Foram descritos e comparados os códigos de ética da odontologia vigentes, na Argentina, na Colômbia, na Espanha, no México, em Portugal, no Peru, no Uruguai e na Venezuela com o Código de Ética Odontológica vigente no Brasil. Referida comparação deu-se no tangente aos seguintes aspectos: direitos e deveres do profissional, relação com o paciente, sigilo profissional, honorários profissionais, publicidade e propaganda e especialidades odontológicas. Observaram-se algumas desvantagens e vantagens nos códigos de ética estrangeiros em relação ao código brasileiro. Com base nisto propuseram-se algumas modificações ao Código de Ética Odontológica, tais como a inclusão de incisos que disciplinem a conduta do profissional em relação a pacientes soropositivos, obriguem o mesmo à denúncia de violência sofrida por paciente, lhe garantam a posse do prontuário odontológico, estabeleçam o sigilo profissional exclusivamente como dever do profissional, bem como a modificação do texto para melhor explicar quais são os fatos e informações que devem ser objeto de sigilo profissional. / The dentistry ethics codes in Argentina, Colombia, Spain, Mexico, Portugal, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela have been described and compared with the dentistry ethics code existing in Brazil. The referred comparison happened about the following aspects: rights and duties of the professional, relationship with the patient, professional secrecy, professional fees, advertising and dental specialties. Some advantages and disadvantanges, were observed in the foreign codes of ethics in relation to the brazilian dentistry ethics code. On that basis, some changes were proposed to the brazilian dentistry ethics code, such as the inclusion of items which discipline the conduct of the professional dealing with HIV positive patients, force the professional to the denunciation of violence suffered by patient, insure the professional the possession of dental records, establish professional secrecy exclusively as duty of the occupation, as well as the change of the text to better explain what are the facts and information that should be subject of the professional secrecy.

Die grundlegende Annahme der Arbeit lautet, dass nicht, wie bei der Mehrzahl der Konzepte in der Wirtschaftsethik angenommen, ein fundamentalen Antagonismus zwischen ökonomischer Rationalität und Moral existiert, sondern, dass Ethik und Ökonomik zwei Systeme sind, die zwar unterschiedliche Codes aufweisen, sich jedoch ineinander übersetzen lassen. Auf der wissenschaftstheoretischen Basis des Kritischen Rationalismus und einer nonkognitivistischen Ethik-Konzeption werden folgende Thesen herausgearbeitet: Erstens: ("Starke" These): Moralisch erwünschtes Handeln resultiert allein aus Handeln gemäß ökonomischer Rationalität. Zweitens: ("Schwache" These): Lässt sich die erste These nicht oder nicht durchgehend nachweisen, so ist, neben ökonomischer Rationalität, lediglich eine Norm, nämlich die der Ausgangsgleichheit aller Menschen, erforderlich, um moralisch erwünschtes Handeln zu implementieren. Mit Hilfe von Erkenntnissen der Evolutionsbiologie und Analyseinstrumenten der Ökonomik, wie beispielsweise der Principal-Agent-Theorie, gelangt der Verfasser zu folgenden Ergebnissen: Unter idealen Bedingungen benötigt Moral im Ergebnis keine Moral in der Intention, um implementiert werden zu können - ausreichend ist allein die ökonomische Rationalität. Unter realen Bedingungen liefert die Ökonomie alle notwendigen Instrumente, um die ökonomische Rationalität so zu transformieren, dass moralisch wünschenswerte Ergebnisse erreicht werden. Nur wenn diese Instrumente versagen, benötigt Moral im Ergebnis zusätzlich die Gleichheitsnorm, um implementiert werden zu können.

Whether philosophy can contribute decisively towards alleviating humanity’s pressing environmental predicament I here argue in the affirmative. There are many considerations that challenge my case. Specifically, I show that environmental ethics, the subdiscipline of moral philosophy which was founded on the presumption of this possibility, has faltered. The field threatens to divide between “impractical theoretical” discourses within the academy, and “pragmatic” and largely atheoretical “practical” engagements with environmental science, policy and management. To help environmental ethics advance beyond this dysfunctional division, I explore methodological comparisons with bioethics, the “most successful field of applied ethics”. My deliberations apply in novel ways Bartha’s model for evaluating the plausibility of scientific hypotheses that incorporate analogies. In an initial test application of Bartha’s model, I evaluate the relevance to environmental ethics of the failure of the “top-down” applied ethics approach in bioethics. I present good reasons to conclude that environmental ethics can indeed learn from this failure. I also conclude that my trial application of Bartha’s model is promising. I then evaluate two proposals for reforms towards the greater practical effectiveness of environmental ethics. First I evaluate the plausibility of the proposal of Minteer and Collins for a new field of “ecological ethics”. They argue for the adoption of the broadly pragmatic methodological commitments now prevailing in bioethics. Because they focus primarily on supporting individual rather than collaborative processes of ethical judgment, I argue they risk facilitating an ethically pernicious “ecological paternalism” on analogy with the widely condemned practice of medical paternalism. Second I evaluate Norton’s proposal to incorporate environmental ethics within the adaptive ecosystem management paradigm. By arguing that the tasks of seeking cultural and biophysical sustainability within spatiotemporally defined communities must be integrated, Norton offers a potentially vital interface for intelligent and just interaction between culture and wider nature. I also argue this interface may be of more general relevance to bioethics and moral and political philosophy. However, a significant theoretical challenge for Norton’s sustainability model is identified. I argue that his model provides a thought experiment which illustrates the conceptual and practical incoherence of the primary liberal mechanisms for managing ethical conflict once these are applied to the sustainability challenge. Those mechanisms are the separation of public and private spheres and the simultaneous pursuit within private spaces of mutually exclusive conceptions of the good (and biophysically sustainable) life. I argue that rectifying this failure defines a vital, albeit daunting, theoretical and practical challenge for environmental ethics. That is to reconceptualise ethical conflict and to help design and facilitate practical processes to achieve sufficient common ethical agreement. Addressing this challenge is beyond the scope of this dissertation. However, some promising work and possibilities for further research are outlined. I conclude that I have successfully defended the value of analogical comparison with bioethics for enhancing the unity and effectiveness of theory and practice in environmental ethics. I therefore further conclude that I am correct to affirm that philosophy can, and I believe indeed should, contribute more effectively toward alleviating humanity’s pressing environmental predicament.

Thesis entitled "Dilemmas in Social Work with Job Seekers" deals with ethical dilemmas reflection of labour office employees with clients. In the text we encounter issues, which connect the practical implementation of the profession of labour office workers working with ethics. The thesis contains the terminology associated with the topic, defines the personality of the worker and his relationship with the client. It shows also list of clients with whom the workers meet and what dilemmas of these meetings may arise. The content of the work also deals with the basic concepts of professional ethics. Further, there are various forms of dilemmas defined in relation to working with clients. The thesis summarizes three specific ethical theories applicable to the issue of labour offices. Significant part is devoted to specific dilemmas with which workers encounter during their job with unemployed clients. Dilemmas are presented in the conclusion, in relation to the previous text supplemented by means of practical examples dealing with clients. It indicates possible reflection of the problem and behavior on the part of the worker. At the end of text there is presented a set of dilemmas that can bring negotiations with unemployed clients. The usability of this work is in the field of education in subjects related to ethical dilemmas and its solutions. It is also possible to extend the text for a doctoral thesis in the topic of dilemmas of employees from a specific department in comparison with other departments.

Foram descritos e comparados os códigos de ética da odontologia vigentes, na Argentina, na Colômbia, na Espanha, no México, em Portugal, no Peru, no Uruguai e na Venezuela com o Código de Ética Odontológica vigente no Brasil. Referida comparação deu-se no tangente aos seguintes aspectos: direitos e deveres do profissional, relação com o paciente, sigilo profissional, honorários profissionais, publicidade e propaganda e especialidades odontológicas. Observaram-se algumas desvantagens e vantagens nos códigos de ética estrangeiros em relação ao código brasileiro. Com base nisto propuseram-se algumas modificações ao Código de Ética Odontológica, tais como a inclusão de incisos que disciplinem a conduta do profissional em relação a pacientes soropositivos, obriguem o mesmo à denúncia de violência sofrida por paciente, lhe garantam a posse do prontuário odontológico, estabeleçam o sigilo profissional exclusivamente como dever do profissional, bem como a modificação do texto para melhor explicar quais são os fatos e informações que devem ser objeto de sigilo profissional. / The dentistry ethics codes in Argentina, Colombia, Spain, Mexico, Portugal, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela have been described and compared with the dentistry ethics code existing in Brazil. The referred comparison happened about the following aspects: rights and duties of the professional, relationship with the patient, professional secrecy, professional fees, advertising and dental specialties. Some advantages and disadvantanges, were observed in the foreign codes of ethics in relation to the brazilian dentistry ethics code. On that basis, some changes were proposed to the brazilian dentistry ethics code, such as the inclusion of items which discipline the conduct of the professional dealing with HIV positive patients, force the professional to the denunciation of violence suffered by patient, insure the professional the possession of dental records, establish professional secrecy exclusively as duty of the occupation, as well as the change of the text to better explain what are the facts and information that should be subject of the professional secrecy.

A great deal of attention has been paid in the last several decades to improving the ethical decisions of public accountants. A variety of approaches to meeting this goal have been advanced, from increasing the coverage of ethics in the classroom, to improving the effectiveness of regulatory responses to breaches in ethical conduct. Little attention has been paid to researching accounting ethics from the perspective of ethical theory. This thesis adds to the relatively thin body of research in that area. Chapter one briefly covers the history of accounting ethics in the United States, from the organization of the American Association of Public Accountants in the early 20th century, to the relatively recent scandals surrounding Enron, WorldCom, and Arthur Andersen. This brief history is followed by an overview of the regulatory approach to improving ethical conduct, which leads into a discussion of the study of professional ethics in accounting and the importance of professional codes of ethics in regulating behavior. The background of the AICPA's Code of Professional Conduct and several criticisms of the Code are then discussed. Chapter two offers a rationale for applying a framework of ethical theory to the study of accounting ethics, and discusses an important limitation of that approach. Chapter three presents an overview of those ethical theories most directly applicable to the study of accounting ethics, which will serve as a foundation for the analysis presented in chapter four. Chapter four analyzes the AICPA's Code of Professional Conduct from the perspective of the ethical theories presented in chapter three. Finally, chapter five offers several suggestions for enhancing the moral reasoning skills of public accountants and accounting students.

<p>Kant's ethical theory is often characterized as one in which freedom is identified with obedience to the moral law. In Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, however, free will appears to be characterized as the ability to choose either to obey or disobey the moral law. Hence, an evil act could be freely chosen, whereas according to the usual ethical conception, evil appears to have to be interpreted as a manifestation of lack of freedom. The problem treated in this thesis is whether or not Kant's account of radical evil in Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone is compatible with the conception of free will given in the ethics. If the two conceptions are aspects of one developed theory of free will, does the theory hold together; if they are actually two theories of will, what are the implications for Kant's ethics?</p> <p>Chapter I presents the problem and summarizes the two Prefaces to Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, as well as its first essay, "On the Radical Evil in Human Nature." Two conunentators, L.W. Beck and J.R. Silber, view Kant as developing one theory of free will. To show that this is so, they focus on Kant's distinction of will into two parts, Wille and Willkür, as a key to resolving possible contradictions. Their arguments are discussed in Chapter II. Chapter III analyzes the primary sources which Beck and Silber bring to corroborate their versions of the theory, and briefly sets forth the arguments of Emil Fackenheirn, who regards the essay in Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone as repudiating the ethics. It concludes on the inconclusive note that the problem may be unresolvable.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

<p dir="ltr">This dissertation explores intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts that result from differing axiological stances. A stance is one’s orientation towards a subject and one’s axiological stance is one’s orientation towards what they take to be valuable. An axiological stance also influences how one responds to practical reasons. Stances currently enjoy some attention in epistemology and the philosophy of science, but I provide a novel treatment of stances in the practical domain. Comprised of three chapters, this dissertation explores the psychological and normative contributions of one’s stances in normative ethics, then extends this work to the philosophy of religion. In chapter one, I unpack the psychological contribution of axiological stances. I introduce the concept of an axiological stance in the context of the debate surrounding “hard choices,” arguing that an intrapersonal conflict of axiological stances explains the characteristic difficulty of hard choices. In chapter two, I explore the normative side of axiological stances, drawing from Peter Winch. While Winch has been associated with various forms of relativism, I suggest that he is better understood as defending a moral analog to epistemic permissivism. In this chapter, I suggest that a plausible version of his view is an axiological stance permissivism where an axiological stance can modify the weights of one’s normative reasons. Lastly, in chapter three, I address aspects of God’s practical life that may comprise an axiological stance. The normative import of these aspects, I argue, provide a model of God’s practical life that is not objectionably robotic. On such a model, God has some control over what his weightiest reasons are.</p>

<p>This study focuses on ecofeminist ethical theory. A first aim is to clarify ecofeminist views on five central issues in the field of environmental ethics. These issues are: (1) Views of nature, (2) social constructivism and nature, (3) values of nature, (4) ethical contextualism, and (5) ethical pluralism. A second aim is to compare ecofeminist standpoints with certain standpoints within nonfeminist environmental ethical theory. A third aim is to critically discuss some of the main standpoints in ecofeminism. The analysis focuses on the works of Karen Warren, Sallie McFague, Chris Cuomo, and Carolyn Merchant. Other important sources are the environmental philosophers and ethicists J. Baird Callicott, Paul Taylor, Irene Klaver, Bryan G. Norton, Christopher Stone, Eugene Hargrove, Holmes Rolston III, Per Ariansen, Don E. Marietta, and Bruno Latour.</p><p>The result of this study is that there are no main differences between ecofeminism and nonfeminist environmental ethics regarding the main standpoints on the five issues. Rather, the significant differences are found within these main standpoints. In addition, one important characteristic of ecofeminist ethics is its "double nature," that is, the fact that it is rooted in feminism and environmentalism. The double nature of ecofeminism results in a foundation out of which ecofeminism as an environmental philosophy has a unique potential to handle some of the theoretical tensions that environmental ethics creates.</p><p>From the perspective that environmental problems consist of complex clusters of natureculture- discourse and that environmental ethical theory ought to be action guiding, it is argued that ecofeminist ethical theory has an advantage compared to nonfeminist environmental ethics. This standpoint is explained by the fact that ecofeminism holds a variety of views of nature, kinds of social constructivism and contextualism, and conceptions of values and of the self, and from the presumption that this variety reflects the reality of environmental problems. However, in order for ecofeminist ethical theory to fulfill its promise as an acceptable environmental ethical theory, its theoretical standpoints ought to be explicated and further clarified.</p>

This study focuses on ecofeminist ethical theory. A first aim is to clarify ecofeminist views on five central issues in the field of environmental ethics. These issues are: (1) Views of nature, (2) social constructivism and nature, (3) values of nature, (4) ethical contextualism, and (5) ethical pluralism. A second aim is to compare ecofeminist standpoints with certain standpoints within nonfeminist environmental ethical theory. A third aim is to critically discuss some of the main standpoints in ecofeminism. The analysis focuses on the works of Karen Warren, Sallie McFague, Chris Cuomo, and Carolyn Merchant. Other important sources are the environmental philosophers and ethicists J. Baird Callicott, Paul Taylor, Irene Klaver, Bryan G. Norton, Christopher Stone, Eugene Hargrove, Holmes Rolston III, Per Ariansen, Don E. Marietta, and Bruno Latour. The result of this study is that there are no main differences between ecofeminism and nonfeminist environmental ethics regarding the main standpoints on the five issues. Rather, the significant differences are found within these main standpoints. In addition, one important characteristic of ecofeminist ethics is its "double nature," that is, the fact that it is rooted in feminism and environmentalism. The double nature of ecofeminism results in a foundation out of which ecofeminism as an environmental philosophy has a unique potential to handle some of the theoretical tensions that environmental ethics creates. From the perspective that environmental problems consist of complex clusters of natureculture- discourse and that environmental ethical theory ought to be action guiding, it is argued that ecofeminist ethical theory has an advantage compared to nonfeminist environmental ethics. This standpoint is explained by the fact that ecofeminism holds a variety of views of nature, kinds of social constructivism and contextualism, and conceptions of values and of the self, and from the presumption that this variety reflects the reality of environmental problems. However, in order for ecofeminist ethical theory to fulfill its promise as an acceptable environmental ethical theory, its theoretical standpoints ought to be explicated and further clarified.