This thesis critically reviews medical journal literature on the physician-patient interview. The review focuses on literature which is written by and for physicians, in Canadian and American, English language medical journals. Articles, essays and letters to the editor are examined as a cultural exchange amongst physicians that both shapes and is shaped by the values of the medical profession. Chapter One presents literature concerning physician-patient communication in general. The following Chapters Two, Three and Four ("The Physician as Medical Interpreter," "Physician and Patient: in Conflict and in Silence," and "The Patient as Narrator,") focus on themes in the medical journal literature written by physicians on the clinical interview. These Chapters examine the values, explicit and implicit, of this literature. The values are examined for possible epistemological origins in traditional medical ethics, philosophical bioethics, contemporary social movements for the dignity and rights of the individual, and other sources. Thematic shifts in these values over the past twenty years, and the sources of these shifts, are also examined. Finally, the Conclusion evaluates the significance of this literature for the development of a medical morality.

This thesis examines the emotion-based strategies employed by activists for the purpose of persuading individuals to participate directly in social movements. In particular, the emphasis is placed on getting people involved in ‘altruistic’ mobilisation; a descriptive utilised in order to distinguish these movements from previous research done in which a tangible material gain is presented as an inducement for participation. The thesis investigates the animal rights movement as it pertains to the issue of animal vivisection, and endeavours to identify the linguistic strategies employed by these activists with the goal of understanding how to facilitate ‘altruistic’ movements more generally. A textual analysis, which was consistent with Halliday’s (2004) systemic functional linguistics, was conducted on mobilisation pamphlets written by groups seeking support for either animal vivisection or animal rights. To this end, the analysis considered both the original movement (i.e. the anti-vivisection movement) and the counter-movement (i.e. the pro-research movement). The analysis considers the linguistic and visual strategies used by movement organisers in placing a moral onus on the reader to support the movement. From this analysis it is argued that the success of the animal rights movement stems from its ability to present graphic visual imagery that supplies evidential support for the claims being made in text. In addition, the animal rights texts have been able to frame the issue of animal vivisection in terms of emotional appeals designed to elicit feelings of moral outrage in the reader. It is posited that the animal rights movement has been able to effectively combine images and emotion-based linguistic strategies in order to facilitate the consideration of the issue in terms of an ‘ethical identity’ that helps generate moral outrage in the reader and thereby encouraging participation in the movement. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1339773 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Psychology and School of Humanities, 2008

This research falls within the field of normative business ethics. Its aim is to examine the moral nature of the employment relationship in western democracies by examining the liberal, democratic justifications that are normally advanced for its probity. Its concern is to challenge the notion that the employment relationship is in conformity with these liberal democratic values. Thus, the research is an exercise in the examination of the application of the liberal, democratic tradition to the social institution of employment. Thus research examines areas of dissonance between the political relationship of employee � employer and the dominant values of the liberal tradition found elsewhere in western democracies. The research firstly identifies the key moral characteristics of the employment relationship in private, capitalist organisations. This is derived from a consideration of the development historically, of the employment relationship, with acknowledgement of the combined influences of statute, common law, contract law and custom in forming the current employee relationship. Secondly, the research identifies the justificatory arguments from the liberal tradition that are normally advanced in support of the employment relationship�s moral probity. These include notions of rights deriving from private property, the separation of social life into public and private spheres and the application of contract law to employment. Thirdly, the research examines these arguments for their moral probity. Specifically, this involves an examination of the arguments regarding the private property status of employing organisations, the application of contract law to employment, the moral characteristics of the master and servant relationship as a basis for employment and the relevance of democratic values within employment. As an additional perspective, the literature on human needs is reviewed as a source, outside of the liberal tradition, for a basis upon which to outline the moral requirements of human relationships to work.

Titel: Kan etisk kultur och etisk medvetenhet förbättra revisorsobjektivitet? Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Jonas Glad och Madalina Ersson Handledare: Jan Svanberg Datum: 2015 – januari Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att klarlägga möjliga samband mellan etisk kultur, etisk medvetenhet samt objektivitet och har sin bakgrund i tidigare forskning inom respektive ämne. Vi undersöker om ´Etisk kultur´ påverkar ´Objektivitet´, om ´Etisk Kultur´ påverkar ´Etisk Medvetenhet´ samt om ´Etisk Medvetenhet´ påverkar ´Objektiviteten´. Metod: Arbetet bygger på en deduktiv kvantitativ metod där vi använt oss av en tvärsnittsdesign i form av en surveyundersökning med en onlineenkät som insamlingsmetod för primärdata i studien. Primärdata har analyserats med statistiska metoder i statistikprogrammet SPSS och resultatet redovisas i huvudsak i tabellform vilket sedan diskuteras mot tidigare forskning. Resultat och slutsats: Inget signifikant samband har erhållits för hypotesen att ´Objektivitet´ skulle bero på ´Etisk kultur´ eller ´Etisk medvetenhet´. Ett signifikant samband för hypotesen att ´Etisk medvetenhet´ påverkas av ´Etisk kultur´ visade sig i resultatet av vår studie. Hypotesen om att ´Objektivitet´ beror på ´Etisk medvetenhet´ förkastades av resultatet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Detta arbete har begränsats av en snäv tidsram samt ekonomiska resurser vilket lett till att studien inte uppnått en så hög svarsfrekvens som önskat, vilket ger utslag på arbetets resultat. Det vore därför intressant att se en mer omfattande studie med högre svarsfrekvens och ytterligare mer fokus på objektivitets- och medvetenhetsmåtten ur ett svenskt perspektiv, vilka möjligen kan upplevas för inexakta för en sådan uppgift som att bekräfta våra hypoteser, även om det är erkända mått inom internationell forskning. Uppsatsens bidrag: Arbetet har bidragit till att visa att det inte är självklart att ´Etisk medvetenhet´ har en direkt inverkan på revisorers ´Objektivitet´. Detta kan resultera i en ökad förståelse för komplexiteten kring dessa aspekter hos både yrkesgruppen revisorer samt för andra intressenter som kunder, investerare, myndigheter och det övriga samhället. Studien har även validerat det mått av etisk kultur som använts från tidigare forskning, vilket visar att det går att applicera i en svensk miljö men att vissa aspekter skiljer sig åt mot den miljö där dessa mått är utvecklade. Detta är värdefullt både för fortsatta kumulativa studier inom ämnet, samt som kunskap för branschen i applicerandet av de bakomliggande teorierna i praktisk etiskt arbete. / Title: Does ethical culture and ethical awareness improve auditor objectivity? Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Jonas Glad and Madalina Ersson Supervisor: Jan Svanberg Date: 2015 – January Aim: This exam paper aims to identify (clarify) possible relationships between ´Ethical culture´, ´Ethical awareness´ and ´Objectivity´ amongst auditors and has its origins in previous research about these individual components. It examines if ´Ethical culture´ has an impact on ´Objectivity´, if ´Ethical culture´ has an impact on ´Ethical awareness´ and finally if ´Ethical awareness´ has an impact on ´Objectivity´. Method: This paper practices a quantitative method where we have used a cross-sectional study in form of a survey design with an online survey to collect primary data for this study. This primary data has been analyzed using statistical methods in SPSS and the result is primarily presented in table form which is then discussed against previous research. Result and conclusion: No significant relationship could be proved that ´Objectivity´ would be dependent of ´Ethical culture´ or ´Ethical awareness´ in this study. The hypothesis that ´Objectivity´ is dependent of ´Ethical awareness´ was rejected, which validates previous research in the area. There is however an indication that ´Ethical awareness´ is dependent of the ´Ethical culture´ and we find a significant dependency between them throughout this study. Suggestions for future research: This study has been limited by scarce amount of time and financial resources which has led to a lower response frequency than could be wished for. Also the measurements for objectivity and ethical awareness, although they are accepted and recognized in previous research, could be viewed as inexact and it would be interesting to apply more exact measurements of objectivity and ethical awareness formed out of Swedish conditions and view of objectivity. This suggest that a more thorough survey to ensure higher answer-ratio and even more focus on the objectivity and ethical awareness measurements could be fruitful.      Contribution of the thesis: This paper has contributed to showing that it’s not obvious that ethical awareness has a direct impact on auditor’s objectivity, which can strengthen the understanding for the complexity of these aspects among the professional auditors and other interest groups such as investors, regulators and society. The paper also validates the measurement of ethical culture from previous research, and shows that the model is valid in a Swedish context. This gives a value for further cumulative studies in this area and as knowledge for future application of the studied theories in practical ethical issues in organizational work.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: According to recent research done in the field of media ethics, it seems that there is a need to complement studies on systematic normative ethics with more flexible theories such as those proposed by the field of Philosophy and Sociology. This assignment would like to prove that a more holistic model of moral reasoning should be considered based on the point of departure that the media and media practitioners find themselves in a postmodern world. The aim of this assignment is to examine the possibility of a postmodern ethics as a more authentic attempt by which the concept media ethics can be understood and applied. This assignment is a contribution towards the re-examination of media ethics in terms of a postmodern understanding of reality, truth and meaning, as well as an exploration of their practical implications in the context of a postmodern society such as South Africa and its media. According to the postmodern understanding of the concepts truth and meaning in relation to the postmodern understanding of reality, the postulated principles will define responsible journalism (media ethics) as journalistic action that takes into account how people (news consumers and sources of news) form their understanding of reality in a postmodern context. What purports to be reality in the news is inevitably a reconstruction of reality that fits the needs and requirements of journalistic practice. In this light, responsible journalism can be understood as journalistic action that creates a more holistic, authentic understanding of "reality" and how people understand themselves and others in the world they live in. Most people are informed by the media about themes such as the cloning of human beings, the war in Iraq, the attack on the World Trade Centre and genocide in Rwanda and not because of having been there themselves (direct experience). The way in which the media reports about events does influence the way in which media users make sense of the world in which they live. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na aanleiding van onlangse navorsing gedoen in die gebied van media-etiek, blyk daar 'n behoefte te wees om sistematiese normatiewe etiek met meer omvattende teorieë aan te vul, soos voorgestel in die studie rigtings van Filosofie en Sosiologie. Hierdie werkopdrag wil bewys dat, indien in ag geneem word dat die perswese homself in 'n postmoderne wêreld bevind, 'n meer holistiese modeloorweeg kan word vir diskoerse in media-etiek. Die doel van die werkopdrag is om die moontlikheid van 'n postmoderne etiek te ondersoek as 'n meer outentieke benadering waarvolgens die konsep media-etiek verstaan en aangewend kan word. Die werkopdrag lewer 'n bydrae ten op sigte van 'n herevaluasie van media-etiek in terme van 'n postmodernistiese lees van realiteit, waarheid en betekenis. Die praktiese implikasies van 'n postmoderne media-etiek in die konteks van 'n postmoderne samelewing, soos dié van Suid-Afrika en die Suid-Afrikaanse media, salondersoek word. Na aanleiding van 'n postmoderne interpretasie van die konsepte waarheid, betekenis en realiteit, stel die werkopdrag 'n raamwerk voor waarbinne verantwoordelike joernalistiek op etiese wyse beoefen word en rekening hou met die postmoderne interpretasie van die samelewing. Dit is onvermydelik dat dit wat as werklikheid in die nuus daargestel word, 'n rekonstruksie van die werklikheid is om aan die behoeftes van joernalistieke praktyke te voldoen. In die lig van bogenoemde, kan verantwoordelike joernalistiek gedefinieer word as joernalistieke optrede wat 'n meer holistiese, outentieke interpretasie van die werklikheid en begrip van die leefwêreld oordra.

This thesis explores the role of the self-concept on ethical consumption behaviour within the Thai consumer context. Religiosity has an influence on a person’s self and morality as Thai people place high importance on religious values. Ten consumers are studied through in-depth, phenomenological interviews, focusing on ethical consumption experiences and meanings. The self-concept is viewed as an experiencer and a moral entity that is dynamic and contextual between internal and external values. The study has extended knowledge on the self-concept and self-image congruency in the context of ethical consumption. It found the existence of a self-ethics relationship through processes of internalisation and externalisation. Personal value, emotion, moral salience, religious beliefs and social values are internalised into the self-concept. On the other hand, externalisation allows consumers to express personal meanings onto society. Self-monitoring functions in these processes to control ethical behaviour. Ethical consumption helps consumers to construct and enhance moral identity, underpinned by the moral self. This thesis has found self-ethics congruency, where meanings of the self and ethical consumption are symbolised and encouraging ethical consumption. Moreover, the multidimensional self has emerged from the study. This finding offers insights on different aspects of the self-concept through ethical consumption. Consumers intuitively engage in ethical consumption when emotion is involved. The implications of this study suggest “who ethical consumers are” by looking at the consumer’s self. Organisations and marketers can use different selves and moral identity to segment and target potential ethical consumers while creating brand image corresponding to consumer’s self-image.

Thesis entitled "Dilemmas in Social Work with Job Seekers" deals with ethical dilemmas reflection of labour office employees with clients. In the text we encounter issues, which connect the practical implementation of the profession of labour office workers working with ethics. The thesis contains the terminology associated with the topic, defines the personality of the worker and his relationship with the client. It shows also list of clients with whom the workers meet and what dilemmas of these meetings may arise. The content of the work also deals with the basic concepts of professional ethics. Further, there are various forms of dilemmas defined in relation to working with clients. The thesis summarizes three specific ethical theories applicable to the issue of labour offices. Significant part is devoted to specific dilemmas with which workers encounter during their job with unemployed clients. Dilemmas are presented in the conclusion, in relation to the previous text supplemented by means of practical examples dealing with clients. It indicates possible reflection of the problem and behavior on the part of the worker. At the end of text there is presented a set of dilemmas that can bring negotiations with unemployed clients. The usability of this work is in the field of education in subjects related to ethical dilemmas and its solutions. It is also possible to extend the text for a doctoral thesis in the topic of dilemmas of employees from a specific department in comparison with other departments.

D.Phil. / The spate of large-scale financial misconduct across the globe, sparked interest, and concern regarding moral conduct in organisations. The impact of the immoral actions proved to be devastating for many companies, especially for the financial sector. These entities spend a lot of time and effort managing threats from external sources, such as clients and terrorist. Less focus is placed in reducing fraud from within. Conforming to the regulations however, increases strain on companies to comply with the guidelines. This compliance consumes a lot of an organisation’s resources such as time and money. Little focus, if any is placed on the psychological component of governance, namely, the moral intelligence of employees and on understanding the human contribution to corporate governance and immoral actions. Human Resource practitioners are not doing enough to understand this dynamic, specifically the role of moral intelligence, underlined by the moral decision-making process. From a theoretical point of view, the study was aimed at understanding the moral domain from a more integrated, broad-based approach, including the moral dynamic as a form of intelligence. From a practical point of view, the need for more reliable and scientific information on moral conduct served as driver for the study. This investigation included the examination of the construct moral intelligence as part of the multiple intelligence theory, understanding the moral decision-making process as part of moral intelligence, identifying an underlying set of universal moral principles as foundation for moral decision-making in business, and analyzing patterns of covariability between moral reasoning and moral competence as part of the decision-making process. The study was conducted in a large South African financial institution with a sample size of 466. The Moral Judgment Test was preferred as measure for moral reasoning and moral competence, while the EQ Map and Psychomatrix Spirituality Inventory (PSI) measured emotional and spiritual intelligence respectively. Results revealed support for Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. There was evidence that the use of post-conventional stages of moral reasoning increased moral competence, which is the consistency between reasoning and action. There was further statistical support for differences in moral reasoning and moral competence when compared with selected demographical variables. The various statistical operations provided information for the calculation of risk-ratios, aimed at identifying individuals prone to immoral action. This data is useful when selecting and promoting individuals in the bank. As a result of the qualitative information and quantitative data, an amalgamation of the various approaches produced an integrated model on moral intelligence. It is envisaged that this will contribute to understanding true moral intelligence as a broad approach. Various theoretical and practical conclusions are reached, and recommendations and limitations are discussed.

M.A. (Counselling Psychology) / The Psychological Association of South Africa (PASA) is, at present, in a transition phase in that the profession is striving to unite under one single controlling body. As a consequence, the Association is seeking to establish a set of inclusive, scientific, academic and ethical standards that will be recognised by all psychologists. with this purpose in mind, the Association is currently revising its ethical code. Since the Association commits itself to both the prevention and treatment of AIDS, part of its agenda is to include the handling of the disease in this code. The purpose of this study is to make a contribution to the revision of the ethical code by exploring the ethics surrounding the handling of the AIDS-dilemma by psychologists, and to make recommendations in this regard. AIDS should therefore be handled responsibly in the ethical code in such a way that it is acceptable to all practicing psychologists in South Africa. The nature of the study is a qualitative exploratory analytical study that relies on rational cognitive processes. Literature concerning ethics in psychology was explored together with the way in which it is translated in the ethical code. Ethical dilemmas that result from the handling of the AIDS-phenomenon are identified and grouped together by describing both real and hypothetical ethical problems. A critical rational analysis of the ethical code then follows. Finally, logically argued proposals are made in order that identified shortcomings be eliminated.

This study examined the ethical decision-making process as it transpired in the everyday context of the therapeutic space. In-depth interviews explored the subjective experiences of six South African psychologists, practicing as psychoanalytic psychotherapists, and their efforts to resolve real-life ethical dilemmas. The theoretical framework used to interpret the data subsumed professional literature in psychology on principle-based ethical decision-making as well as contemporary psychoanalytic debates on the phenomenon of countertransference enactments. A review of ethics codes, survey research and seminal decision-making frameworks suggests that ethical dilemmas have traditionally been resolved by recourse to an objective and impartial “principle ethics” perspective. Empirical evidence shows, however, that logical thinking and the rational application of codes, principles and standards are often insufficient to secure ethical action. The establishment of reflective space and the core theoretical notion of “ethical decision-making enactments” were proposed in order to address the subjective, irrational and unconscious dimension of professional decision-making. This study used a broadly hermeneutic research method which transformed participants‟ descriptions of engagement with real-life dilemmas into a psychoanalytically informed interpretive account of ethical decision-making. Twelve aspirational ethical principles were found to guide participants‟ daily analytic work. Beneficence was the principle most strongly identified with and nonmaleficence was the most neglected ethical principle. Unprocessed countertransference responses were shown to drive earlier prereflective phases of the ethical decision-making process. Mature ethical judgment was predicated upon the retrospective analysis of enactment phenomena. Dissatisfaction was expressed by all participants with regard to the role of professional resources in aiding the resolution of stressful ethical dilemmas. Risk factors for compromised professional decision-making included the paucity and perceived irrelevance of postgraduate ethics training, supervisory failure to confront the ethical and countertransference dimensions of common dilemmas and professional isolation. Rather than eliciting the hope of emotional support and greater insight, professional resources on the contrary mostly appeared to induce anxiety, mistrust and fearfulness. Based on the data and the literature, a pragmatic psychoanalytically informed ethical decision-making model was finally generated. The model, which considers both principle ethics as well as countertransference phenomena, offers a preliminary contribution to professional dialogue on the development and evaluation of empirically based decision-making frameworks. Practical recommendations are made for both the revision of the current South African ethics code and for improving the postqualifying ethics education of psychoanalytic practitioners and supervisors. The limitations of the data are discussed and directions for future research initiatives are proposed.