Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is a global demand for technologies to reduce ethanol levels in wine without compromising wine quality. While several chemical and physical methods have been developed to reduce ethanol in finished wine, the target of an industrially applicable biological solution has thus far not been met. Most attempted biological strategies have focused on developing new strains of the main fermentative organism, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene modification approaches have primarily focused on partially redirecting yeast carbon metabolism away from ethanol production towards glycerol production. These techniques have met with some moderate success, thus the focus of the current study was to re-direct carbon flux towards trehalose production by moderate over-expression of the TPS1 gene. This gene encodes trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, which converts glucose 6-phosphate and UDPglucose to α,α-trehalose 6-phosphate. Previous data have shown that the overproduction of trehalose restricts hexokinase activity reducing the amount of glucose that enters glycolysis. Nevertheless, preliminary TPS1 over-expression studies using multiple copy plasmids have shown some promise, but also indicated significant negative impact on the general fermentation behaviour of strains. In order to reduce such negative impacts of excessive trehalose production, a new strategy consisting in increasing the expression of TPS1 only during specific growth phases and by a relatively minor degree was investigated. Our study employed a lowcopy number episomal vector to drive moderate over-expression of the TPS1 gene in the widely used industrial strain VIN13 at different stages during fermentation. The fermentations were performed in synthetic must with sugar levels representative of those found in real grape must. This, as well as the use of an industrial yeast strain, makes it easier to relate our results to real winemaking conditions. A reduction in fermentation capacity was observed for all transformed strains and controls. Expression profiles suggest that the DUT1 promoter certainly results in increased TPS1 expression (up to 40%) during early exponential growth phase compared to the wild type strain (VIN13). TPS1 expression under the control of the GIP2 promoter region showed increased expression levels during early stationary phase (up to 60%). Chemical analysis of the yeast and the must at the end after fermentation showed an increase in trehalose production =in line with the expression data of TPS1. Importantly, glycerol production was also slightly increased, but without affecting acetic acid levels for the transformed strains. Although ethanol yield is not significantly lower in the DUT1-TPDS1 strain, s statistically significantly lower ethanol yield is observed for over-expression under the GIP2 promotor. Increasing trehalose production during stationary phase appears therefore to be a more promising approach at lowering ethanol yield and redirecting flux away from ethanol production. This controlled, growth phase specific over expression suggests a unique approach of lowering ethanol yield while not impacting on the redox balance. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wêreldwyd is daar ‘n aanvraag na tegnologie wat die etanol vlakke in wyn kan verminder sonder om wyngehalte te benadeel. Terwyl verskeie chemiese en fisiese metodes ontwikkel is om etanol in die finale wynproduk te verminder, is die soeke na 'n industrieel gebaseerde biologiese oplossing tot dusver nie gevind nie. Meeste biologiese strategieë fokus op die ontwikkeling van nuwe rasse van die primêre fermentatiewe organisme, naamlik Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Geen modifikasie benaderings het hoofsaaklik gefokus op die gedeeltelike kanalisering van koolstof metabolisme weg van etanol produksie na gliserol produksie. Hierdie benadering is net matiglik suksesvol, dus is ons huidige fokus om koolstof te kanaliseer na trehalose produksie deur gematigde oor-uitdrukking van die TPS1 geen. Hierdie geen kodeer vir trehalose-6-fosfaat sintase, wat glukose-6-fosfaat en UDP-glukose omskakel na α, α-trehalose-6-fosfaat. Vorige data het getoon dat die oorproduksie van trehalose hexokinase aktiwiteit beperk en die hoeveelheid glukose wat glikolise binne gaan. Voorlopige TPS1 ooruitdrukking studies met behulp van multi-kopie plasmiede toon matige sukses, maar het ook ‘n negatiewe impak op die algemene fermentasie kapasiteit van die gis. Ten einde so 'n negatiewe impak van oormatige trehalose produksie te oorkom, is 'n nuwe strategie gevolg wat bestaan uit die verhoogde uitdrukking van die TPS1 geen slegs gedurende spesifieke groei fases met baie lae vlakke van oor-uitdrukking. Ons studie gebruik 'n lae-kopie episomale vektor met matige oor-uitdrukking van die TPS1 geen in die industriële ras VIN13 op verskillende stadiums tydens fermentasie. Die fermentasie is uitgevoer in sintetiese mos met suiker vlakke verteenwoordigend van dié van werklike wyn mos. Hierdie, sowel as die gebruik van 'n industriële gisras, maak dit makliker om ons resultate te vergelyk met regte wyn fermentasie kondisies. Verlaagde fermentasie kapasiteit is waargeneem vir alle getransformeerde stamme en hul kontroles. Geen uitdrukkings profiele dui op verhoogde TPS1 uitdrukking (tot 40%) onder beheer van die DUT1 promotor gedurende die vroeë eksponensiële groeifase wanneer vergelyk word met die wilde tiepe (VIN13). TPS1 uitdrukking onder die beheer van die GIP2 promotor het verhoogde uitdrukking van tot 60% gedurende die vroeë stasionêre fase. Chemiese analise van die gis aan die einde van fermentasie dui op ‘n toename in trehalose produksie wat korreleer met die uitdrukking profiele van TPS1. Gliserol produksie is ook effens verhoog, maar sonder ‘n toename in asynsuur vlakke vir die getransformeerde rasse. Alhoewel etanol opbrengs nie aansienlik laer vir die DUT1-TPS1 ras is nie, is etanol opbrengs vir die oor-uitdrukking onder beheer van die GIP2 promotor wel laer. Toenemende trehalose produksie gedurende stasionêre fase blyk dus 'n meer belowende benadering op die verlaging van etanol opbrengs en her-kanaliseering weg van etanol produksie. Hierdie benadering met die fokus op groeifase spesifieke oor-uitdrukking dui op 'n unieke strategie vir die verlaging van etanol opbrengs sonder om die redoks balans te beinvloed. / The NRF, IWBT and Stellenbosch University for funding

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The market for high quality lower alcohol wines is growing globally. Several factors are responsible for this trend, with socio-economic and health concerns being considered as being the most relevant. It is therefore no surprise that in the past three decades many systems have been developed to reduce wine ethanol levels, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. However, current systems are not always cost effective and frequently result in unwanted side-effects. Microbiological methods primarily based on redirecting carbon flux in existing, or novel Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeast strains, might have the potential to eliminate or reduce such shortcomings. However, little base-line information regarding differences in ethanol yields of existing wine yeast strains, and on the impact of fermentation conditions on such yields is currently available. In this study the ethanol yield of 15 wine yeast strains was investigated in synthetic wine must under varied wine fermentative conditions including changes in yeast assimilable nitrogen, sugar concentration, pH and fermenting temperatures to identify strains that produce lower ethanol yields and conditions that would favour such an outcome. Most strains and conditions resulted in very similar ethanol yields, however in some cases interesting differences were observed. Some of the strains showed significant differences between high and low nitrogen containing must. Results from synthetic must were confirmed in grape must (Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon), but no consistent response could be observed. Interestingly the Shiraz fermentations always showed a higher ethanol yield for all strains investigated. This may be due to a parameter (or combination thereof) which was not included as an experimental factor in our study. Glycerol yield was also studied in the grape must experiments and was found to be more significantly condition dependent than ethanol yield. Temperature and glycerol seemed to be directly proportional confirming the results of previous studies. While temperature did increase glycerol production, it was concluded that the redirection of carbon towards glycerol was not substantial enough to have measurable effect on the final ethanol concentration. The most notable differences which were observed were very specific to a particular yeast strain and condition pairing, thus no generally applicable treatment to achieve lower ethanol yields could be established. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Deesdae is daar ‘n groeiende mark vir lae alkohol wyne van hoë gehalte. Verskeie faktore is verantwoordelik vir hierdie verskynsel, met sosio-ekonomiese en gesondheidskwessies as die hoof rolspelers. Vir hierdie rede is daar gedurende die laaste drie dekades baie stelsels ontwikkel om wyn etanol vlakke te verlaag, elkeen met voor- en nadele. Meeste van die huidige stelsels is nie koste effektief nie en lei gewoonlik tot ongewenste newe effekte. Mikrobiologiese metodes wat gebaseer is op koolstof vloei veranderinge in wyn gisrasse mag die potensiaal bied om hierdie tekortkominge te verminder of te oorbrug. ‘n Alternatief is om nuwe Saccharomyces en nie-Saccharomyces gisrasse te identifiseer wat laer etanol opbrengste lewer. In hierdie studie is die etanol opbrengste van 15 wyn gisrasse ondersoek in ‘n sintetiese mos in verskeie toestande, bv. veranderde stikstof vlakke, suiker vlakke, pH en temperatuur, om die rasse te identifiseer wat laer etanol opbrengste lewer (asook die toestande wat laer etanol opbrengste bevorder). Meeste rasse en toestande het soortgelyke etanol opbrengste getoon, alhoewel daar in sekere gevalle interessante verskille was rakende sekere rasse wat verskillende resultate lewer in mos met verskillende stikstof vlakke. Die resultate van die sintetiese mos eksperimente was bevestig in druiwe mos van vier kultivars (Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Shiraz en Cabernet Sauvignon), maar geen algemene tendens kon afgelei word nie. Wat interessant was is die feit dat die Shiraz fermentasies altyd hoër etanol opbrengste gelewer het vir al vier gisrasse wat gebruik is vir hierdie eksperimente. Dit mag wees weens ‘n eksperimentele faktor wat nie bestudeer was in die raamwerk van hierdie projek nie. Die opbrengs van gliserol was ook bepaal in die verskeie eksperimente en daar was gevind dat gliserol opbrengs baie meer kondisie-afhanklik is in vergelyking met etanol. Temperatuur en gliserol het ‘n direkte verbandskap met mekaar getoon, wat die bevindinge van vorige studies bevestig. Alhoewel verhogings in temperatuur wel gliserol produksie vermeerder het, was die effek nie genoeg om ‘n meetbare impak op die finale etanol konsentrasie te hê nie. Verskillende giste in verskeie verskillende fermentasie toestande het soortgelyke etanol opbrengste gelewer. Die mees merkbare verskille wat bevind is was spesifiek tot individuele gisras en kondisie kombinasies, maar geen algemene afleiding kon gemaak word rakende behandelings wat etanol opbrengste kan verlaag nie.

Submitted by Marcia Leitzke (marcia.leitzke@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-11T14:44:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Arlindo F Correia 2016.pdf: 9132761 bytes, checksum: 837c2e718f0c4bfbcf875bcb4b63bd88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-11T14:44:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Arlindo F Correia 2016.pdf: 9132761 bytes, checksum: 837c2e718f0c4bfbcf875bcb4b63bd88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has potential agro-energy and the possibility of multipurpose use in the agricultural sector, however, it has not been widely adopted by farmers nor for ethanol production plants. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity, nutritional composition and silage sorghum as a result of fertilization with vinasse. The research was conducted at the experimental station of PUCPR Câmpus Toledo-PR during the months of november 2014 to august 2015 using the BRS-511, CR-1339 and CR-1342 genotypes. The experimental design the field was a randomized block in a factorial design with 3 additional treatments (3x5+3) with 4 repetitions, totaling 72 plots. The biofertilizer factor consisted of vinasse in natura at doses of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 m³ ha-1 and additional treatments of conventional chemical fertilizer application compounds. Productivity variables were: stem length (CCo), stem diameter (DCO), fresh pasta stem (MFCo), fresh pasta broth (MFCa), broth volume (VCa), degrees brix of juice (ºBrix), dry mass of inflorescence (MSI), dry matter of the stem (MSCo), dry mass of leaves (MSF) and total dry matter (MST). To assess the nutritional status analyzed the concentration of macro and micro nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and Zn. The silage was held to 170 DAS (days after sowing), with experimental design in blocks with triple factorial (genotype x fertilization x inoculation) with three repetitions totaling 54 plots. At 95 days after the closing of the silage were collected samples for pH analysis, drying and quantification of dry matter content (MS%), crude protein (PB% MS), ether extract (EE% MS), ash (%MS), neutral detergent fiber (FDN% MS), fiber in acid detergent (FDA% MS), lignin (LIG% MS), total digestible nutrients (NDT), dry matter digestibility (DMS), digestible energy (ED) and energy metabolizable (EM). The results indicate the genotypes as the main source of variation, with different results in broth productivity for BRS-511, CR-1339 and CR-1342. Similar results were observed for total soluble solids potential averaging 19.205 °Brix, 14.670 °Brix and 8.579 °Brix. The biomass yield the best results were obtained for CR-1342 (42,960.4 kg ha-1) followed by CR-1339 (31,788.8 kg ha-1) and BRS-511 (18,884.0 kg ha-1) for MST. Leaf analysis showed no significant difference in the application of vinasse compared to chemical fertilizer, only to an increase in Mg content when using the biofertilizer, prevailing differences in results between genotypes. The bromatological results indicate good quality of CR-1339 and CR-1342 hybrids, however, a higher digestibility for the BRS-511 grow crops, not observable difference between the factor fertilization and inoculation / O sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) apresenta potencial agroenergético e possibilidade de utilização multipropósito no segmento agropecuário, porém, ainda não tem sido adotado em larga escala pelo produtor rural tampouco por empreendimentos sucroalcooleiros. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a produtividade, a composição nutricional e o ensilamento de sorgo sacarino como resultado da adubação com vinhaça. A pesquisa foi conduzida na estação experimental da PUCPR, câmpus Toledo-PR, durante os meses de novembro de 2014 a agosto de 2015 utilizando os genótipos BRS-511, CR-1339 e CR-1342. O delineamento experimental a campo foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial com 3 tratamentos adicionais (3x5+3) com 4 repetições, totalizando 72 parcelas. O fator biofertilizante foi constituído de vinhaça in natura nas doses de 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 m³ ha-1 e os tratamentos adicionais compostos de aplicação de adubação química convencional. As variáveis de produtividade foram: comprimento do colmo (CCo), diâmetro do colmo (DCo), massa fresca do colmo (MFCo), massa fresca do caldo (MFCa), volume do caldo (VCa), graus brix do caldo (ºBRIX), massa seca da inflorescência (MSI), massa seca do colmo (MSCo), massa seca de folhas (MSF) e massa seca total (MST). Para avaliação do estado nutricional analisou-se a concentração dos macro e micronutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe e Zn. O ensilamento foi realizado aos 170 DAS, com delineamento experimental em blocos com esquema fatorial triplo (genótipos x adubação x inoculação) com 3 repetições totalizando 54 parcelas. Aos 95 dias após o fechamento dos silos foram coletadas amostras para análise de pH, secagem e quantificação dos teores de massa seca (MS%), proteína bruta (PB %MS), extrato etéreo (EE %MS), cinzas (%MS), fibras em detergente neutro (FDN %MS), fibras em detergente ácido (FDA %MS), lignina (LIG %MS), nutrientes digeríveis totais (NDT), digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS), energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM). Os resultados indicam os genótipos como principal fonte de variação, com diferentes resultados na produtividade de caldo para BRS-511, CR-1339 e CR-1342. Resultado semelhante foi observado quanto ao potencial de sólidos solúveis totais com médias de 19,205 ºBrix, 14,670 ºBrix e 8,579 ºBrix. Sob a produtividade de biomassa os melhores rendimentos foram observados para CR-1342 (42.960,4 kg ha-1) seguido de CR-1339 (31.788,8 kg ha-1) e BRS-511 (18.884,0 kg ha-1) para MST. A diagnose foliar não demonstrou diferença significativa da aplicação de vinhaça em comparação à adubação química, apenas para um incremento no teor de Mg quando utilizado o biofertilizante, prevalecendo as diferenças de resultados entre os genótipos. Os resultados bromatológicos indicam boa qualidade dos híbridos CR- 1339 e CR-1342, porém, uma maior digestibilidade para o cultivar BRS-511, não sendo observado diferença entre o fator adubação e inoculação.

O etanol contribui significativamente para que a matriz energética do país se apresente extremamente favorável quanto à participação da energia renovável. A demanda por este biocombustível é crescente e tecnologias que permitam a sua produção de forma sustentável é de suma importância, como a fermentação com alto teor de etanol, já empregada em alguns países. Linhagens de leveduras com tolerância a múltiplos estresses muito contribuíram para a implantação de tal tecnologia no Brasil. Neste contexto se insere o presente trabalho, o qual busca linhagens de leveduras capazes de suportar os estresses impostos por uma fermentação com alto teor alcoólico. Para tal, 3 entre as melhores linhagens industriais de Saccharomyces cerevisiae atualmente disponíveis (CAT-1, PE-2 e SA- 1), foram utilizadas num programa para a seleção de híbridos para tolerância múltipla aos estresses etanólico, osmótico, ácido, além de outros, inerentes à fermentação com alto teor de etanol. Estas linhagens foram esporuladas e dissecadas para obtenção de células haplóides, as quais foram submetidas a cruzamentos entre- e intra-linhagens. Foram conduzidos cruzamentos massais (aleatórios) cujos produtos foram submetidos à evolução adaptativa em meios com os fatores estressantes em intensidades crescentes no transcorrer de 80 gerações. Ao final da evolução buscou-se variantes prevalentes na população de híbridos, os quais foram submetidos a novos procedimentos seletivos com imposições de várias condições estressantes. Igualmente foram conduzidos cruzamentos direcionados entre haplóides mediante micromanipulação, sendo tais híbridos submetidos ao mesmo procedimento seletivo nos meios estressantes. Assim, a partir de 230 haplóides das 3 linhagens, 174 isolados (120 oriundos dos cruzamentos massais e 54 dos cruzamentos direcionados) foram pré-selecionados pela maior tolerância aos meios seletivos, tendo os seus cariótipos estabelecidos mediante a cariotipagem eletroforética. Os isolados com maior tolerância (27) foram novamente avaliados em fermentações com reciclo de células e sob condições de elevado teor alcoólico (até 14,5% v/v) em mosto de melaço e água. Em todas as etapas da seleção os isolados foram comparados com as linhagens parentais (CAT-1, PE-2 e SA-1), sendo que ao final do processo seletivo destacou-se a linhagem 35B (híbrido entre CAT-1 e PE-2) com atributos fermentativos superiores aos exibidos pelos parentais. Tais atributos fermentativos contemplaram parâmetros bioquímicos, fisiológicos e tecnológicos (rendimento em etanol, viabilidade celular, crescimento em biomassa, formação de glicerol e teores celulares de carboidratos de reserva glicogênio e trealose). Os resultados permitem sugerir que devido às características fermentativas desejáveis do híbrido 35B, o mesmo possa ser empregado no processo industrial para ser avaliado como uma promissora linhagem a conduzir a fermentação com alto teor alcoólico. / Ethanol contributes significantly to the energy country matrix, which presents itself as extremely favorable to the share of renewable energy. The demand for this biofuel is increasing and technologies for its production in a sustainable way is of paramount importance such as fermentation with very high gravity, already used in some countries. Yeast strains tolerant to multiple stresses greatly contributed to the deployment of such technology in Brazil. In this context the present work is inserted, which seeks yeast strains capable of withstanding the stresses imposed by high ethanol content fermentation. In order that, three of the best industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae currently available (CAT-1, PE-2 and SA-1), were used in a program to select hybrids with tolerance towards multiples stresses: ethanolic, osmotic and acid, besides other factors involved in a high ethanol content fermentation. These strains were sporulated and dissected to obtain haploid cells, which were submitted to inter- and intra-strains crossings. Hybrids from polycrossings (random crossings) were subjected to an adaptative evolution in media with increasing stressing action over the course of 80 generations. At the end of evolution, prevalent variants were sought in the hybrids population, and submitted to new selective procedures with several stressing conditions. In the same way, directed crossings (between identified haplois) were performed by micromanipulation, and the resulting hybrids were subjected to the same selective procedure. Therefore, from 230 haploid from the 3 parent strains, 174 were isolated (120 from polycrossings and 54 from directed crossings) and pre-selected for higher tolerance in selective media; moreover their karyotypes were established by electrophoretic karyotyping. Strains showing greater tolerance (27) were again evaluated during cell recycling fermentations with high ethanol content (up to 14.5% v/v) using must formulated with water and molasses. At all stages, the isolates were compared with the parental strains (CAT-1, PE-2 and SA-1), and at the end of the selection process, the strain 35B (hybrid between CAT-1 and PE-2) standed out with fermentative attributes higher than the parentals. The fermentative performance was assessed by biochemical, physiological and technological parameters (ethanol efficiency, cell viability, biomass gain, glycerol formation and cellular levels of reserve carbohydrates - glycogen and trehalose). The results suggest that due to desirable fermentation traits, the hybrid 35B, could be used as starter in industrial fermentation process with high ethanol content.

O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor e um dos maiores exportadores de etanol no mundo e tal biocombustível tem grande impacto na economia do país. A expectativa é de grande demanda por tal produto, quer pelo crescente consumo interno, como também em decorrência do fim do protecionismo nos Estados Unidos. Portanto, o Brasil deverá produzir mais etanol e a um custo mais reduzido para manter a competitividade frente aos combustíveis fósseis. Dentre as inovações tecnológicas estaria a fermentação com alto teor alcoólico. Contudo, um dos fatores limitantes para a implantação desta tecnologia é a ausência de leveduras apropriadas para tolerar as condições severas impostas por este tipo de fermentação, onde múltiplos estresses são impostos simultaneamente às leveduras. Assim, este trabalho se propôs a selecionar, da biodiversidade de leveduras encontradas nas destilarias brasileiras, linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com capacidade de conduzir fermentações com alto teor alcoólico e em condições de reciclo celular. A estratégia de seleção consistiu na busca de linhagens com tolerâncias múltiplas, frentes aos estresses etanólico, osmótico, ácido e térmico. Para tal, um total de 525 linhagens, obtidas de diferentes destilarias, foram submetidas a uma seleção para destacar linhagens com múltipla tolerância. Cerca de metade destas linhagens foram submetidas a uma seleção prévia avaliando-se o crescimento (D.O.570nm, durante 24 horas a 30ºC) em meio constituído de mosto misto (melaço e caldo de cana) com 25% de ART, selecionando 200 linhagens. Estas, acrescidas de mais 249 não avaliadas no meio anterior, foram igualmente submetidas a processo seletivo em meio contendo múltiplos estresses (etanólico, osmótico, ácido e térmico). Tal meio foi desenvolvido após avaliações de 26 combinações com os diferentes estresses acima mencionados e com diferentes intensidades. O objetivo foi buscar um meio que melhor discriminasse as tolerâncias das leveduras referencias: as linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2 e de panificação, com e sem capacidade de implantação no processo industrial, respectivamente. A tolerância foi avaliada pela formação de biomassa (D.O.570nm, durante 24 horas a 30ºC). Assim, tal meio seletivo permitiu a seleção de 34 linhagens com perfis de tolerância igual ou superior ao da linhagem PE-2. Estas linhagens foram, a seguir, avaliadas quanto à viabilidade celular e ao crescimento em fermentações de mosto misto com teores crescentes de açúcares, ao longo de 10 reciclos a 30oC, atingindo teores de etanol de 15 a 16% (v/v). As 10 linhagens com os melhores desempenhos foram submetidas à avaliação final em fermentações simulando condições industriais, em reciclos fermentativos a 32ºC empregando-se mosto misto com teores crescentes de açúcares, permitindo aumentos nos teores de etanol de 11 a 15% (v/v) ao longo dos reciclos. Para esta avaliação final os seguintes parâmetros foram estimados: rendimento em etanol, formação de biomassa e glicerol, teores de açúcares residuais, viabilidade celular, e teores celulares dos carboidratos de reserva (glicogênio e trealose). Pelo menos 4 linhagens mostraram atributos fermentativos superiores ao da linhagem referência (PE-2), permitindo concluir que linhagens capazes de conduzirem a fermentação com alto teor de etanol podem ser obtidas da biodiversidade encontrada no ambiente das destilarias. / Brazil is the second largest ethanol producer and one of the leading ethanol exporter in the world, and this biofuel has great impact on the country economy. Huge demand is expected for this product, not only to supply the growing domestic consumption but due to the end of the United States market protectionism. In view of this, Brazil should produce more ethanol and at a lower cost to maintain competitiveness in relation to fossil fuels. One of the technological approaches which emerges is the high ethanol content fermentation. However, one of the limiting factors for this technology is the absence of proper strains to face the very harsh fermentation condition, where several stresses are simultaneously imposed to the fermenting yeast. This work aimed at selecting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains from the biodiversity of yeasts found in Brazilian distilleries to conduct high ethanol fermentation with cell reuse. The selection strategy was to search for multiple tolerant strains to ethanol, acid, osmotic and thermal stresses. For that, a total of 525 strains, which were obtained from several distilleries, were subjected to a selection in order to highlight multi-tolerant strains. About half of these strains were subjected to a pre-screening procedure to evaluate growth (O.D.570nm, for 24 hours at 30ºC) in medium containing molasses and sugarcane juice (25% TRS), and 200 strains were selected. These 200 strains, together with 249 strains not previously evaluated, were screened in a medium imposing multiple stresses (ethanol, acid, osmotic and thermal). This medium was chosen after assessments of 26 different medium formulations with the above mentioned stresses and with different intensities. The purpose of that was to find a medium which best discriminate the tolerance of the reference yeasts: PE-2 and bakery Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, with and without ability to persist in the industrial process, respectively. The strain tolerance was evaluated by biomass formation (O.D.570nm, for 24 hours at 30ºC). By this mean 34 strains were selected displaying similar or superior performance in comparison with PE-2 strain. These strains were then assessed for cell viability and growth in cell reuse fermentations (10 cycles), using cane juice/molasses substrates with increasing sugar content, at 30ºC, reaching 15-16% ethanol (v/v). The 10 strains with the best performances were subjected to final evaluation in fermentations simulating the industrial process with cell reuse, at 32ºC, using the same substrate with increasing sugar content, which allowed rises in ethanol content from 11 to 15% (v/v) over the cycles. For this final evaluation, the following parameters were determined: ethanol yield, biomass and glycerol formation, residual sugar levels, cell viability and storage carbohydrate levels (trehalose and glycogen). At least four strains showed superior fermentative attributes to reference strain (PE-2), leading to the conclusion that strains able to conduct high ethanol content fermentations can be obtained from the natural biodiversity found in Brazilian distilleries.

O etanol contribui significativamente para que a matriz energética do país se apresente extremamente favorável quanto à participação da energia renovável. A demanda por este biocombustível é crescente e tecnologias que permitam a sua produção de forma sustentável é de suma importância, como a fermentação com alto teor de etanol, já empregada em alguns países. Linhagens de leveduras com tolerância a múltiplos estresses muito contribuíram para a implantação de tal tecnologia no Brasil. Neste contexto se insere o presente trabalho, o qual busca linhagens de leveduras capazes de suportar os estresses impostos por uma fermentação com alto teor alcoólico. Para tal, 3 entre as melhores linhagens industriais de Saccharomyces cerevisiae atualmente disponíveis (CAT-1, PE-2 e SA- 1), foram utilizadas num programa para a seleção de híbridos para tolerância múltipla aos estresses etanólico, osmótico, ácido, além de outros, inerentes à fermentação com alto teor de etanol. Estas linhagens foram esporuladas e dissecadas para obtenção de células haplóides, as quais foram submetidas a cruzamentos entre- e intra-linhagens. Foram conduzidos cruzamentos massais (aleatórios) cujos produtos foram submetidos à evolução adaptativa em meios com os fatores estressantes em intensidades crescentes no transcorrer de 80 gerações. Ao final da evolução buscou-se variantes prevalentes na população de híbridos, os quais foram submetidos a novos procedimentos seletivos com imposições de várias condições estressantes. Igualmente foram conduzidos cruzamentos direcionados entre haplóides mediante micromanipulação, sendo tais híbridos submetidos ao mesmo procedimento seletivo nos meios estressantes. Assim, a partir de 230 haplóides das 3 linhagens, 174 isolados (120 oriundos dos cruzamentos massais e 54 dos cruzamentos direcionados) foram pré-selecionados pela maior tolerância aos meios seletivos, tendo os seus cariótipos estabelecidos mediante a cariotipagem eletroforética. Os isolados com maior tolerância (27) foram novamente avaliados em fermentações com reciclo de células e sob condições de elevado teor alcoólico (até 14,5% v/v) em mosto de melaço e água. Em todas as etapas da seleção os isolados foram comparados com as linhagens parentais (CAT-1, PE-2 e SA-1), sendo que ao final do processo seletivo destacou-se a linhagem 35B (híbrido entre CAT-1 e PE-2) com atributos fermentativos superiores aos exibidos pelos parentais. Tais atributos fermentativos contemplaram parâmetros bioquímicos, fisiológicos e tecnológicos (rendimento em etanol, viabilidade celular, crescimento em biomassa, formação de glicerol e teores celulares de carboidratos de reserva glicogênio e trealose). Os resultados permitem sugerir que devido às características fermentativas desejáveis do híbrido 35B, o mesmo possa ser empregado no processo industrial para ser avaliado como uma promissora linhagem a conduzir a fermentação com alto teor alcoólico. / Ethanol contributes significantly to the energy country matrix, which presents itself as extremely favorable to the share of renewable energy. The demand for this biofuel is increasing and technologies for its production in a sustainable way is of paramount importance such as fermentation with very high gravity, already used in some countries. Yeast strains tolerant to multiple stresses greatly contributed to the deployment of such technology in Brazil. In this context the present work is inserted, which seeks yeast strains capable of withstanding the stresses imposed by high ethanol content fermentation. In order that, three of the best industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae currently available (CAT-1, PE-2 and SA-1), were used in a program to select hybrids with tolerance towards multiples stresses: ethanolic, osmotic and acid, besides other factors involved in a high ethanol content fermentation. These strains were sporulated and dissected to obtain haploid cells, which were submitted to inter- and intra-strains crossings. Hybrids from polycrossings (random crossings) were subjected to an adaptative evolution in media with increasing stressing action over the course of 80 generations. At the end of evolution, prevalent variants were sought in the hybrids population, and submitted to new selective procedures with several stressing conditions. In the same way, directed crossings (between identified haplois) were performed by micromanipulation, and the resulting hybrids were subjected to the same selective procedure. Therefore, from 230 haploid from the 3 parent strains, 174 were isolated (120 from polycrossings and 54 from directed crossings) and pre-selected for higher tolerance in selective media; moreover their karyotypes were established by electrophoretic karyotyping. Strains showing greater tolerance (27) were again evaluated during cell recycling fermentations with high ethanol content (up to 14.5% v/v) using must formulated with water and molasses. At all stages, the isolates were compared with the parental strains (CAT-1, PE-2 and SA-1), and at the end of the selection process, the strain 35B (hybrid between CAT-1 and PE-2) standed out with fermentative attributes higher than the parentals. The fermentative performance was assessed by biochemical, physiological and technological parameters (ethanol efficiency, cell viability, biomass gain, glycerol formation and cellular levels of reserve carbohydrates - glycogen and trehalose). The results suggest that due to desirable fermentation traits, the hybrid 35B, could be used as starter in industrial fermentation process with high ethanol content.

O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor e um dos maiores exportadores de etanol no mundo e tal biocombustível tem grande impacto na economia do país. A expectativa é de grande demanda por tal produto, quer pelo crescente consumo interno, como também em decorrência do fim do protecionismo nos Estados Unidos. Portanto, o Brasil deverá produzir mais etanol e a um custo mais reduzido para manter a competitividade frente aos combustíveis fósseis. Dentre as inovações tecnológicas estaria a fermentação com alto teor alcoólico. Contudo, um dos fatores limitantes para a implantação desta tecnologia é a ausência de leveduras apropriadas para tolerar as condições severas impostas por este tipo de fermentação, onde múltiplos estresses são impostos simultaneamente às leveduras. Assim, este trabalho se propôs a selecionar, da biodiversidade de leveduras encontradas nas destilarias brasileiras, linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com capacidade de conduzir fermentações com alto teor alcoólico e em condições de reciclo celular. A estratégia de seleção consistiu na busca de linhagens com tolerâncias múltiplas, frentes aos estresses etanólico, osmótico, ácido e térmico. Para tal, um total de 525 linhagens, obtidas de diferentes destilarias, foram submetidas a uma seleção para destacar linhagens com múltipla tolerância. Cerca de metade destas linhagens foram submetidas a uma seleção prévia avaliando-se o crescimento (D.O.570nm, durante 24 horas a 30ºC) em meio constituído de mosto misto (melaço e caldo de cana) com 25% de ART, selecionando 200 linhagens. Estas, acrescidas de mais 249 não avaliadas no meio anterior, foram igualmente submetidas a processo seletivo em meio contendo múltiplos estresses (etanólico, osmótico, ácido e térmico). Tal meio foi desenvolvido após avaliações de 26 combinações com os diferentes estresses acima mencionados e com diferentes intensidades. O objetivo foi buscar um meio que melhor discriminasse as tolerâncias das leveduras referencias: as linhagens de Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2 e de panificação, com e sem capacidade de implantação no processo industrial, respectivamente. A tolerância foi avaliada pela formação de biomassa (D.O.570nm, durante 24 horas a 30ºC). Assim, tal meio seletivo permitiu a seleção de 34 linhagens com perfis de tolerância igual ou superior ao da linhagem PE-2. Estas linhagens foram, a seguir, avaliadas quanto à viabilidade celular e ao crescimento em fermentações de mosto misto com teores crescentes de açúcares, ao longo de 10 reciclos a 30oC, atingindo teores de etanol de 15 a 16% (v/v). As 10 linhagens com os melhores desempenhos foram submetidas à avaliação final em fermentações simulando condições industriais, em reciclos fermentativos a 32ºC empregando-se mosto misto com teores crescentes de açúcares, permitindo aumentos nos teores de etanol de 11 a 15% (v/v) ao longo dos reciclos. Para esta avaliação final os seguintes parâmetros foram estimados: rendimento em etanol, formação de biomassa e glicerol, teores de açúcares residuais, viabilidade celular, e teores celulares dos carboidratos de reserva (glicogênio e trealose). Pelo menos 4 linhagens mostraram atributos fermentativos superiores ao da linhagem referência (PE-2), permitindo concluir que linhagens capazes de conduzirem a fermentação com alto teor de etanol podem ser obtidas da biodiversidade encontrada no ambiente das destilarias. / Brazil is the second largest ethanol producer and one of the leading ethanol exporter in the world, and this biofuel has great impact on the country economy. Huge demand is expected for this product, not only to supply the growing domestic consumption but due to the end of the United States market protectionism. In view of this, Brazil should produce more ethanol and at a lower cost to maintain competitiveness in relation to fossil fuels. One of the technological approaches which emerges is the high ethanol content fermentation. However, one of the limiting factors for this technology is the absence of proper strains to face the very harsh fermentation condition, where several stresses are simultaneously imposed to the fermenting yeast. This work aimed at selecting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains from the biodiversity of yeasts found in Brazilian distilleries to conduct high ethanol fermentation with cell reuse. The selection strategy was to search for multiple tolerant strains to ethanol, acid, osmotic and thermal stresses. For that, a total of 525 strains, which were obtained from several distilleries, were subjected to a selection in order to highlight multi-tolerant strains. About half of these strains were subjected to a pre-screening procedure to evaluate growth (O.D.570nm, for 24 hours at 30ºC) in medium containing molasses and sugarcane juice (25% TRS), and 200 strains were selected. These 200 strains, together with 249 strains not previously evaluated, were screened in a medium imposing multiple stresses (ethanol, acid, osmotic and thermal). This medium was chosen after assessments of 26 different medium formulations with the above mentioned stresses and with different intensities. The purpose of that was to find a medium which best discriminate the tolerance of the reference yeasts: PE-2 and bakery Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, with and without ability to persist in the industrial process, respectively. The strain tolerance was evaluated by biomass formation (O.D.570nm, for 24 hours at 30ºC). By this mean 34 strains were selected displaying similar or superior performance in comparison with PE-2 strain. These strains were then assessed for cell viability and growth in cell reuse fermentations (10 cycles), using cane juice/molasses substrates with increasing sugar content, at 30ºC, reaching 15-16% ethanol (v/v). The 10 strains with the best performances were subjected to final evaluation in fermentations simulating the industrial process with cell reuse, at 32ºC, using the same substrate with increasing sugar content, which allowed rises in ethanol content from 11 to 15% (v/v) over the cycles. For this final evaluation, the following parameters were determined: ethanol yield, biomass and glycerol formation, residual sugar levels, cell viability and storage carbohydrate levels (trehalose and glycogen). At least four strains showed superior fermentative attributes to reference strain (PE-2), leading to the conclusion that strains able to conduct high ethanol content fermentations can be obtained from the natural biodiversity found in Brazilian distilleries.

Cellulosic biomass-to-bioenergy systems can provide environmental and economic benefits to modern societies, reducing the dependence on fossil-fuels and greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously improving rural economies. Corn (Zea mays L.) stover and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) residues have particular promise given these crops are widely grown and their cellulosic fractions present a captured resource as a co-product of grain production. Annual systems also offer the ability to change crops rapidly in response to changing market demands. However, concerns exist about residue removal effects on soil health, greenhouse gases emissions and subsequent crop productivity. The carbon footprint and the crop yield productivity and soil health responses resulting from the removal of crop residues has been studied extensively over the last 20 years, but this research has been largely conducted in the Corn Belt. To investigate the impact of crop residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA, combinations of corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) and wheat straw (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 Mgha-1) were soil applied in a corn-wheat/soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) rotation in Virginia's Coastal Plain. Corn stover (0, 3.33, 6.66, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1) was applied in a continuous corn cropping system in the Ridge/Valley province. For each system, residues were applied following grain harvest over two production cycles. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized complete design with four replications. The highest rates of stover retention resulted in greater greenhouse gas emissions in year 1, but not year 2 of these studies and did not affect overall global warming potentials. Stover application also increased soil carbon but had little effect on other measures of soil quality. Stover K levels were greater with high rates of stover retention. Overall, these studies indicate little effect of residue removal or retention (above typical residue production rates) on subsequent crop production, greenhouse gas emissions, or soil health measures in the short term. This study is one of the first to assess residue removal in the Mid-Atlantic USA and is the first study to investigate the impacts that managing more than one crop residue in a multi-crop system. Longer-term research of this type may be warranted both to determine the consequences of residue management and to start building a regionally-specific body of knowledge about these practices. / Ph. D. / Over the last decade, strategic economic and environmental concerns have increased interest in the use of crop residues as sustainable, renewable sources for bioenergy and bio-products. Most of the work investigating the sustainability of residue removal has occurred in the US Corn Belt, where corn stover and wheat straw (the part of the plant that is not grain) supplies are abundant. Although the research data from the Corn Belt provide guarded optimism about residue harvest systems in the Midwest, it is not suitable to extrapolate these results to the South because of differences in soils, climate, and cropping systems. Cooler, humid conditions can sustain higher levels of soil organic matter, lessening but not eliminating concerns about stover removal. Current research from the Midwest region suggests routine stover harvest – within limits – can be sustainable. The development of new bioenergy and bioproduct industries in the Southeast region is leading to a growing expectation that regional cropping systems will supply the millions of tons of biomass needed for these new businesses. However, few data are available regarding sustainable crop residue harvest from the Southeast. Sustainable levels of residue removal may be quite low given regional soil and climatic conditions, and the effects of residue removal on soil health parameters and greenhouse gas emissions remain to be defined. The purpose of this project was to determine the amount of corn stover and wheat straw can sustainably be harvested from Virginia’s grain-based cropping systems without reducing plant productivity or soil quality or increasing GHG emissions. This research generated regionally relevant information on the impacts of crop residue removal to help determine whether harvesting wheat straw and corn stover can be a sustainable practice for the region’s cropping systems. In a first stage, short term impacts of residue removal on soil quality and greenhouse gases were measured in Blacksburg and New Kent, VA, over the period 2015-2017.

Résumé confidentiel / No abstract

Department of Food Science and Technology / MSCPNT