O sistema mais utilizado para o tratamento da água bruta disponível nos mananciais é a Estação de Tratamento de Água (ETA) convencional, conhecida também como estação de ciclo completo. Durante o processo de tratamento são produzidos os resíduos (lodos), originados principalmente da lavagem dos filtros e da descarga do decantador. Esses resíduos variam dependendo do tipo e quantidade de produto químico utilizado no tratamento e as características do manancial. O presente estudo teve como objetivo a análise de alternativas de tratamento dos resíduos gerados na ETA 06 de Palmas TO, com foco principal no desaguamento dos resíduos por meio da aplicação de polímeros sintéticos e filtração em geotêxtil. Primeiramente foram caracterizados os resíduos gerados na ETA 006, sendo em seguida feitos ensaios de bancada simulando condições de mistura rápida e clarificação/adensamento em jarteste e filtração em geotêxtil. Foram utilizadas diferentes dosagens de polímeros sintéticos não-iônico, catiônico e aniônico. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de polímeros no auxílio do desaguamento do lodo no geotêxtil foi eficiente, reduzindo valores de turbidez e teor de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) na amostra. O polímero que mostrou o melhor resultado no processo de desaguamento foi o catiônico. / The system most used for the treatment of raw water available in water sources is the conventional Water Treatment Plant (ETA), also known as full cycle station. During the treatment process are produced waste (sludge), originated mainly from filters wash and the discharge of the sedimentation tank. These wastes vary depending on the type and amount of chemical used in the treatment and water source characteristics. This study aimed to analyze the waste treatment alternatives generated in the ETA 006 of Palmas TO, with main focus on dewatering of waste through the application of synthetic polymers and geotextile filtration. First were characterized the waste generated at ETA 006, being then made bench tests simulating flash mixing conditions and clarification/consolidation in jar test and geotextile filtration. Were used different dosages of synthetic polymers non-ionic, cationic and anionic. The results showed that the use of polymers in the dewatering of sludge in the geotextile was efficient, reducing turbidity values and total suspended solids (SST) in the sample. The polymer that showed the best result in the dewatering process was the cationic.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2032598 bytes, checksum: c8fff468bcb25ba14900bbbea1fb0f7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The effect of inadequate disposal, solid waste generated in the process of treating water, the environment has proved to be extremely harmful, since the chemicals used in that process are harmful when released "in natura" in water bodies Because it can cause damage. This work was developed in the ponds of sludge from the clarifiers Station Water Treatment - ETA Gramame located in the municipality of Conde, State of Paraiba and Brazil which supplies the cities of João Pessoa (the capital) and Cabedelo. The objective of this research was to characterize the sludge ponds sludge coming from the decanter Gramame ETA in order to suggest alternative treatment and disposal for these evictions. Analyses were performed between the period October 2009 to April 2010 in two lakes of mud. With results of residue analysis can be seen that the average value of total solids found, 78.28% and 68.12% are fixed solids, pond 1 and 2, respectively. And what of the average total solids found 21.72% (pond 1) and 31.88% (pond 2) are volatile solids. These results indicated the presence of a larger portion of biodegradable material in the pond 2. From the size analysis of the sludge studied, it can be observed with the highest content of coarse sand grain size. But among the heavy metals found in the analysis of sludge were higher rates of Aluminum, Lead and Iron. The latter two above the discharge standards required by the National Environment Council - CONAMA, in its Resolution No. 357/2005. According to our analysis, the sludge can be seen that some of the alternatives of final destination would be the recovery of the coagulant (aluminum sulfate) to use on the ground, whilst highlighting the need for assessment of soil to receive this type of waste once it has considered levels of aluminum and finally a referral to landfills. / O efeito da disposição inadequada, dos resíduos sólidos, gerados no processo de tratamento de água, no meio ambiente tem-se mostrado ser extremamente danoso, uma vez que os produtos químicos utilizados no referido processo são prejudiciais quando lançados "in natura" em corpos aquáticos, pois pode causar danos ao mesmo. Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida nas lagoas de lodo da Estação de Tratamento de Água - ETA Gramame, localizada no município do Conde, Estado da Paraíba/Brasil e que abastece as cidades de João Pessoa (capital) e Cabedelo. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi caracterizar o lodo das lagoas de lodo oriundo dos decantadores da ETA Gramame, no intuito de sugerir alternativas de tratamento e disposição final para esses despejos. As análises foram realizadas entre o período de Outubro de 2009 a Abril de 2010 nas duas lagoas de lodo. Com resultados obtidos das análises dos resíduos pode-se constatar que do valor médio de sólidos totais encontrados, 78,28% e 68,12% são de sólidos fixos, lagoa 1 e 2, respectivamente. E que do valor médio de sólidos totais encontrados 21,72% (lagoa 1) e 31,88% (lagoa 2) são de sólidos voláteis. Esses resultados indicaram a presença de uma porção de material biodegradável maior na lagoa 2. A partir da análise granulométrica do lodo estudado, pode-se observar que o mesmo apresentou um maior teor de areia grossa. Já dentre os metais pesados encontrados na análise do lodo os maiores índices foram o de alumínio, chumbo e ferro. Sendo os dois últimos acima dos padrões de lançamento exigidos pelo Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente - CONAMA, em sua Resolução Nº 357/2005. De acordo com as análises realizadas no lodo pode-se verificar que algumas das alternativas de destino final seriam a recuperação do coagulante (sulfato de alumínio), a utilização no solo, não deixando de destacar a necessidade de avaliação do solo para receber esse tipo de resíduo uma vez que o mesmo possui teores considerados de alumínio e por último o encaminhamento a aterros sanitários.

O quadro evolutivo da agricultura brasileira resulta em benefícios à população exigindo crescentes avanços tecnológicos no setor. Constantemente, novos agrotóxicos são introduzidos estimulando estudos científicos com a finalidade de determinar e avaliar os impactos na população e no meio ambiente. No presente trabalho, a matriz avaliada foi o lodo gerado no processo de tratamento de água para consumo humano, coletado na região do Vale do Ribeira, SP. A técnica empregada foi a cromatografia líquida de fase reversa acoplada à espectrometria de massas triploquadrupolar em tandem com ionização por electrospray. Os compostos foram extraídos previamente da matriz. O desenvolvimento da metodologia exigiu tratamento dos dados para que esses pudessem ser utilizados e transformados em informações confiáveis. Os processos envolvidos foram avaliados usando o conceito da validação de ensaios químicos. Os indicadores avaliados foram seletividade, linearidade, intervalo de trabalho, sensibilidade, exatidão, precisão, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação e robustez. Esses indicadores produziram valores quantitativos e qualitativos que foram estatisticamente evidenciados de forma objetiva. A metodologia desenvolvida e validade é simples. Como resultado, mesmo explorando a sensibilidade da técnica, os compostos estudados não foram encontrados no lodo da ETA de Registro. Isso leva a crer que esses compostos podem estar presentes em concentrações muito baixas, podem sofrer degradação durante o tratamento da água ou não são retidos completamente pela ETA. 7 / The evolving scenario of Brazilian agriculture brings benefits to the population and demands technological advances to this field. Constantly, new pesticides are introduced encouraging scientific studies with the aim of determine and evaluate impacts on the population and on environment. In this work, the evaluated sample was the sludge resulted from water treatment plant located in the Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brazil. The technique used was the reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Compounds were previously liquid extracted from the matrix. The development of the methodology demanded data processing in order to be transformed into reliable information. The processes involved concepts of validation of chemical analysis. The evaluated parameters were selectivity, linearity, range, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness. The obtained qualitative and quantitative results were statistically treated and presented. The developed and validated methodology is simple. As results, even exploring the sensitivity of the analytical technique, the work compounds were not detected in the sludge of the WTP. One can explain that these compounds can be present in a very low concentration, can be degraded under the conditions of the water treatment process or are not completely retained by the WTP.

O presente trabalho foi realizado em duas fases. Na primeira, foram estimados os efeitos produzidos nos decantadores primários de uma ETE, após receber resíduo da ETA-SC, que utiliza sulfato de alumínio como coagulante. Foram realizados ensaios em colunas de sedimentação, onde os parâmetros SST, SSV, cor, turbidez, DQO, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e parasitas, pesquisados no sobrenadante, diminuíram com o aumento da quantidade de resíduo adicionado. Com relação aos sedimentos obtidos nas colunas de sedimentação, foi encontrada maior quantidade de ST e menor resistência específica nos lodos provenientes das colunas que receberam os resíduos da ETA-SC. No teste de atividade metanogênica, a concentração molar de metano foi reduzida nos sistemas que receberam resíduo da ETA-SC, influenciando negativamente no desenvolvimento dos microrganismos metanogênicas. As espécies de microrganismos do gênero Methanothrix sp foram inibidas, sendo encontradas em maior número no frasco-reator controle e em menor quantidade a medida que se aumentou a quantidade do resíduo adicionado. Nesta etapa foi constatado que o resíduo da ETA-SC poderá apresentar interferências negativas sobre a digestão anaeróbia do lodo produzido em decantadores primários de uma ETE. Na segunda fase, na estação piloto, composta de lagoa de aeração seguida de lagoa de sedimentação, que recebeu resíduo da ETA-Fonte, que utiliza cloreto férrico como coagulante, foi verificado que tal resíduo melhorou a qualidade do efluente em termos de DQO, DBO, SST, turbidez, cor, amônio, nitrato, NTK e fosfato total. Os parâmetros ST, SDT, cloreto, nitrito, condutividade e pH não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Em relação ao exame microscópico não houve influências negativas no licor misto das lagoas de aeração. O lodo formado nas lagoas de sedimentação piloto apresentou-se em maior quantidade na lagoa que recebeu resíduo da ETA-Fonte. Neste lodo a resistência específica a filtração foi menor em comparação ao lodo da lagoa que não recebeu resíduo da ETA-Fonte. A desidratação deste lodo por centrifugação necessitou menor quantidade de polieletrólito. Baseado neste estudo não foi verificado interferências que possa impedir o lançamento do resíduo da ETA-Fonte na ETE-Araraquara. / This work was carried out in two phases. Effects of disposing the residues from a water treatment plant - ETASC, which uses alum as primary coagulant on the primary settling tanks was evaluated in the first one. Sedimentation tests using column indicated that parameters such as TSS, VSS, colour, turbidity, COD, total coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e parasites in the supernatant decreased with the increase of the amount of the water treatment wastes added to the column. With relation to the sediments produced in the column, it was found great amount of TS and lower specific solids resistance in those generated in the columns where the water treatment plant residues-WTPR were used. Molar concentration of methane was reduced in the tests performed with the sediments produced with water treatment plant residues and thus, altering negatively the development of methanogenic organisms. The growth of species of microorganism of genera Methanothrix sp was inhibited, which were found in great number in the control flask (with out WTPR) and in lower number as it was increased the amount of WTPR added to the column. It was observed that the WTPR generated in the city water treatment plant may interfere in the anaerobic digestion of sludge produced in primary settling tanks of a wastetreatment plant. A continuous pilot plant was operated in the second phase, which consisted of two aerated lagoon each one followed by a settling lagoon. Waste and WTPR from a watter treatment plant which ferric chloride were fed in one of the systems. It was observed that the use of WTPR improved the effluent quality of the settling lagoon evaluated in terms of COD, BOD, TSS, turbidity, color, ammonium, nitrate, TKN and total phosphate. Some parameters, such as TS, TDS, chloride, nitride, conductivity and pH did not present significant differences in both systems. Microscopic examinations indicated that no influence resulted in the aerated lagoon mixed liquor. A higher amount of sludge was formed in the lagoon system which received the WTPR. The specific resistance to filtration of this sludge was lower than that formed in the lagoon system with out WTPR addition. When dewatering both sludges, that one produced with the addition of WTPR required less amount of polymer. It was concluded that the WTPR produced in the water treatment plant of Araraquara may be disposed in the city wastewater treatment plant.

Pour les sociétés démocratiques, le terrorisme représente une menace exceptionnelle. Exceptionnelle, d’abord, parce qu’un Etat n’est pas face à une menace traditionnelle telle qu’une déclaration de guerre adressée par un autre Etat. Exceptionnelle ensuite parce parfois – souvent dans le cadre du terrorisme basque –, elle implique ses propres citoyens. Exceptionnelle, enfin, parce que pour aussi extraordinaire que soit cette menace, les éléments précédents imposent à la Démocratie de se protéger avec les armes mises en place dans des circonstances ordinaires, par des procédures ordinaires, contre des menaces ordinaires. Il s’agit ici de la contradiction fondamentale qui apparaît à l’étude des appareils mis en place par des Etats démocratiques afin de se protéger contre le terrorisme.Dans cette perspective, l’étude du cas basque présente des singularités appelant à s’interroger sur les effets du terrorisme sur la construction de la démocratie. La lutte contre le terrorisme basque est en effet née dans le cadre d’un Etat dictatorial qui n’a pas hésité à user de tous les moyens contre cet ennemi. Elle s’est poursuivie alors que l’Etat Espagnol opérait une transition vers la Démocratie, et a perduré au-delà, alors que nombre d’indicateurs tendent à valider le caractère démocratique de son nouveau régime. La question qui se pose alors est de savoir dans quelle mesure la permanence d’une lutte contre un ennemi sur lequel les changements de régime n’ont eu que peu de prise a influencé la perception de cet opposant et les moyens internes et de coopération interétatique mis en œuvre pour lui faire face. / For democratic societies, terrorism represents an exceptional threat. Exceptional, firstly, because the State does not face a traditional threat such as a war declaration sent by another State. Exceptional, secondly, because sometimes – often regarding Basque terrorism – it involves its own citizens. Exceptional, eventually, because although it is an extraordinary threat, the previous elements call Democracy to protect itself with the weapons set up under ordinary circumstances, through ordinary processes, against ordinary threats. It is a genuine contradiction in the study of the apparatus set up by Democracy in order to get protected from terrorism.In this perspective, the study of the Basque case presents specificities that lead to question terrorism’s effects on the construction of Democracy. The fight against Basque terrorism was born in the framework of a dictatorial regime, which did not hesitate to use any means against this enemy. It continued, while the Spanish State was operating a transition towards democracy, and kept on going while many indicators appeared to confirm the democratic nature of the new regime. A question arises: to which extent the permanency of a fight against an enemy insensitive to the regime changes influenced the perception of this opponent, but also the internal means and those developed through international cooperation to face it.

Revision of Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of London, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 285-293) and index.

<p>Terrorism. A word that makes you think about different situations throughout the last decade that has passed. However, in this particular thesis the purpose is to examine both national and international terrorism from a Clausewitzian theory. The main point is to examine whether any of these types of terrorisms can fit in to this theory and as examples in this study are the terrorist organizations ETA and al-Qaida. The questions to be answered in this paper are if their aims can be explained as political and how far are they ready to go to have their way? Furthermore, the reason for this paper is to find an understanding for why the terrorist organizations act as they do.</p><p>The result of this comparative study is that both terrorist organizations fit in to the theory because their goals can be seen as political and therefore can their aims justify their actions. However, the lack of support makes you begin to doubt about whether this is the right way or even a good way to achieve political aims. Hopefully, this enlightenment can increase our understanding and give us a guideline to how to deal with this threat of the 21^th century.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

We analyse eight epochs of Hubble Space Telescope H alpha+[N ii] imaging of eta Carinae's outer ejecta. Proper motions of nearly 800 knots reveal that the detected ejecta are divided into three apparent age groups, dating to around 1250 A.D., to around 1550 A.D., and to during or shortly before the Great Eruption of the 1840s. Ejecta from these groups reside in different locations and provide a firm constraint that eta Car experienced multiple major eruptions prior to the nineteenth century. The 1250 and 1550 events did not share the same axisymmetry as the Homunculus; the 1250 event was particularly asymmetric, even one-sided. In addition, the ejecta in the S ridge, which have been associated with the Great Eruption, appear to predate the ejection of the Homunculus by several decades. We detect essentially ballistic expansion across multiple epochs. We find no evidence for large-scale deceleration of the observed knots that could power the soft X-ray shell by ploughing into surrounding material, suggesting that the observed X-rays arise instead from fast, rarefied ejecta from the 1840s overtaking the older dense knots. Early deceleration and subsequent coasting cannot explain the origin of the older outer ejecta - significant episodic mass loss prior to the nineteenth century is required. The time-scale and geometry of the past eruptions provide important constraints for any theoretical physical mechanisms driving eta Car's behaviour. Non-repeating mechanisms such as the merger of a close binary in a triple system would require additional complexities to explain the observations.

<p>The central idea of this dissertation is to interpret certain invariants constructed from Laplace spectral data on a compact Riemannian manifold as regularized integrals of closed differential forms on the space of Riemannian metrics, or more generally on a space of metrics on a vector bundle. We apply this idea to both the Ray-Singer analytic torsion</p><p>and the eta invariant, explaining their dependence on the metric used to define them with a Stokes' theorem argument. We also introduce analytic multi-torsion, a generalization of analytic torsion, in the context of certain manifolds with local product structure; we prove that it is metric independent in a suitable sense.</p> / Dissertation