A tradução de Sérgio Milliet dos Essais de Michel de Montaigne para o português brasileiro envolve um trabalho de leitura, interpretação e escritura em várias frentes: estilística, retórica, linguística, antropológica, histórica, etc. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar como foram traduzidos os pontos de inflexão nos quais os discursos do Outro aparecem no de Montaigne. O fio condutor do estudo pelo texto montaigneano representado pelo o paratexto páginas de rosto, prefácios e notas das edições francesas e das edições usadas na tradução leva, em torno da noção de reformulação, às heterogeneidades enunciativas e à tradução da escritura. O percurso traçado faz com que a reformulação, no sentido amplo da comunicação, seja pensada como uma noção operatória na abordagem de questões discursivas. O princípio que norteia o trabalho é baseado numa análise do discurso que considera o interdiscurso como origem de todo discurso e a heterogeneidade enunciativa como constitutiva da linguagem. Assim, a leitura/interpretação dos capítulos leva em conta a maneira como alguns traços da heterogeneidade a citação e a ironia se realizam na escritura do texto de Montaigne e nas traduções. A partir da observação empírica das traduções em francês moderno e em português brasileiro, nota-se que esses traços, diferentemente reformulados, trazem para dentro dos novos textos características que podem ser atribuídas às representações, sociais e individuais, dos próprios tradutores. / The Brazilian Portuguese translation of the Essais de Michel de Montaigne by Sérgio Milliet involves an effort of reading, interpretation and writing in many ways: stylistic, rhetoric, linguistic, anthropological, historical, etc. This work aims at the identification of how those points of inflexion in which the Others discourse shows up in Montaignes discourse were translated. The paratextual title pages, prefaces and notes of the French editions were the connecting thread through Montaignes texts to the enunciative heterogeneities and to the translation. The reformulation is, in the broad sense of communication, an operating notion in the approach of discourses questions. The research is based on the discourse analysis, which considers the interdiscourse as the origin of all discourse and the heterogeneity as a constructive element of language. The reading/interpretation of chapters takes into account the heterogeneities citation and irony that appear in Montaignes writing and in the translations. From the empirical observation of translations to modern French and to Brazilian Portuguese we noticed that these features, formulated in a different way, bring to the new texts some characteristics that may be imputed to the social and individual representations of the translators themselves.

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Magister Educationis - MEd / In this study, it is assumed that non-mother tongue speakers of English are faced with the difficulty of writing and learning in English first additional language (FAL) or second language. In the context of Cape Town, this applies to isiXhosa mother-tongue speaking learners who are taught in an additional language, while their counterparts who speak either English or Afrikaans as a home language are taught through the medium of their home languages from primary to tertiary education. Snow (2014:17) claims that learners acquire academic language skills in the home language and are able to transfer those skills into an additional language e.g. English. In addition, if learners have their home language as the LoLT, language transfer may take place easily and the home language structure can assist them when writing in an additional language such as English. Language transfer, according to Odlin (1989:27), is the influence that 2 culminates from the differences or similarities evident between the target language and any other acquired language. There is a belief that strong proficiency in the home language enhances the learning of an additional language easier through language transfer (Odlin, 1989:1). According to Ellis (1994:302) errors mostly occur when there is a negative transfer from the mother-tongue to target language. Aziakpono and Bekker (2010:49) believe that there is certain terminology that cannot be easily transferred from the home language to the target language. However, the issue is not necessarily the transfer of language but rather the expression thereof, especially with individuals who use the home language more than the target language which is often English in South Africa. With regard to language transfer, it should be taken into account that languages have different phonetic and syntactic structures which may impede the learning of an additional language.

This dissertation examines the role of foreign aid in economic growth and development of Jordan. The flow of foreign capital takes two main forms: private foreign investment, mostly foreign direct investment by large multinational corporations, and public development assistance (foreign aid) from both individual national governments and multinational donor agencies. The distinguishing characteristic of foreign aid is the concessional element. In this dissertation, recent techniques and advances in time-series analysis are used in the empirical section of Chapters 2 and 3, i.e., vector autoregression (VAR), impulse response functions, and variance decompositions. In the fourth chapter, we use a nonlinear three-stage least square estimate to test the impact of foreign aid on the fiscal behavior of Jordanian government. The results of this study indicate that foreign aid in its aggregated form exerted an overall short-run positive dynamic impact on Jordanian growth rate of output, while it had a severe and long-run negative dynamic impact on domestic saving rate. When foreign aid is decomposed into its two main components, i.e., foreign aid grants and foreign aid loans, we found that grants exerted a long-run positive dynamic impact on Jordanian output growth and a severe long-run negative impact on its domestic saving rate. On the other hand, foreign aid loans had a positive but short-run impact on output growth and a positive long-run dynamic impact on domestic saving rate. We also found that foreign aid significantly affects both the revenue and expenditure side of the Jordanian government budget. Foreign aid grants positively affect consumption expenditures while foreign loans had no significant impact on government consumption. We also found that tax revenues in Jordan are mainly used to finance public consumption expenditures and not public investment. Furthermore, in the presence of foreign aid (grants and loans), an increase in taxes leads to an increase in public consumption expenditures and vice versa. Finally, the results show that in the presence of foreign aid, the Jordanian public sector reduces its efforts to collect taxes.

Taiwan is one of the four smaller Asian economies. Before 1960, Taiwan pursued industrialization policies by limiting imports of manufactured goods, gradually adopting an open and outward-oriented economic policy, believing it would expend exports and yield gained ground. With this increasingly open and outward-oriented economic policy as the background, we will study the real exchange rate (RER) misalignment in Taiwan over the period 1981-93. The RER plays a critical role in maintaining external competitiveness. Hence, from the policy point of view, this rate should not be allowed to deviate much from its equilibrium level. Since the equilibrium real exchange rate (ERER) is unobservable, it is very important that the concept be based on sound economic reasoning and its measurement should be done as correctly as possible. It is generally agreed that misalignment in the RER has a negative effect on the economic performance of a country. This dissertation is divided into two essays. The first essay deals with the estimation of ERER by using the Edwards and the Elbadawi approaches and the measurement of the RER misalignment from two different approaches. The second essay investigates the empirical importance of the distinction between the permanent and temporary components of the determinants of the ERER. By using the same reduced form equation from the first essay and reestimating the ERER by employing the techniques of a modern time-series analysis, which is introduced by Steven Beveridge and Charles Nelson, an empirical analysis is presented of the RER behavior.

This dissertation is comprised of three essays, the goals of which are to provide an empirical understanding of how the income-health relationship evolves with child age and the underlying mechanisms. Previous research, conducted in US and Canadian settings, has found a positive association between household income and child health, which strengthens with age. One reason for this relationship may be that low-income children are more likely to suffer from chronic conditions than high-income children. While US research has controlled for the effects of parental health when examining the gradient, Canadian work has not. In Chapter 1, we seek to determine whether the Canadian findings persist after controlling for parental health status. Our results show that this adjustment reduces the size of the gradient in childhood and, importantly, indicates that it does not increase with age. In Chapter 2, we contribute to this literature by applying more flexible estimation techniques, namely nonparametric models, to understand the gradient in childhood. Our results provide evidence that our nonparametric model is closer to the true data generating process than the parametric model. Furthermore, our estimates confirm that the gradient does not increase with age, regardless of whether we control for parental health. In Chapter 3, we examine the relationship between family income, chronic conditions and child health. Generally, our results suggest that income does not have a significant impact on chronic conditions. Furthermore, we do not find the effect of chronic conditions on the probability of being in poor health differs by income levels, with the exception of asthma and mental handicap. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Stranger Species is a collection of interconnected personal and lyrical essays that illustrate and dissect the biological and psychological forces that drive humans to act. While essays in the collection prove the narrator's need to believe that we are animals first and human beings second and that sex and persistence to survive are proof of our animalism, essays simultaneously counter-argue that humans-our emotions, weaknesses, and consciousness-are unique to our species, separating us from the animal world. Throughout the collection, fear resonates that we do not control our desires and ultimately our lives, that biology and our deep seeded psychological inadequacies drive us blindly and often recklessly towards our species' survival never asking for our permission, leaving us to wonder why we do the strange things that we do. The narrator uses research and her experience to explore genetics, reproduction, desire, loneliness, binding societal constructions, control, and loss.

Ascending Mango Hill is a collection of work that represents me. The intention is to connect with readers by depicting protagonists who are unable to fit in, a theme most readers can relate to. Many times the protagonist must find the courage to confront a situation rather than remain quiet. The collection is separated into two sections: The Essays and The Short Stories. The essays detail my own experiences at being an outsider while exploring the topics of family and personal growth. In the stories, characters must overcome unresolved childhood issues, recognize unhealthy relationships, and decide when to set off on new journeys. I bring the sections together by using my travel experiences as the setting for several stories. Aspects of who I am show up in the stories through character motivation and characterization. Ultimately, Ascending Mango Hill is a reflection of the girl I was, the woman I hoped to be, and the woman I have become.

The literary essays in this collection explore the relationships between mind, body, and environment as the narrator explores Orlando, her beachfront hometown of Sarasota, and other "tourist traps." The traditional and experimental essays here question how residents make popular vacation destinations their own and how much trust one can put in strangers, neighbors, city planners, theme-park designers, and lovers. Dance floors, hybrid bikes, flying elephants, swing sets, and swimming pools fill these pages. Worries spiral like disco lights on dance floors, and cultural forces press down with the constant pressure of pedal strokes. With the embodiment of place comes connection between environment and activity; music, buildings, landscape, and physical activity heighten the relationship between personal identity and place. Everything moves, but the appeal of tourist traps remains constant.