitions or limiting the accessibility forthe hypervisors native to the machine.

Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is a multisystemic disorder associated with a plethora of phenotypic features including mental retardation, cardiac abnormalities, osteoporosis, infertility, gynecomastia, type two diabetes and increased cancer risk. KS is the most common aneuploidy in humans (with a prevalence of 1:500 to 1:1000 born males) and is characterized by one or more supernumerary X-chromosomes (47-XXY, 48-XXXY, and 49-XXXXY karyotypes). While X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) represses extra Xs, few genes called “escape genes” elude the XCI mechanism and are actively transcribed from X inactive. The overdosage of escape genes has been considered the molecular landscape that underlies KS clinical features. In this project, we exploit an integration-free reprogramming method to generate the largest described cohort of iPSCs from seven patients with KS and healthy donor fibroblasts from two relatives. The unicity of this cohort relies on the derivation of 47-XXY iPSCs and their isogenic 46-XY healthy counterparts, along with multiple rare 48-XXXY and 49-XXXXY iPSC lines. Through X chromosome inactivation (XCI) assessment, we show consistent retention of n-1 XCI in all derived KS-iPSCs. We identify the genes within the PAR1 region as the most susceptible to dosage-dependent transcriptional dysregulation and therefore putatively responsible for the progressively worsening phenotype in higher grade X aneuploidies. Moreover, we explore the transcriptional impact of X overdosage on autosomes and identify that the X-dosage-sensitive autosomal transcription factor NRF1 is a master regulator of the X-linked escape gene ZFX. Finally, we dissect the potential pathological impact of the escape gene KDM6A on low- and high-grade supernumerary X iPSCs and differentiated derivatives. We highlight a considerable proportion of KDM6A targets that could be responsible for paradigmatic clinical manifestations of KS.

Background: The most common complaint of adults with hearing loss is understanding speech in noise. One class of masker that may be particularly useful in the assessment of speech-in-noise abilities is interrupted noise. Interrupted noise usually is a continuous noise that has been multiplied by a square wave that produces alternating intervals of noise and silence. Wilson and Carhart found that spondaic word thresholds for listeners with normal hearing were 28 dB lower in an interrupted noise than in a continuous noise, whereas listeners with hearing loss experienced only an 11 dB difference. Purpose: The purpose of this series of experiments was to determine if a speech-in- interrupted-noise paradigm differentiates better (1) between listeners with normal hearing and listeners with hearing loss and (2) among listeners with hearing loss than do traditional speech-in-continuous-noise tasks. Research Design: Four descriptive/quasi-experimental studies were conducted. Study Sample: Sixty young adults with normal hearing and 144 older adults with pure-tone hearing losses participated. Data Collection and Analysis: A 4.3 sec sample of speech-spectrum noise was constructed digitally to form the 0 interruptions per second (ips; continuous) noise and the 5, 10, and 20 ips noises with 50% duty cycles. The noise samples were mixed digitally with the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 words at selected signal-to-noise ratios and recorded on CD. The materials were presented through an earphone, and the responses were recorded and analyzed at the word level. Similar techniques were used for the stimuli in the remaining experiments. Results: In Experiment 1, using 0 ips as the reference condition, the listeners with normal hearing achieved 34.0, 30.2, and 28.4 dB escape from masking for 5, 10, and 20 ips, respectively. In contrast, the listeners with hearing loss only achieved 2.1 to 2.4 dB escape from masking. Experiment 2 studied the 0 and 5 ips conditions on 72 older listeners with hearing loss, who were on average 13 yr younger and more varied in their hearing loss than the listeners in Experiment 1. The mean escape from masking in Experiment 2 was 7 dB, which is 20-25 dB less than the escape achieved by listeners with normal hearing. Experiment 3 examined the effects that duty cycle (0-100% in 10% steps) had on recognition performance in the 5 and 10 ips conditions. On the 12 young listeners with normal hearing, (1) the 50% correct point increased almost linearly between the 0 and 60% duty cycles (slope=4.2 dB per 10% increase in duty cycle), (2) the slope of the function was steeper between 60 and 80% duty cycles, and (3) about the same masking was achieved for the 80-100% duty cycles. The data from the listeners with hearing loss were inconclusive. Experiment 4 varied the interburst ratios (0, -6, -12, -24, -48, and -∞ dB) of 5 ips noise and evaluated recognition performance by 24 young adults. The 50% points were described by a linear regression (R2=0.98) with a slope of 0.55 dB/dB. Conclusion: The current data indicate that interrupted noise does provide a better differentiation both between listeners with normal hearing and listeners with hearing loss and among listeners with hearing loss than is provided by continuous noise.

Several chlamydial antigens have been detected in the infected epithelial cell cytosol and on the host cell surface prior to their presumed natural release at the end of the 72-96 h developmental cycle. These extra-inclusion antigens are proposed to influence vital host cell functions, antigen trafficking and presentation and, ultimately, contribute to a prolonged inflammatory response. To begin to dissect the mechanisms for escape of these antigens from the chlamydial inclusion, which are enhanced on exposure to antibiotics, polarized endometrial epithelial cells (HEC-1B) were infected with Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E for 36 h or 48 h. Infected cells were then exposed to chemotactic human polymorphonuclear neutrophils not loaded or pre-loaded in vitro with the antibiotic azithromycin. Viewed by electron microscopy, the azithromycin-mediated killing of chlamydiae involved an increase in chlamydial outer membrane blebbing followed by the appearance of the blebs in larger vesicles (i) everting from but still associated with the inclusion as well as (ii) external to the inclusion. Evidence that the vesicles originated from the chlamydial inclusion membrane was shown by immuno-localization of inclusion membrane proteins A, F, and G on the vesicular membranes. Chlamydial heat shock protein 60 (chsp60) copies 2 and 3, but not copy 1, were released from RB and incorporated into the everted inclusion membrane vesicles and delivered to the infected cell surface. These data represent direct evidence for one mechanism of early antigen delivery, albeit membrane-bound, beyond the confines of the chlamydial inclusion.