No description available.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering / The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive understanding of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and its impact on the mining sector of a developing economy. The ideology and principles discussed aim to assist economists, investors and governments in understanding the need for FDI and how to set up a viable and conducive framework. The research links development economics to FDI as a means to creating and sustaining economic growth.The results of the analysis indicated that there is a direct relationship between development economics and FDI. Political, social and economic risks pose a direct threat to the levels of FDI that a country attracts. A study performed in this research revealed that the higher the perceived risk level, the lower the investment levels. Africa is a resource rich continent; however it ranks low on the investor attractiveness scale. This is due to authoritative political leaders that control corporate and fiscal regimes, ethnic unrest between local tribes and political warfare that is played out in the media. Despite these drawbacks certain African countries are taking steps to improve their attractiveness. Ethiopia is one of them and was selected as the main case study for this research. A benchmark acid test was performed on the policies implemented by government. The Growth Transformation Plan (GTP) I and II (plans set by the government to transform Ethiopia) were reviewed and analysed for feasibility due to the Ethiopian government setting ambitious growth targets. The results of the analysis reveal that investors were attracted to Ethiopia through policies that safeguarded investors’ interests, geological attractiveness, afforded tax and duty havens and allow for the repatriation of profits. The research also highlights the negative impact that social unrest and political violence had on mining FDI. The research concludes on its findings that government policies play a key role in attracting investment. Monetary and fiscal policies must be set to alleviate poverty and create economic growth through the attraction of foreign investment. / NG (2020)

No description available.

No abstract / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Text in English / The study was designed to determine the influence of politics in policing in Ethiopia generally pre-1991 and post-1991 as this is the period that characterise the Ethiopian political system, which underwent tremendous changes taking along various initiatives in its move towards democratisation. It is important to note how policing was figured and reconfigured during this period in view of its critical role in the social and political system of the country. In fact, during turbulent and peaceful political changes in the country it was often used as an arm to safeguard or brutalise people. The study also indicates the extent to which the Ethiopian police as an institution has been mandated to maintain law and order while at the same time has undergone various structural and organisational changes in an attempt to move it away from undue political influence. Furthermore, the study indicates the extent to which policing is embedded into politics which by itself is a challenge because the police are expected to be professionally independent in order to uphold the rule of law while at the same time guaranteeing the safety and security of all the inhabitants of the country. This indicates the interconnectedness of policing and politics as the police are required to enforce the laws that are enacted by the government and influenced by the ruling party. Government policies are politically driven and formulated by the party in power, thus making politics to create and direct police institutions in the fulfilment of peace and security in the country. Despite the fact that the police should operate within certain degree of independence, they still have to take orders and direction from the politically established government. That is why the determination of the degree of influence is essential as it indicates whether there is undue influence or not. In view of the above inter-related issues, this thesis aims to analyse the influence of politics in policing in Ethiopia indicating how this has influenced policing in various eras. / Police Practice / D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

Dissertation (PhD (Bosb))--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the water and nutrient relations of three indigenous deciduous tree species, viz., Cordia africana Lam., Croton macrostachyus Del., Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker and two widely planted eucalypts, viz., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh and Eucalyptus globulus Labill from Ethiopia. The study was organized as glasshouse and field observations in Ethiopia. Owing to the lack of baseline studies on the water and nutrient relations of the deciduous tree species, the glasshouse experiments involved a wide range of water and nutrient applications. Seedlings were grown with the supply of various levels of water and nutrients during which gas exchange, water potential, relative water content, tissue nutrient content and biomass production were measured. The field observations were limited to the study of surface root distribution and leaf nutrient composition of mature trees and their effects on soil nutrient pool. The observations were made on isolated trees and mixed or pure stands of trees in Badessa area, Eastern Ethiopia. The field site was selected because of the availability of the study species and suitability of the trees for the study. In the glasshouse, increased water deficit significantly reduced predawn leaf water potential, relative water content, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, whole plant water use efficiency, plant height, diameter, leaf area and biomass production. Both of the eucalypts did not grow faster than the deciduous species under well-watered conditions unlike under water stress conditions. C. macrostachyus and C. africana had higher transpiration rates and tissue nutrient accumulations than the other species. They also demonstrated higher biomass allocation to roots than all the other species to support the intensive water and nutrient uptake rate. Due to the ability to re-orient its leaves to avoid direct solar irradiance, M. ferruginea maintained higher tissue water potential and relative water content than all the other species under water stress regimes. The impact of imposed drought was quick and more damaging to the eucalypts compared to the deciduous tree species indicating that the eucalypts may not survive extreme drought conditions unlike the deciduous species that drop their leaves and may remain dormant for weeks. The current study gave new experimental proof that E. globulus was more vulnerable to drought than E. camaldulensis. Soil N stress resulted in an overall reduction of tissue N concentration, N:P ratio, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic water use efficiency in all the species studied. Pants with high foliar nitrogen concentration had higher photosynthetic capacities indicating that N plays a key role in photosynthesis and growth of all the studied species. The current study showed that for all the tree species, more attention has to be given to soil N than to P as soil P had minor effects on the photosynthetic activities of plants of all species compared to N.The investigation on tissue nutrient composition confirmed that N:P ratio could be used to detect Plimitation in plants. However, N:P ratio could not distinguish between N-limitation and combined limitations of N and P. The study of isolated C. africana and C. macrostachyus trees on soils in Badessa, Eastern Ethiopia indicated improved soil N, P and K under tree canopies whereas no effects were observed on the other soil nutrients studied. Similar to glasshouse conditions, C. macrostachyus and C. africana produced extensive surface roots, interfering with crops grown in association. Due to their high nutrient cycling potential the net effect on soil was positive. Comparison of E. camaldulensis woodlot and a mixed stand composed of deciduous species indicated that the fine root biomass in the surface soil under E. camaldulensis was about three times that under the mixed stand. The fine root biomass of E. camaldulensis inside the stand and 10 meters away from the stand were comparable in the surface soils showing the presence of root competition with adjacent crops. Therefore, planting of E. camaldulensis in association or adjacent to croplands should be avoided. Nutrient and carbon pool of soil inside the mixed stand was generally higher than that of E. camaldulensis indicating that trees of the mixed stand recycled more nutrients to the soil. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die verskille tussen water- en voedingstofverhoudings van drie inheemse blaarwisselemde boomsoorte te vergelyk, viz., Cordia africana Lam., Croton macrostachyus Del., Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker en twee bekende eucalyptus spesies, viz., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh en Eucalyptus globulus Labil van Etiopië. Die studie het bestaan uit kweekhuis- en veldobservasies in Etiopië. As gevolg van beperkte navorsing ten opsigte van water- en voedingstofverhoudings in bladwisselende boomsoorte, het die kweekhuis-eksperimente bestaan uit 'n wye verkeidenheid water- en voedingstoftoetse. Saailinge is gegroei deur verskillende vlakke van water- en voedingstowwe by te voeg. Gaswisseling, waterpotensiaal, relatiewe hoeveelheid water, hoeveelheid voedingstowwe en produksie van biomassa is gemeet. Die veldobservasies was beperk tot oppervlak-wortelverspreiding en blaarvoedingstof hoeveelhede van volwasse bome, sowel as die effek op grondvoedingstowwe. Observasies was beperk tot geïsoleerde, gemengde en een spesie opstande, in die Badessa area, Oos Etiopië. Die studiearea was gekies op grond van die voorkoms van die gekose boomsoorte, sowel as die toepaslikheid van die bome vir die studie. In die kweekhuis is gevind dat die verhoogte watertekort die pre-sonop blaarwaterpotensiaal, relatiewe hoeveelheid water, stomatiese geleiding, fotosintetiese tempo, heelplant water-gebruikseffektiwiteit, plant hoogte, diameter, blaararea en biomassa produksie beduidend verminder het. Nie een van die eucalyptus spesies het vinniger as die bladwisselende spesies onder voldoende hidrasie gegroei nie. Dit was egter nie die geval onder die waterbeperkte toestande nie. C. macrostachyus en C. africana het ‘n hoër transpirasie tempo sowel as weefselvoedingstof waardes gehad as die ander spesies. Hierdie boomsoorte se wortelbiomassa was ook meer as die ander spesies, om vir die tempo van water- en voedingstofopname te akkomodeer. As gevolg van die vermoë om blare te kan oriënteer om direkte sonlig te vookom, het M. ferruginea ‘n hoër water-weefselpotensiaal en relatiewe waterinname gehad in vergelyking met die ander boomsoorte in beperkte water toestande. Die impak van gëinisieerde droogte het vinnig voorgekom en het meer skade aan die eucalyptus aangerig in vergelyking met die bladwisselende boomsoorte. Dit dui aan dat die eucalyptus-spesie nie ekstreme droogte kan oorleef nie, waar bladwisselende spesies hul blare laat afval en vir weke aan een dormant kan bly. Hierdie studie gee eksperimentele bewyse dat E. globulus minder bestand is teen droogte as E. camaldulensis. Beperkte N in die grond het veroorsaak dat daar ‘n algemene vermindering van weefsel Nkonsentrasie, N:P ratio, fotosintetiese tempo, stomatiese geleiding en fotosintetiese watergebruiks effektiwiteit in al die bestudeerde spesies was. Plante wat oor hoër blaar-stikstofkonsentrasiesbeskik, het hoër fotosintetiese kapasiteite wat aandui dat N ‘n belangrike rol in fotosintese en die groei van al die bestudeerde spesies speel. Die oorhoofse bevindings van die studie was, dat daar meer aandag gegee moet word aan grond-N as P omdat grond-P net ‘n kleiner rol speel in die fotosintetiese aktiwiteite van plante van al die spesies in vergelyking met N. Die ondersoek na weefselvoedingstof hoeveelhede het bewys dat die N:P ratio gebruik kan word om P-tekorte in plante aan te dui. Die N:P ratio kan egter nie die verskil in N-tekorte en gekombineerde tekorte van N en P aandui nie. Die studie van die geïsoleerde C. africana en C. macrostachyus bome op grondtipes in Badessa, Oos Etiopië het verbeterde grond-N, P en K onder kroondak gebiede getoon, daar was egter geen verskille in die ander grondvoedingstowwe wat bestudeer is nie. In toestande gelykstaande aan die van die kweekhuis, het C. macrostachyus en C. africana meer oppervlaksswortels ontwikkel. Die toename aan oppervlakswortels het ingedring op gewasse wat in assosiasie gegroei is, dit het egter ‘n positiewe effek op die grond gehad as gevolg van die hoë voedingstof-siklus-potensiaal. Die E. camaldulensis opstand is gevergelyk met ‘n gemengde opstand van bladwisselende spesies waar daar gevind is dat die fynwortel biomassa in die oppervlak grond onder die E. camaldulensis ongeveer drie keer soveel was as die van onder die gemengde opstand. Kompetisie met aangrensende gewasse is aangeui deurdat die fynwortel biomassa van E. camaldulensis binne die opstand en 10 meter weg van die opstand vergelykbaar was in die oppervlakgronde. Dit dui dus aan dat die plant van E. camaldulensis in assosiasie of aangrensend aan gewasse vermy moet word. Die teenwoordigheid van voedingstowwe en koolstof in die grond van die gemengde opstand was oor die algemeen hoër as die van die E. camaldulensis. Dit is ‘n aanduiding dat die bome van die gemengde opstand meer voedingstowwe aan die grond verskaf.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal crops in the world after wheat and rice. In Ethiopia, maize remains the second largest food security crop after tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter.]. The mid-altitude, sub-humid agro-ecology (1000 to 1800 m above sea level) is the most important maize producing environment in Ethiopia. However, productivity of maize is low, due to several biotic and abiotic constraints. Among the biotic constraints, Turcicum leaf blight disease of maize caused by Exserohilum turcicum Pass Leonard & Suggs shows high incidence of 95-100% and inflicts significant grain losses in the country. Therefore, high yielding, Turcicum leaf blight resistant and farmers-preferred maize varieties and their production technologies should be developed and made available to growers to enhance maize production and to achieve food security. The objectives of this study were to: (1) assess farmer’s preferences, and production constraints for maize in the mid-altitude, sub-humid agro-ecology of western Ethiopia, (2) determine the genetic variability among elite maize inbred lines and select promising parents for resistance to E. turcicum, (3) determine diversity among the elite germplasm lines using SSR markers, (4) determine combining ability and heterosis among elite maize inbred lines and their hybrids, and (5) investigate genotype x environment interaction and yield stability of experimental maize hybrids developed for the midaltitude sub-humid agro-ecology of Ethiopia. A participatory rural appraisal (PRA) research was conducted involving 240 maize farmers in three representative maize growing zones of western Ethiopia; West Shoa, East Wollega and West Wollega, each represented by two districts and two subdistricts. Maize was ranked number one both as food and cash crop by 82.9% of respondents. Turcicum leaf blight was ranked as number one devastating leaf disease by 46% of respondents. Breeding for improved disease resistance and grain yield, enhancing the availability of crop input and stabilizing market price during harvest time were recommended as the most important strategies to increase maize production by small-scale farmers in western Ethiopia. Fifty inbred lines were evaluated for reaction to Turcicum leaf blight during the main cropping seasons of 2011 and 2012. Inbred lines were clustered into resistant (CML202, 144-7b, 136-a, 139-5j, 30H83-7-1, ILOO’E-1-9, SZYNA-99-F2, and 142-1-e), and susceptible (CML197, CML464, A7033 , Kuleni C1-101-1-1, CML443, SC22-430 (63), (DRB-F2-60-1-2) – B-1-B-B-B, Pool9A-4-4-1-1-1). Inbred lines (CML312, CML445, Gibe-1-158-1-1-1-1, CML395, and 124-b (113)) had intermediate response to the disease. Overall, inbred lines such as CML202, 30H83-7-1, ILOO’E-1-9-1, CML312, CML395 CML445 and 142-1-e were selected with better agronomic performance and resistance to leaf blight for breeding. Twenty selected elite parental inbred lines were genotyped with 20 polymorphic SSR markers. The genotypes used were clustered into five groups consistent with the known pedigrees. The greatest genetic distance was identified between the clusters of lines CML-202 and Gibe-1-91. Eighteen selected inbred lines were crossed using the factorial mating scheme and 81 hybrids developed to determine combining ability effects and heterosis. Inbred lines with high GCA effect (CML 202, CML395, 124-b (113), ILOO’E-1-9 and CML 197) were selected as best combiners for hybrid development. Additionally five high yielding novel single cross hybrids with grain yield of > 8 t ha-1 and high SCA effects were identified such as CML395 X CML442, DE-78-Z-126-3-2-2-1-1 X CML442, ILOO’E-1-9-1-1-1-1-1 X CML312, X1264DW-1-2-2-2-2 X CML464 and SC22 X Gibe-1-91-1-1-1-1. These experimental hybrids are recommended for direct production or as hybrid testers for hybrid development. Genotype x environment interaction (GEI) effects of 81 newly developed and three check maize hybrids were evaluated across 10 locations in the mid-altitude sub-humid agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. The AMMI-3 and GGE biplot models were used to determine stability. Hybrids such as G68, G39, G37, G77, G34 and G2 were identified as the most stable and high yielding at favorable environments such as Bako, Jima, Arsi Negelle and Pawe in Ethiopia. The genotype and genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot clustered the 10 environments into three unique mega-environments. Environment I included Bako, Jima, Asossa, Ambo, Finote Selam, Haramaya and Pawe while environment II represented by Arsi-Negelle and environment III Areka and Hawassa. In general, the study identified valuable maize inbred lines with high combining ability for breeding and novel single cross hybrids for large-scale production or as testers for hybrid development at the mid-altitude, sub-humid agro-ecologies of Ethiopia or similar environments in sub-Saharan Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

The prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems in secondary school adolescents is regarded as widely spread globally. Their effects/pitfalls are also a concern that cannot be ignored. Thus, this study dealt with this issue among adolescents, as well as with pitfalls and practices of secondary schools in Ethiopia, with particular focus on East Showa Administrative Zone of Oromiya National Regional state. Consequently, the study intended to:  examine what social competence problems (activity problems, social activities problems and academic performance problems) are experienced by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia.  determine the relationship between sex groups and social competence problems by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia.  examine the trends of emotional/internalising and behavioural/externalising problems among secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia.  determine the relationship displayed between sex groups and emotional/internalising and behavioural/externalising problems by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia.  examine the relationship display between age groups and emotional/internalising and behavioural/externalising problems by secondary school adolescents of Ethiopia. To address the objectives of the study, a descriptive survey and correlational study were employed. To achieve this target, the Amharic and the Afan-Oromo versions of Achenbach’s (2001) youth self-report (YSR) were used to collect data from 714 research participants of secondary school adolescents out of 27,643 in the East Showa Administrative Zone of Oromiya Regional State-Ethiopia, from 8 secondary schools. In analysing the data, basic descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, percentiles and T-scores as well as ANOVA were employed. In general, the results of the study demonstrated that the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems of Ethiopian secondary school adolescents was relatively lower (about 9%) in comparison to many other countries. Moreover, girls showed more internalising problems (11.58%) than boys (9.63%) and vice versa in externalising problems. Consequently, girls accounted for 8.6% who fell into a clinical category whereas amongst boys, 14.83% were classified into such as category. In contrary to the other findings males were scored higher than females in withdrawal/depressed subscales (4.23% and 2.74% respectively). Furthermore, statistically significant relationships between academic competences with activities, social activities, somatic complaints, social problems and externalising problems were discovered. Fulfilling and rendering appropriate guidance and counselling services in the schools comprised the first dimension of the recommendations of this work. Furthermore, establishing school based mental health services to alleviate the problems is another key point of the recommendation to assist adolescents with emotional and behavioural problems in secondary schools of Ethiopia. / Psychology / Ph.D. (Psychology)

Obstetric surgical repair is the common therapeutic intervention available to women with obstetrical fistula. While surgical repair can address the physical symptoms, it may not end the psychological challenges that women with fistula face. This longitudinal study investigated the effects of surgical obstetric fistula repairs on the severity of depression and anxiety associated with obstetric fistula among 219 women admitted at six fistula hospitals in Ethiopia. Data was collected through structured Likert-scale questionnaire both on admission (prior to surgical obstetric fistula repairs) and on discharge (post obstetric fistula repairs).. Statistical Package for Social Science plus Analysis of Moment Structures (SPSS-AMOS) version 20 was used for data analysis. Findings indicate that women with obstetric fistula have higher psychological distress such as depression (91%) and anxiety (78%) pre-surgical repair than post-surgical repair. These psychological distresses were exacerbated by poor social and psychological support of women with obstetric fistula by the family and health care professionals. The findings were used to develop integrated mental health treatment model for women with obstetric fistula in order to address psychological health needs of this population. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The most perplexing question of business organizations today is how to get and sustain competitive advantage. The dependable answer to this question, as Peter Drucker stated, is defining a business in terms of customer values and designing innovation activities to create those values. Hence, market orientation and innovation are the two complementary pillars of success. This research, therefore, develops a conceptual model to examine how 1) internal factors influence the development of market orientation and innovation; and 2) market orientation and innovation impact on the competitiveness of manufacturing businesses in Ethiopia, a least developed country in sub-Sahara Africa. Market and innovation orientations have been broadly recognized as performance antecedents in the strategic management literature. The performance impact of these orientations is extensively examined in the developed countries’ business environments. Studies also indicate that market and innovation orientations affect performance in situations where the competitive intensity is high. However, literature lacks adequate empirical evidence to determine whether market and innovation orientations have positive impact on performance in the least developed countries’ economies; it is also deficient with the required literature to confirm whether the impact of these orientations on performance is minimal in the least economically developed environment where competitive intensity is low. The other shortcoming in the strategic orientation literature is the heterogeneity in defining and measuring market orientation constructs. Market orientation is defined from behavioral, cultural, capability, and integrationist perspectives. Despite the contention on what the integrationist perspective suggests, very limited number of studies applies such comprehensive conceptualization. The study, therefore, is designed to fill these voids in the literature by designing a comprehensive model and testing it in the least developed context. From practical point of view, following the current encouraging economic growth of Ethiopia, changes have been observed on the competitiveness of the business environment. In response to the growing competitiveness of the business environment, organizations should adopt relevant orientations and practices; i.e., practices recognized as appropriate to the western environment. Hence, testing the validity of the sound managerial orientations and practices, based on scientifically accepted procedure in the least developed context, is mandatory before making use of them. The research is conceptually rooted in the argument of resource based view and its extension- the dynamic capability. Based on this, the study a) models strategic orientations and managerial practices as capabilities that affect competitive advantage of firms; b) reviews literature on market orientation, innovation, marketing capabilities, organizational culture, and managerial practices to theoretically validate the proposed relationships in the conceptual model; and c) develops eight main hypotheses for empirical verifications. The investigation pursues positivist paradigm. It applies quantitative research design where the study tests the proposed relationships quantitatively by analyzing 204 usable responses (n=204) of the selected manufacturing companies. The findings show that 1) market orientation and innovation have positive and significant effect on competitiveness of the manufacturing companies in Ethiopia; 2) the level of market orientation and its impact on competitiveness is influenced by sound employee training program, market based reward system, effective marketing program, and organizational culture that emphasize change, entrepreneurship, and achievement orientation; 3) the level of innovation and its impact on competitiveness is influenced by effective marketing program and organizational culture that emphasize change (i.e., adhocracy culture) and control over the change process (i.e., the hierarchy culture); 4) the effect of market orientation and innovation on competitiveness is stronger for the younger and larger organizations when compared to the older and smaller ones, respectively. Based on these findings, the study suggests that managers, beyond ensuring the smooth running of day-to-day operations, should focus on marketplace changes by adopting and developing relevant orientations (i.e., market and innovation orientations) via improving the culture, structure, and other relevant capabilities. / Business Management / D.B.L.