This dissertation aims to determine what should be the appropriate base ethical limits of health care markets in the United States. I argue that because we do not value health care goods and services as commodities, treating them as commodities available for market sale can only be ethical when health care markets accord with at least the principles of honesty, respect for autonomy, and increased access to essential health care goods and services. I begin by establishing the theoretical foundation of my argument by expositing three theories of commodification and ethical markets that critically examine the relationship of goods to the market. Each theory shows how commodification often fails to account for the non-market value(s) we attribute to many goods. I then apply these theories to health care goods and services to show how they are not properly valued merely as commodities, and to lay the foundation of my argument regarding the ethical limits of health care markets. I then argue why honesty, respect for autonomy, and increased access to essential health care goods and services should be considered the base ethical limits of health care markets by examining how each ideally applies to both health care and the market. Lastly, I apply my argument to two health care markets: the pharmaceutical industry and a possible legal organ market. For the former, I show how many of the practices of the pharmaceutical industry violate what I argue should be the base ethical limits of health care markets. For the latter, I show the extent to which a legal organ market in the United States could or would violate these limits.

Em décadas recentes, a cada novo pleito eleitoral, seja nas eleições majoritárias ou proporcionais, os fiéis das igrejas evangélicas passaram a ser peças chaves das disputas eleitorais, em virtude do declínio contínuo do número de católicos e da correlacionada difusão das igrejas evangélicas, nomeadamente as pentecostais e neopentecostais. O presente estudo analisa a participação da religião evangélica no processo eleitoral brasileiro, especialmente nas eleições presidenciais de 2010 e 2014, a fim de perquirir quais os limites ético-jurídicos da influência desse vertente religiosa no processo eleitoral brasileiro. Os limites éticos foram avaliados com base na ética protestante, e os jurídicos, à luz da legislação eleitoral brasileira, discutindo sobre a possibilidade da participação da religião evangélica nas campanhas eleitorais, como mecanismo de exercício de poder e/ou de convencimento com esteio em valores morais religiosos. / In recent decades, in each new election campaign, be they by majority or proportional, the faithful of the Evangelical churches have become key elements in the election disputes, due to the continuous decline in the number of Catholics and the correlated diffusion of Evangelical churches, namely the Pentecostal and Neo-Pentecostal churches. This study analyzes the participation of the Evangelical religion in the Brazilian electoral process, especially in the presidential elections of 2010 and 2014, so as to discover what the ethical-legal limits of the influence of this religious dimension in the Brazilian electoral process are. The ethical limits were evaluated based on the Protestant ethics, and the legal limits based on the Brazilian electoral legislation, discussing about the possibility of the participation of the Evangelical religion in the electoral campaigns being a mechanism of exercising power and/or persuasion with the pillar being religious moral values.