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The purpose of this thesis is to propose an effective and ecological solution for emission trading in the Czech Republic. The proposal will be compiled on the basis of a previous description of emission trading within the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and around the world. This description will consist of legal and economic consequences of emission trading, a comparison of implemented policies of several countries, followed by information about Czech emission trading, and finally a proposal to improve the current situation on carbon market in the Czech Republic. Proposed improvements will be compared in the discussion.

The aim of this study is to examine how the EU ETS price has affected the price of electricity in the Nordic electricity market, and how future changes in the carbon price may affect the wholesale electricity prices. The Nordic countries included are Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland. The analysis builds on a reduced econometric model where the Nordic electricity price constitutes the dependent variable. Problem with autocorrelation implied that quarterly data rather than monthly data were used. This model is estimated using ordinary least square (OLS) regression technique. Four variables were found to be statistically significant. These include the EU ETS price, the hydro reservoir level, the coal price and the temperature. The estimated coefficients were used to conduct a simulation on what could happen if the EU ETS price increased to € 30 per ton. The results showed that the electricity price would than increase by about € 16 per MWh from its current level at about € 37 per MWh.

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ETS1 est un facteur de transcription (FT) spécifique transposé dans les leucémies aigües. Le rôle essentiel d'ETS1 a été décrit au cours de l'hématopoïèse, plus particulièrement dans la différenciation lymphocytaire T. Son expression temporelle coordonnée participe au contrôle des transitions du stade double négatif (DN) CD4-/CD8- au stade double positif (DP) CD4+/CD8+jusqu'au stade simple positif (SP) CD4+ ou CD8+. Au cours de l'ontogenèse T, ETS1 transactive notamment l'expression des chaînes β et α du récepteur des cellules T (TCR). Nous avons criblé à grande échelle les cibles d'ETS1 aux stades DN et DP en ChIP-Seq, ainsi que desmarques histone et de l'ARN polymérase II (Pol II). Afin de faciliter nos analyses bioinformatiques, nous avons développé deux logiciels, CoCAS et AmaMineReg, qui permettent d'identifier plus facilement les cibles à partir de données brutes et de discriminer les vrais des faux positifs. Nous avons trouvé 5900 cibles en DN et 3400 en DP, principalement intergéniques dont 2000 sont communes, non caractérisées et correspondent aux gènes induits par la réponse immédiate à la signalisation TCR. Parmi les cibles différentiellement exprimées entre les deux stades, ETS1 active les gènes thymus-spécifiques et réprime les gènes hématopoïétiques non T spécifiques,en fonction de la co-occurrence avec le motif RUNX1. Nous avons également caractérisé très clairement le site de fixation en conditions natives, qui se révèle être CTTCCT.De plus, ETS1 co-localise avec des marques chromatines permissives aux régions inter- et intragéniques,caractérisées par un contenu GC, densité de motifs de fixation de FT (SFFT) et conservation inter-espèces accrus. / ETS1 is a specific transcription factor (TF) transposed in acute leukemias. key role of ETS1 wasdescribed during hematopoiesis, especially in T lymphocyte differentiation. Its temporal expression participates in the coordinated control of phase transitions from the CD4-/CD8-double negative (DN) stage to CD4+/CD8+ double positive (DP) up to CD4 or CD8 single positivestage (SP). During ontogenesis T ETS1 notably transactivates the expression of the alpha and beta chains of the T-Cell receptor (TCR). We performed genome-wide screening of ETS1 at both DN and DP stages via ChIP-Seq, as well as histone hallmarks and RNA polymerase II (PolII). To facilitate computational analysis we developed two new software suites, and COCASAmaMineReg, which allow easier identification of targets from raw data and to discriminate between true and false positives. We found 5900 targets in 3400 in DN and DP, mostly intergenic, out of which 2000 are common, and correspond to uncharacterized genes induced bythe immediate response to TCR signaling. Among targets differentially expressed between thetwo stages, Ets1 activates thymus-specific genes and represses non T-specific haematopoietic genes depending on the co-occurrence with the RUNX1 motif. We also very clearly characterized the binding site in native conditions, which proved to be CTTCCT. Furthermore, Ets1 colocalizes with permissive chromatin marks in inter-and intra-genic regions, characterized byincreased GC content, TF binding motifs (TFBS) density as well as inter-species conservation

Les facteurs ETV1, 4, 5 sont souvent associée au développement de cancers. Le 1èr projet porte sur ETV4 et MMP13 en tant que gène cible et relais potentiel de l’effet pro-tumorigène d’ETV4 dans la tumorigenèse mammaire. ETV4 est surexprimé dans le cancer du sein et est associé à un mauvais pronostic, mais les événements impliqués sont encore peu connus. ETV4 contrôle l’expression de nombreux gènes comme MMP13. Cette étude a permis de montrer que MMP13 est un gène cible d’ETV4. En effet, la surexpression de MMP13 contribue aux effets pro-tumorigène et l’inhibition de MMP13 dans un contexte de surexpression de ETV4 diminue son impact. Enfin, l’étude effectuée dans la cohorte de patiente associe la surexpression d’ETV4 et de MMP13 à un cancer de mauvais pronostic. Le 2ème projet porte sur l’implication d’ETV1 dans la progression métastatique du cancer de la prostate (CaP). Les fusions de gènes impliquant les facteurs ERG et ETV1 sont présentes dans ≈50% et 10% des cas respectivement, ETV1 est présent à 50% sous sa forme pleine longueur et à 50% sous une forme tronquée. Les études ne présageant pas de différences entre les fusions ERG et ETV1. Dans ce contexte, mon 2ème sujet d’étude porte sur la recherche de l’implication du facteur ETV1 (pleine longueur ou tronquée) dans la formation des métastases du CaP et la recherche de gènes cibles impliqués, le tout en comparaison avec les données sur ERG. Cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence une différence en terme d’agressivité entre les 2 formes d’ETV1 in vitro et in vivo. Cependant la fusion étant peut représentée, les résultats récolté dans la cohorte ne peuvent permettre de confirmer cette différence d’agressivité. / ETV1, 4, 5 transcription factor are overexpress in various cancer. The first part is focus in MMP13 like target gene, potentially implicated in the mammary tumorigenesis induced by ETV4. Thus we show, the regulation of MMP13 expression by ETV4. Next we show that ETV4 promotes the mammary tumorigenesis and that MMP13 is a relay. In fact, the overexpression of MMP13 is implicate in pro-tumorigenesis effect and the repression of MMP13 in context of ETV4 overexpression decreases this effect. This approach was completed by the injection of cells in mice and show MMP13 mediate the pro-tomorigene effect of ETV4. We analysed expression of MMP13 and ETV4 in primary breast tumors and show the overexpression concomintant of ETV4 and MMP13 are associated with a poor prognosis. The second part of our study is about the ETV1 factor, in the progression of metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) and the research of involved target genes. Gene fusion involving ERG and ETV1 and their overexpression are frequent in PCa and occur in 50% and 10% of cases respectively. To understand the role of ETV1, in comparison with available data on ERG, differents PCa cells overexpress or repress ETV1 were used. We have shown that the ETV1 factor enhance tumorigenesis capacities PCa cell lines and her truncated form has opposite effects. ETV1 full-lenght (FL) induces more bones metastasis formation than her truncated form. The expression of ETV1, and his truncated form was study in PCa samples. We confirmed the pro-tumorigenic statute of ETV1 factor in PCa and we defined differences beetwen FL and truncated length and complet the comprehension of the ETV1 function in the formation of bones metastasis of PCa.

The topic of this work was the use of variable DNA regions for clarification of phylogenic relations of closely related South African species of Crassula L. genus. Based on preliminary dendrogram which was constructed according to chloroplast regions, 69 members of Crassula genus were used for analysis. Variable regions of chloroplast DNA (matK, rps16) as well as nuclear regions of DNA (ITS, ETS) of these members were analyzed. This work was focused on variable regions of nuclear DNA mainly to ETS region which was found as the most suita-ble for phylogenic study of this group of plants. These four regions of DNA were amplified and sequenced for all 69 analyzed members of Crassula genus. The multiple alignments of all DNA sequences were evaluated. The results confirm hypothesis that chosen noncoding nucle-ar DNA regions can be more suitable for phylogenetic study of these closely related species than chloroplast DNA regions because of their much higher variability. The ETS region shoved highest variability of all regions used in this work, so it appears as suitable for detailed phylogenetic analysis of the Crassula genus.