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This dissertation is comprised of three papers, which aim to improve our knowledge of how democracy and legislature size matter for ethnic representation among political leaders. The first paper introduces the Global Leadership Project (GLP), which provides the first dataset to offer biographical information on an array of leaders (i.e. members of the executive, the legislature, the judiciary and other elites) around the world. Personal characteristics and identities of political leaders influence their behavior in elective office, and thus carry implications for the course of politics and policy. The GLP encompasses 145 nation-states and 38,085 leaders, each of whom is coded along 31 parameters, producing approximately 1.1 million data points in a cross-sectional format centered on 2010-13. This data allows comparison of the demographic characteristics (i.e. gender balance, age, ethnicity, education, languages spoken, education, and tenure) of leaders within countries, across countries, and across regions. The second paper examines the causal mechanism of how democratization increases ethnic descriptive representation through a longitudinal case study of Kurdish representation in the Turkish parliament from 1920 until 2011. It argues that ethnic descriptive representation increases in a competitive democracy because out-parties collaborate with ethnic groups to gain electoral advantage over their rivals. In Turkey, the collaboration of emerging out-party actors with the Kurds explains the rise of Kurdish descriptive representation. Through process tracing, this paper examines this collaboration, explaining the precarious increase in Kurdish descriptive representation in Turkish political history. The third paper argues that larger legislatures foster greater ethnic descriptive representation regardless of regime type. Theoretically, larger legislatures provide more "room" to pay off key elites, improve the inclusion of disadvantaged groups by diminishing the value of a seat, and are less subject to stochastic features that might upset descriptive representation. The argument is tested with a series of cross-national research designs drawing on the GLP database. A new disproportionality index of Ethnic Representation is created with the aggregated data at the national level. The argument is also tested with Two-Stage Least Squares analysis where the variation in population size is taken as an instrument of legislative size. / 2031-01-01T00:00:00Z

Artificiell intelligens har blivit en allt större del av samhället där arbetsplatser måste anpassa sig i takt med den tekniska utvecklingen. En bransch som börjat implementera AI alltmer i arbetsprocesser är filmbranschen. Syftet med studien är att utforska hur AI har påverkat filmindustrin, identifiera förändrade dynamiker samt utforska hur aktörer ser på utvecklingen av AI och de etiska och sociala dilemman som kan komma med denna teknik. En kvalitativ metod har använts och sju kvalitativa intervjuer hos diverse filmproduktionsbolag har genomförts vid insamling av data. Resultatet visar att samtliga respondenter använder AI i arbetsprocesser vilket förbättrar effektiviteten och ökar de kreativa möjligheterna. Yrkesroller har delvis redan ersatts av AI och fler förväntas ersättas i framtiden samtidigt som nya roller förväntas uppstå. Ekonomin har än inte påverkats men tillförlitligheten samt frågan kring upphovsrätt av AI-genererat material har diskuterats. Brister i etnisk mångfald vid användning av AI har även påvisats. Slutsatsen går i hand med resultatet i form av att AI bidrar till fler möjligheter men framhäver även viss problematik kring avsaknaden av verkställda lagar av AI-genererat innehåll. / Artificial Intelligence has become an increasingly significant part of society, and workplaces must adapt alongside technological developments. One industry that has begun to implement AI more extensively in its processes is the film industry. This study aims to explore how AI has impacted the film industry, identify changed dynamics, and examine how stakeholders view the development of AI and the ethical and social dilemmas that may arise from the technology. The study implemented a qualitative method and conducted seven qualitative interviews at various film production companies for data collection. The results show that all respondents use AI in their work processes, which improves efficiency and increases creative opportunities. Occupational roles have partly been replaced by AI already and more are expected to be replaced in the future, while new roles are also expected to emerge. The economy has yet to feel the impact, but discussions have been made regarding reliability and the issue of copyright for AI-generated material. Deficiencies in ethnic diversity in the use of AI have also been established. The conclusions align with the results, indicating that AI brings more opportunities but also highlights challenges due to the absence of established laws regarding AI-generated material.