Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-25T21:21:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaAparecidaSantos.pdf: 5437358 bytes, checksum: 7d0fb7d9c036565940c65b37d2add22c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T21:21:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaAparecidaSantos.pdf: 5437358 bytes, checksum: 7d0fb7d9c036565940c65b37d2add22c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This work consists in showing a reflection about the female sexuality through a rich dialogue between History and Literature in order to highlight the assimilation and spread of the imaginary about the female body through literary works and movements. For this purpose, it was highlighted, first, some symbolic constructions that promoted the conception of an alleged ontological existence of a feminine nature, resignified in this research by the idea of an eternal feminine, that it would be appropriate and disseminated through various legitimating discourses, among them, the very literary discourse. In addition, it aims to emphasize not only the external influences exerted on literary discourse in the representation of a particular conception of reality guided by the hierarchical difference between sexes, but it also highlighted the active character of the literature in the construction and propagation of those values. Concomitantly with this, it was emphasized during the research, the mechanisms of control and repression that acted upon the female body and sexuality, which would be gradually produced, operated and improved according to the needs and interests of each society. In this perspective, in order to analyze the views on femininity propagated by the literature of the Nineteenth Century, it was evidenced the ruptures and continuities in relation to both social imaginary as the behaviors and meanings that were directed and imputed to women, taking another times as reference, observing, as well, its transformations along time, which would be ruled not only by the substitution of a discourse by another, but, mainly, by the continuous overlapping of a discourse by another, forming, in this way, a long-term structure. For this purpose, it demonstrate the perception of some authors of the Enlightenment regarding this issue, as well, as how the writers of the Romantic and Realistic movements worked this theme. Finally, it aimed to prioritize the analysis of the Naturalist School, relating it to the theme worked through the production of authors such as Émile Zola, Aluísio Azevedo and Júlio Ribeiro, highlighting how the nuances about female sexuality were manifested in their productions and the way which the various institutionalized knowledge of the Nineteenth Century sought todeny it, idealize it, and, finally, objectify it. / O presente trabalho consiste em apresentar uma reflexão sobre a sexualidade feminina a partir de um rico diálogo entre a História e a Literatura, com a finalidade de evidenciar a assimilação e propagação de um imaginário sobre o sexo feminino por meio de obras e estéticas literárias. Para tanto, destacou-se, primeiramente, algumas construções simbólicas que promoveram a concepção de uma pretensa existência ontológica de uma natureza feminina, ressignificada nesta pesquisa pela ideia de um eterno feminino, que seria apropriada e disseminada por meio de vários discursos legitimadores, dentre os quais, o próprio discurso literário. Ademais, buscou-se enfatizar não apenas as influências externas exercidas sobre o discurso literário na representação de determinada concepção de realidade pautada na diferença hierarquizante entre os sexos, mas, também, evidenciar o caráter ativo da Literatura na construção e propagação deste mesmo ideário. Concomitantemente a isto, enfatizou-se no decorrer da pesquisa os mecanismos de controle e repressão que atuavam sobre o corpo e a sexualidade feminina, que seriam, gradualmente, produzidos, operacionalizados e aperfeiçoados de acordo com as necessidades e interesses de cada sociedade. Nesta perspectiva, com a finalidade de analisar as visões de feminilidade propagadas pela Literatura do século XIX, evidenciou-se as rupturas e permanências em relação tanto ao imaginário social quanto aos comportamentos e significados que foram direcionados e imputados às mulheres, tendo por referência outras épocas, observando, assim, suas transformações ao longo do tempo, que seriam pautadas não apenas pela substituição de um discurso por outro, mas, principalmente, pela sobreposição contínua de um discurso sobre outro, vindo a formar, assim, uma estrutura de longa duração. Para tanto, buscou-se demonstrar a percepção de alguns autores do Iluminismo sobre tal questão, assim como a forma como tal tema foi trabalhado pelos literatos da estética Romântica e Realista. Por fim, priorizou-se a análise da Escola Naturalista, relacionando-a ao tema trabalhado a partir da produção de autores como Émile Zola, Aluísio Azevedo e Júlio Ribeiro, destacando de que forma as nuances acerca da sexualidade feminina foram apropriadas em suas produções e a maneira a partir da qual os mais variados discursos e saberes institucionalizados do século XIX buscaram negá-la, idealizá-la e, por fim, objetificá-la.

L’analyse critique des personnages féminins de Marguerite Gauthier et Macabéa dans les films – Camille/ Le roman de Marguerite Gauthier, 1936 et A hora da estrela/L'heure de l'étoile, 1986 – cherche à comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels le mythe de l'éternel féminin assure sa continuité comme image-modèle des femmes contemporaines. La compréhension de ce processus ne s’achève que par l’analyse historique d’une mythologie plus ample – celle de la centralité et universalité du regard occidental –, à la base du système de représentation dominant. La première partie est consacrée à analyser les formes trouvés par ce « regard » pour représenter le corps colonisé et le corps féminin comme « l’Autre » du discours colonial patriarcal. La deuxième partie se tourne vers le corps féminin à partir de l’analyse historique du mythe de l’éternel féminin, sa subjectivation par des femmes contemporaines et le rôle de l’imaginaire médiatique dans la re-signification et permanence de ces images stéréotypés. Le personnage emblématique de Marguerite Gauthier, incarné par le mythe Greta Garbo, est au centre de cette analyse critique. La troisième partie s’attache à la réception du mythe et de ses répercussions comme espace de glissements d’identités/altérités. Dans ce parcours, la mise en évidence des personnages de ces deux femmes explicite l’acte narratif comme un acte identitaire, qui permet d’emphatiser la notion de l’« expérience » comme espace d’articulation d’autres subjectivités et d’autres regards, et proposer la mise en question du lien entre cinéma, féminin et récit. / The critical analysis of the personages Marguerite Gauthier and Macabéa in the films -Camille / Le roman de Marguerite Gauthier, 1936 and A hora da estrela /The hour of the star,1986 - seeks to understand the mechanisms by which the myth of the eternal feminine ensures its permanence in contemporary women’s imaginary as an image-reference. The first section of the thesis focus the power of looking by an analytical approach between the stereotypes of the colonized body and the feminine body, identified as the “other” in the colonial discourse. The second section is a historical and critical analysis of the eternal feminine represented by the emblematic personage of Marguerite Gauthier, performed by Greta Garbo, and the resignifications of this myth by the contemporary media. The third section is a critical reflection about the feminine outsider, represented by the personage of Macabéa, by questioning the reception of the myth and its influence on the women’s creative process. This work focuses on the concept of 'experience' as a central element for the articulation of "others' perspectives, while questioning the relationship between film, feminine and narrative.