Thesis (Ph.D.)--Aberdeen University, 2008. / Title from web page (viewed on Mar. 23, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uppsala University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 244-254).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-216). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Pennsylvania State University, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-169). Also available in PDF format.

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With few exceptions, not enough attention has been paid to the phenomenon of ethnic minority rule over hostile majorities in the studies of ethnic conflict. This thesis attempts to account for the ability of ethnic minorities to rule over hostile majorities for continuous periods of time, and to devise a theory for the study of this phenomenon by comparing three cases: the Alawis in Syria, the Tutsis in Burundi and the Sunni Muslim minority in Iraq. The major argument of the thesis is that the phenomenon in question does not occur randomly. There are certain conditions that motivate an ethnic minority to seek political power, and to be able to attain it and maintain continuous rule despite the hostility of the majority. Naturally, each case has its particular characteristics, yet common patterns underlying minority rule over hostile majorities can be found, and an analytical framework can bJe devised. The examination of the three cases leads to the conclusion that minority rule has to be explained by examining how the identities of the minority and majority were formed, how they have been shaped throughout the history of interaction between the two groups, and how they have influenced the relationship between the groups. There is also a need to study how political entrepreneurs manipulate traditional markers and modern issues for instrumental gains. On this basis, it is possible to understand the political salience of the identities, the level of hostility and the reasons why the minorities seek political power. Attaining it or retaining it, and maintaining it for a continuous period of time is dependent on an authoritarian government structure, which includes, indispensably, considerable army involvement in politics. Persistent minority rule is also dependent on its ability to legitimize itself, primarily by creating a unified identity. Success in forming such a unified identity implies a decrease in the saliency of elements of identity that' distinguish between the groups, and ultimately a decrease in the level hostility. This allows the minority rule to persist. If, however, this "unified identity" does not have the desired outcome of mollifying the majority, the ruling minority can, and will, use its military monopoly of coercive power to subdue internal opposition. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

This is a thesis conducted in San José, Costa Rica during two months in the spring of 2021. The purpose of this study is to explore what factors are causing migration from Nicaragua to Costa Rica, if the migration has included discrimination in any form and to what extend the staff at the non-governmental organizations Dale una mano a tu hermano (Give your brother a hand), and Ticos y Nicas (costaricans and nicaraguans) somos hermanos (Ticos y Nicas, are brothers) find their vision of integrating Nicaraguan refugees into Costa Rica possible.  The data for this project was collected through semi structured interviews with staff members at the non-governmental organizations “Dale una mano a tu hermano”, “Ticos y Nicas somos hermanos” and migrants from Nicaragua. The concepts of The Rational Choice Theory, Lee’s Push and Pull Migration Theory, and Hall’s theory of the “Other” was used as a theoretical framework to the thesis. The conclusion of this study is that migration from one country to another is caused by several factors, that migration can lead to discrimination in any form, and that the mentioned non-governmental organizations still find their work of integrating migrants into Costa Rica hard.

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This thesis explores the complexities of constructing a German identity as a black German. The recent emergence of Germany's black minority group was generally perceived as an opportunity to reevaluate Germanness as it has been understood in the past. However, this thesis shows that a reevaluation of Germanness lacks full support because traditional German ideals of racial superiority continue to exist in the consciousness of all Germans - black and white. This suggests that theories of racial superiority continue to determine belonging and identity construction in Germany. Above all, the presence of Western racial ideology in black German identity construction signifies a development of self-rejection and the disunity of the black German population. This thesis explores these effects through black German literature, survey interviews and German media.