Orientador: Paulo Mazzafera / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T03:44:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_Pedro_D.pdf: 6852680 bytes, checksum: b600bcf1dc03598d34cbd378b1a5725a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Eucalyptus globulus é amplamente cultivado devido à alta produção de celulose, fibras pouco densas e flexíveis, tornando-se industrialmente vantajoso. A lignina é fundamental para o desenvolvimento das plantas superiores, pois confere resistência mecânica, hidrofobicidade do xilema e facilita o transporte de água ao longo do vegetal. A biossíntese da lignina ocorre a partir de três precursores formados na via dos fenilpropanoides e, posteriormente incorporados: p-hidroxifenil (H), guaiacil (G) e siringil (S). Na última etapa da biossíntese de lignina temos as enzimas peroxidases de classe III que exercem papel fundamental. A tese foi divida em quatro capítulos. O Capítulo I aborda a caracterização de genes de referência que podem ser utilizados para a normalização de dados de PCR em tempo real para Eucalyptus sob diferentes tipos de tratamentos ¿ estresses abióticos. Duas abordagens foram utilizadas para o cálculo do gene mais estável e, dentre as análises realizadas, três genes se destacaram aos demais, independentemente do tratamento proposto: IDH, SAND e ACT. No Capítulo II, é descrito uma condição in vitro que propicia acúmulo diferencial de lignina em Eucalyptus globulus. Desse modo, identificamos duas peroxidases de classe III que eram preferencialmente induzidas com o acúmulo de lignina¿ EglPrx121 e EglPrx122. O Capítulo III descreve parcialmente uma peroxidase de classe III induzida no escuro. Experimentos de microdisecção e hibridização in situ corroboram a hipótese de que esse gene possa estar relacionado com a deposição de lignina em Eucalyptus globulus. Por fim , o Capítulo IV descreve um abordagem inédita na utilização de espectrometria de massas acoplada a um sistema de imagem na caracterização de precursores de lignina ¿ unidades S e G que são amplamente utilizados na caracterização de plantas quanto a recalcitrância.. Esses trabalhos podem servir de base para estudos posteriores envolvendo biologia molecular básica para arbóreas e caracterização de madeira e suas propriedades / Abstract: Eucalyptus globulus is widely cultivated due pulp content, low flexible and density fibers, becoming industrially advantageous . Lignin is essential for the development of higher plants, confers mechanical strength, xylem hydrophobicity and facilitates water transport through the plant. The biosynthetic lignin pathway occurs from three precursors and subsequently incorporated as: p- hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S). The last step have class III peroxidases playing a key role. The thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter I, characterization of reference genes which may be used for qPCR normalization for Eucalyptus under different treatments - abiotic stresses . Two approaches were used to calculate the most stable gene and we selected three genes, regardless of the proposed treatment: IDH, SAND and ACT. In Chapter II , is described in vitro condition that promotes differential accumulation of lignin in Eucalyptus globulus. We identified two class III peroxidases that were preferentially induced with the accumulation of lignin - EglPrx121 and EglPrx122. Chapter III describes one class III peroxidase induced in the dark condition. Microdissection and in situ hybridization support the hypothesis that this gene might be related to the deposition of lignin in Eucalyptus globulus. Finally , Chapter IV describes a novel approach for mass spectrometry coupled to an imaging system for the characterization lignin precursors - S and G units which are widely used to correlate plants and their recalcitrance. These thesis can be used for further studies involving basic molecular biology to characterize tree and wood properties / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Eucalyptus species form an integral part of the South African forestry industry and their uses extend from paper and pulp production to the synthesis of essential oils which are used in various cosmetic products. Throughout their lifetime these hosts are naturally challenged with various pests and pathogens, most of which cause devastating diseases. An approach to curb the spread of pathogens is to enhance the defence response of the host. Most of the information pertaining to defence against pathogens stems from studies conducted in model organisms such as Arabidopsis, however such information is scarce in woody species such as Eucalyptus. It is understood, from model systems, that once the pathogen is perceived by the host, a cascade of defences are initiated such as the activation of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signalling pathways. These pathways in turn activate the expression of genes involved in limiting the spread of the pathogen such as pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Certain PR genes have also been shown to be markers of the induction of a specific pathway e.g. PR2 is a marker for the SA pathway. This study aimed to elucidate marker genes specific to the SA (PR1, PR2 and PR5) and JA (PR3, PR4 and LOX) signalling pathways in Eucalyptus grandis using the genome sequence, bioinformatics tools and sequence information from other plant species. A co-phylogenetic approach using neighbour joining analysis and maximum likelihood was used to identify and add confidence in the selection of putative orthologs. Following the selection of orthologous markers, the expression profile of these candidate genes was assessed using Reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Transcript profiling was conducted under mock induction of the signalling pathways as well as under pathogen stress. For the mock induction of the pathways, the expression profiles of the putative marker genes were investigated under various concentrations of the inducer and at various time points. In the interaction with Chrysoporthe austroafricana it was observed that the SA signalling pathway could have a role in facilitating resistance due to the expression profile observed for EgrPR2. In the tolerant genotype (TAG5) this gene was induced at an earlier time point as opposed to the susceptible genotype (ZG14). These putative markers could provide a diagnostic tool for the screening of pathogen challenged eucalypts to determine which signalling pathway(s) are activated against various pathogens. In addition, this research adds to our knowledge of defence responses in E. grandis by elucidating genes that can be used as targets for improving resistance. Additionally this study provides a stepping stone for understanding mechanisms to curb future tree diseases. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Genetics / Unrestricted

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-12-21T15:42:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2730160 bytes, checksum: dc4a39fded036f7ec40656940abca859 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T15:42:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2730160 bytes, checksum: dc4a39fded036f7ec40656940abca859 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-06-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente estudo avaliou a intervenção de desrama artificial em povoa- mentos de três clones de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla, com diferentes arquiteturas de copa, denominados como 1265, 1288 e 1270, na área da CAF/Santa Bárbara Ltda., em Alcobaça, Bahia. Foram estabelecidos três experimentos, seguindo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Os tratamentos de desrama aplicados às plantas variaram em intensidade (altura de desrama), freqüência (número de intervenções) e idades (época de realização da primeira intervenção de desrama). Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros por ocasião de cada intervenção de desrama e seis meses após a última intervenção: diâmetro a 1,30 m de altura (DAP), altura total, volume das árvores, radiação fotossiteticamente ativa (RFA) e índice de área foliar (IAF) medidos à 0,5 m de altura do solo, arquitetura de copa, acúmulo de matéria orgânica e coeficiente de extinção. Os resultados da arqui- tetura de copa evidenciaram a variação entre os clones na distribuição de biomassa de galhos e folhas ao longo do fuste. Por exemplo, até 3 m de altura das plantas, aos 16 (clone 1265) e 14 (clones 1288 e 1270) meses de idade, estes clones apresentaram, 17,4; 48,3 e 32,7% de área foliar total, respecti- vamente. Até 6 m de altura das plantas, aos 22 (clone 1265) e 20 (clones 1288 e 1270) meses de idade essa proporção foi de 13,4; 20,9 e 29,3%, respec- tivamente. A projeção de copa das plantas indicou fechamento de dossel nos povoamentos estudados antes de 22 meses de idade, indicando que a primeira intervenção de desrama artificial deva ser realizada antes desta idade para estes clones, evitando-se formação de grande quantidade de galhos mortos. A aplicação de desrama em idades mais jovens promoveu redução do IAF e aumento da transmissividade da RFA, enquanto em idades mais avançadas mantiveram-se inalterados. Não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas signifi- cativas entre tratamentos de desrama para altura, DAP e volume das plantas, para os clones 1265 e 1288, enquanto para o clone 1270, houve diferença estatística significativa apenas para a altura, 19 meses após a primeira inter- venção de desrama. O reduzido efeito da desrama sobre o crescimento destes clones pode estar associado a remoção relativamente baixa de área foliar bem como da capacidade de recuperação de sua copa. A remoção máxima (48,3%) de área foliar foi para o clone 1288, aos 14 meses de idade. Há, porém, neces- sidade de se avaliar o crescimento das plantas, em idades mais avançadas, uma vez que os efeitos da desrama podem surgir até dois anos após a última intervenção. Foi observado, aos 19 meses após a primeira intervenção de desrama, efeito benéfico sobre a produção de madeira limpa, isenta de nós, que constitui-se num parâmetro de qualidade da madeira para uso em serraria. Os resultados desse trabalho indicam a necessidade de definir a intesidade de desrama artificial, em povoamentos de Eucalyptus, com base no percentual de área foliar a ser removido, devendo este ser inferior a 40%. / Artificial pruning was evaluated in three Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clones (1265, 1288, and 1270) with different crown architecture, established in southeastern Bahia, Brazil. Three experiments were established in a completely randomized design with three replications. The pruning treatments varied in intensity (height of pruning), frequency (number of interventions), and ages of the first pruning intervention. The following parameters were evaluated at the time of every pruning intervention and six months after the last intervention: diameter at 1.30 m (DBH), total height, tree volume, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and leaf area index (LAI) measured at 0.5 m above the soil, crown architecture, total organic matter and extinction coefficient. It was observed that the clones varied significantly in crown architecture based on biomass distribution of branches and leaves along the trunk. For example, the clone 1265 at the age of 16 months and the clones 1288 and 1270 at the age of 14 months, presented 17.4, 48.3, and 32.7% of the total leaf area, up to a plant height of 3 m and, up to the height of 6 m, at the age of 22 (clone 1265) and 20 months (clones 1288 and 1270), they presented 13.4, 20.9, and 29.3%, respectively. Based on crown projection, the dossel could be considered closed before the plants reached the age of 22 months, indicating that the first artificial pruning intervention should be realized before this age, to avoid the formation of a great quantity of dead branches. Pruning treatments applied at young ages led to a substantial reduction in LAI and increase in PAR transmissivity, whereas these values were not altered at more advanced ages. No statistically significant differences were found among the pruning treatments for height, DBH and plant volume for the clones 1265 and 1288, while significant statistical differences were found for clone 1270 (height only), 19 months after the first pruning intervention. The reduced effect of pruning on growth might be due to the relative small amount of removed leaf area as well as the recovery capacity of the crown. The greatest percentage of leaf area (48,3%) was removed from clone 1288, at the age of 14 months. A beneficial effect of pruning on the production of clean wood (without knots) was observed 19 months after the first pruning intervention. Results of this study point out the need of defining the appropriate intensity of artificial pruning in Eucalyptus stands, based on the percentage of the leaf area to be removed, which must lie below 40%.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-01-11T12:03:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2502290 bytes, checksum: 22d685c578f144910b2e53c06476c20b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T12:03:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2502290 bytes, checksum: 22d685c578f144910b2e53c06476c20b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-11-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente trabalho foi executado no Laboratório de Propriedades Físicas e Mecânicas da Madeira da Universidade Federal de Viçosa e teve, como objetivo principal, a caracterização das madeiras de Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake e Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell., através de um estudo sobre as variações da constituição anatômica e de algumas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira dessas espécies, considerando locais, árvores e posições internas diferentes da árvore. Procurou-se, também, descrever as possíveis correlações existentes entre algumas dessas propriedades. O material utilizado é proveniente de reflorestamentos de duas empresas situadas no Estado de Minas Gerais, localizadas nos municípios de Turmalina e Paraopeba. Utilizaram-se as duas primeiras toras de sete árvores de cada espécie por local, perfazendo um total de 56 toras de 3 m de comprimento. Dessas toras se obteve uma prancha diametral de 4 cm de espessura, de onde foram retirados os corpos de prova e amostras para os diversos ensaios realizados. Foram determinadas as propriedades mecânicas, (resistência e rigidez à flexão, resistência à compressão e ao cisalhamento), propriedades físicas (densidade e coeficientes de contração), além das características anatômicas (comprimento, largura, diâmetro do lume e espessura da parede das fibras; diâmetro, freqüência e área ocupada por vasos). A madeira de E. cloeziana demonstrou ser sempre mais resistente e rígida que a madeira de E. urophylla em função de sua maior densidade. Não se encontrou diferença significativa na maioria das propriedades da madeira de E. cloeziana, inclusive entre locais. Já a madeira de E. urophylla apresentou variação significativa em suas propriedades dentro da espécie e de acordo com o local de plantio; embora a relação T/R tenha apresentado coeficientes com valores inferiores a 2 (dois), os valores de contração foram elevados. Como as propriedades mecânicas apresentaram valores elevados, sugere-se sua utilização em situações que demandam elevada resistência mecânica, como estruturas de habitações, partes estruturais de móveis, assoalhos, marcos de portas, etc. / The main objective of this work was the characterization of the wood of Eucalyptus cloeziana and of Eucalyptus urophylla from two sites in the State of Minas Gerais. Mean values of some physical, mechanical and anatomical properties were determined, along with their variation in the bark-to-pith direction. Possible correlations between these properties were also studied. Two 3-meter long logs from seven trees of each of the two species and of the two regions were cut and transported to the wood mechanics laboratory at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, where they were sawed, air-dried and machined to produce all the samples to be essayed. The wood of E. cloeziana, denser than that of E. urophylla, was also found to be stiffer in bending, as well as stronger in bending, in compression parallel-to-the-grain and in shear. There was no statistically significant difference in mean values of these properties for the first species between the two sites. Eucalyptus urophylla, however, has properties that differ significantly between the two sites; it is also characterized by its very high shrinkage, although the T/R value is lower than 2. Because the two species are strong and stiff, it is suggested that they should be used as structural components in buildings and furniture and as flooring and door frames / Não foi localizado o cpf do autor.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-01-12T12:04:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1183163 bytes, checksum: 0b6d8fdf81146ee021d2a73b3c9b3898 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T12:04:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1183163 bytes, checksum: 0b6d8fdf81146ee021d2a73b3c9b3898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior / Avaliou-se cinco testes de Progênies de Eucalyptus urophylla com 363 progênies, com uso do procedimento REML/BLUP (máxima verossimilhança restrita / melhor predição linear não viesada) e um teste de Eucalyptus grandis com 265 progênies de treze procedências, visando a seleção com base no DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito), dos indivíduos portadores dos maiores valores genéticos preditos. Os testes de Eucalyptus urophylla foram instalados separados por procedência, em blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições e parcelas lineares de oito plantas, no espaçamento 3 x 2 metros e avaliados aos 48 meses de idade. Nas populações de melhoramento, Pomar de Sementes por Mudas (PSM), de Eucalyptus urophylla o ganho genético variou de 9,5 a 25,3 % e tamanho efetivo populacional de 58 a 224. Para a população de produção, Pomar de Sementes Clonal, o ganho genético estimado variou de 15,2 a 26,8 % com a seleção de 21 indivíduos para a recombinação. O teste de progênies Eucalyptus grandis foi instalado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições e parcelas lineares de seis plantas, no espaçamento 3 x 2 metros, com as progênies aleatorizadas dentro de cada bloco independentemente das procedências. A seleção com base no DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito) propiciou um ganho genético de 16,1 % e tamanho efetivo populacional de 897 no estabelecimento do Pomar de Sementes por Mudas (PSM) e variou de 12,7 a 22,3 % para o Pomar de Sementes Clonal estabelecido com 29 indivíduos na recombinação. Visando a produção de híbridos interespecíficos foram selecionados 100 genitores de Eucalyptus urophylla e 100 de Eucalyptus grandis para cruzamentos em dialelos circulantes. Os cruzamentos entre os pares de indivíduos portadores das maiores distâncias genéticas conduzirão a um ganho genético estimado variando entre 35,7 a 38,5 %. / Five tests were carried out with 363 Eucalyptus urophylla progenies from Indonesia, and one a test with 265 Eucalyptus grandis progenies from thirteen provenances in Guanhães- MG, in order to estimate the genetic values and parent selection for the production of interspecific hybrids in controlled crosses. A complete randomized block design was used, with five replications and row plots of six Eucalyptus urophylla and eight Eucalyptus grandis plants, in a spacing of 3.0 x 2.0 m. The genetic parameters were estimated with mixed models, using the REML/BLUP procedure (restricted maximum likelihood / best linear unbiased prediction) and minimum squares, for the diameter at breast height (DAP), total height (ALT) and individual volume (VOL) characteristics. The genetic values were predicted only for the iameter at breast height (DAP) characteristics, which was aim of the selection. Heritability estimates in the restricted sense of 0.28 and accuracy in a range of 61% in Eucalyptus urophylla and of 0.23 and accuracy of 53% in Eucalyptus grandis. Were obtained the election of the 100 parents of each species individually indicates genetic gains of 20.6 % in Eucalyptus urophylla and 16.4 % in Eucalyptus grandis. The genetic gain for the diameter at breast height characteristics around 35.0% can be obtained after crosses among the first 10 plants selected from each species that are carriers of the greatest genetic divergences. / Não foi localizado o currículo lattes do autor.

Cellulose is the most important component of paper and pulp products and increased cellulose biosynthesis in commercially important trees like Eucalyptus spp. could greatly benefit paper and pulp industries. Cellulose in plants occurs mostly in the secondary cell walls together with lignin and hemicellulose. It is biosynthesised by membrane-bound rosette-shaped protein complexes. The rosette complexes are believed to be comprised of six sub-units each containing six cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins. The CESA proteins utilise UDP-glucose to polymerize growing glucan chains that coalesce to form cellulose microfibrils. Three distinct CESA proteins form the rosette complexes during primary cell wall formation and three different CESA proteins form complexes during secondary cell wall deposition. The exact means by which the CESA proteins interact within a rosette complex remains unknown. Elucidating rosette protein complex assembly and better characterization of CESA protein activity is required in order to increase cellulose biosynthesis in commercially important trees. Because of the difficulties to characterise genes and proteins in tree species, Arabidopsis thaliana has been used to study xylogenesis. Although it is a herbaceous weed, Arabidopsis has been shown to undergo secondary growth under certain conditions. A literature study of cellulose biosynthesis in plants has highlighted several scientific questions: Will over-expression of a heterologous secondary cell wall CESA protein in Arabidopsis lead to increased cellulose biosynthesis? What effect will the over-expression of a heterologous protein have on the growth and development of Arabidopsis? Will it have an effect on cell wall chemistry in stem tissues? What effect will expression of the transgene have on endogenous Arabidopsis gene expression? The aim of this M.Sc study was to functionally characterise the Eucalyptus secondary cell wall associated cellulose synthase gene, EgCesA1, in Arabidopsis. The EgCesA1 coding sequence was constitutively expressed in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. Three transgenic lines expressing EgCesA1 was generated. Hypocotyl and inflorescence vascular cell wall phenotypes were compared between transgenic and wild-type plants. Chemical analysis of inflorescence tissues were performed to detect changes in monosaccharide and lignin content of transgenic plants compared to wild-type plants. Transcript levels of EgCesA1 and endogenous Arabidopsis genes involved in cell wall biogenesis were quantified and compared between wild-type and transgenic lines. No significant changes in cell wall morphology could be detected, despite small alterations in inflorescence cell wall chemical composition in transgenic plants. Expression of EgCesA1 did not appear to have a statistically significant effect on endogenous gene transcript levels. It was concluded that constitutive expression of a single transgenic CesA gene is insufficient to increase cellulose biosynthesis. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Genetics / unrestricted

Eucalyptus grandis and its hybrids is the most important and widely planted eucalypt in South Africa. It has a wide range of uses including pulpwood, poles, firewood, charcoal, flooring, mining, furniture and general carpentry. Conservation of plant genetic resources including those used in agriculture, horticulture and forestry has become an issue of common global concern. Cryopreservation involves the storage of plant material at ultra low temperature (-196°C). The techniques for cryopreservation currently in use are varied and include the older classical techniques and the new vitrification-based techniques. Storage of biological material at -196°C causes metabolic functions to slow down considerably and minimize biological degradation, thus allowing for long-term preservation. However, there are particular stresses associated with the freezing process, e.g., ice crystal formation and cryo-dehydration, which may severely damage the material. Tolerance to drying is the key to successful cryopreservation and is commonly used in the preparation of in vitro material for cryostorage. However, drying may result in damages and a number of stresses that may activate caspase-like proteases and trigger cell death processes such as programmed cell death and necrosis. During the drying process, the physical and physiological characteristic of the cell changes because of the removal of water and damage is reflected by the lack of resumption of normal activity upon rehydration. As part of a cryo-procedure, Eucalyptus grandis axillary buds isolated from in vitro shoots were dried over silica gel for 20 minutes. Pre-treatment of the shoots with 5mg.l-1 ABA for 5 days resulted in partial resistance of the isolated buds to water loss (76% to 45%) as compared with untreated buds (76% to 33%). Concomitantly, viability decreased from 100 to 70% for ABA treated buds and to 55% for the untreated buds. Ultrastructural examination showed cellular responses to drying, ranging from cell death, through partial disruption to organelles to apparently normal ultrastructure. The use of the vital stains, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and propidium iodide, showed that certain regions of the buds (e.g. the leaf primordia) were the most prone to drying damage. The meristem, however, appeared to survive drying and for up to 72 hours of rehydration. High Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) activity was associated with bud excision and the drying procedure. Caspase-3-like protease activity was detected after drying and rehydration in both nonviable treated and untreated buds, but not in the hydrated controls. The Caspase-3 inhibitors Ac-DEVD-CHO, pepstatin and leupeptin partially suppressed that activity. The ultrastructural studies and the use of the vital stains provided confirmation of the beneficial effects of ABA. The detection of a caspase-3- like protease has provided some evidence that the rehydrated buds, that had ultimately died, had undergone programmed cell death. The ROS production during bud isolation which was exacerbated by the drying procedure is considered to be the trigger for the programmed cell death. Data in the present study showed the role of both necrosis and PCD in the death of the tissues of the axillary buds of E. grandis axillary buds. The data also contributed to the better understanding of the impact of cryoprocedures on these clonal tissues which are ideal propagules for forestry germplasm conservation.

Alien invasive species can have serious negative impacts on the biodiversity and functioning of ecosystems, but identifying invaders early, before they cause problems, can dramatically reduce the costs of controlling them. There is substantial research in identifying key attributes of invasive species, which can potentially be used in this regard. Many Eucalypts have formed the backbone of forestry in South Africa since the 1800s. While many other plantation species such as pines and legumes, have become serious invaders in many parts of the world, Eucalyptus species have been not been nearly as successful in invading alien environments. This is surprising considering that in their native habitat; members of this genus dominate almost all vegetation types. This project used available theory on the qualities that characterise invasive species to assess the invasive potential of one Eucalyptus species: Eucalyptus grandis (rose gum). Many alien plants take a long time to establish naturalised populations and spread through new ecosystems and this research will provide information on the likelihood that E. grandis will become a problem species in the future. A field study was used to determine whether there is any indication that it is in fact, invading from plantations in Mpumalanga, and if so, which ecological processes affect this invasion potential. Belt transects (5 by 50 metres) were used in sampling the populations growing near plantations. To determine whether frost is affecting the populations, one site was at high elevation where it is exposed to frost (near Graskop) and the other at a low elevation area with infrequent frost (near White river). Key reproductive traits such as generation time and seed viability which are known to affect invasion potential were also studied. Demographic data was used to determine the rates of establishment of E. grandis outside of plantations. The results showed that E. grandis had a short generation time and its seeds had a viability of 97%. Assessing the shape parameter (c) of the Weibull distribution function showed that both the Graskop (c=1) and White River (c=1) size class distributions had reverse j-shaped curves, characteristic of good rejuvenation. However, some Graskop sites had a monotonic function (c < 1) showing that frost is affecting the rejuvenation process. Generally the results show that rate of spread is low and this might suggest that the populations are on the establishing populations’ invasion stage. However, there is no indication that there are any environmental or life history factors that would prevent Eucalyptus from becoming invasive in the future, and I would recommend strict monitoring of its rates of spread out of plantation forests in various parts of the country.

As áreas de plantações florestais existentes no país são insuficientes para o atendimento da demanda por madeira nos mais diversos segmentos, sendo que, para a indústria de produtos de maior valor agregado (PMVA) e construção civil, de modo geral, a madeira é, em geral, procedente da exploração não sustentável das florestas naturais. O uso da madeira de reflorestamento é uma possível alternativa de disponibilização de madeira de qualidade, adequada aos requisitos tecnológicos dos PMVA, sem colocar em risco de extinção as espécies nativas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo caracterizar tecnologicamente madeira de três espécies exóticas com boa possibilidade de reflorestamento na região sudeste do país, sendo elas, de Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus cloeziana e E. resinifera, para aplicação da madeira no design de PMVA. Os ensaios laboratoriais compreenderam em caracterizar a madeira quanto suas propriedades (i) organolépticas - cor; (ii) físicas - densidade básica, umidade e variação dimensional volumétrica; (iii) anatômicas - frequência de vasos, diâmetro de lume, espessura de parede da fibra e comprimento de fibras; (iv) mecânicas - MOR e MOE para flexão estática e compressão paralela, resistência à tração normal e cisalhamento e dureza Janka, além de (v) qualidade de superfície com acabamento em filme - rugosidade, resistência do filme ao impacto, ao risco, à abrasão e à mancha. Os resultados de avaliação da cor indicaram diferença de tonalidade e cor entre as espécies. A avaliação física indicou uma semelhança na densidade básica das madeiras das espécies analisadas, de médio a baixo teor de umidade e variação dimensional favorável para aplicação em PMVA. Na caracterização das propriedades mecânicas os resultados de MOR e MOE foram similares às madeiras consideradas nobres e utilizadas em PMVA. Nos ensaios de qualidade de superfície, os resultados encontrados para rugosidade foram bastante satisfatórios, compreendendo às classes N5 a N9 da NBR 8404/1984, com alta possibilidade de aplicação em produtos que requerem boa qualidade de superfície. Os resultados permitem concluir que as três espécies estudadas tem alto potencial para aplicação no design em PMVA. / The areas of forest plantations in the country are insufficient to meet the demand for wood in various segments, how to the industry of Products with Higher Added Value (HVAP) and construction, generally, the wood is, coming from unsustainable exploitation of natural forests. The use of wood from reforestation is a possible alternative for the provision of quality wood suitable to the technological requirements of PMVA without putting endangered native species. In this context, the present study aimed to characterize technologically three wooden exotic species with good potential for reforestation in the southeast of the country, being, Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus cloeziana and E. resinifera for application the wood to design HVAP. The laboratory tests are understood in timber characteristics how in this properties (i) organoleptic properties - color, (ii) physical - Basic density , moisture content and volumetric dimensional variation, and (iii) anatomical - frequency vessel, lumen diameter , wall thickness of the fiber and fiber length, (iv) mechanical - MOR and MOE for bending and compression tests, tensile normal and shear and Janka hardness, and (v) quality of surface finish film - roughness , film resistance to impact, to risk, to abrasion and stain. The color evaluation results showed a difference the tone and color among species. The physical evaluation indicated a similarity in the basic density of wood species analyzed, medium to low moisture content and dimensional variation favorable for application in HVAP. The characterization of the mechanical properties of the MOR and MOE results were similar to those considered noble woods and used in HVAP. In tests if surface quality, the results were quite satisfactory for roughness, comprising rating N5 to N9 NBR 8404/1984, with a high possibility of application in products that require good surface quality. The results indicate that the three species has high potential for application to design HVAP.

As áreas de plantações florestais existentes no país são insuficientes para o atendimento da demanda por madeira nos mais diversos segmentos, sendo que, para a indústria de produtos de maior valor agregado (PMVA) e construção civil, de modo geral, a madeira é, em geral, procedente da exploração não sustentável das florestas naturais. O uso da madeira de reflorestamento é uma possível alternativa de disponibilização de madeira de qualidade, adequada aos requisitos tecnológicos dos PMVA, sem colocar em risco de extinção as espécies nativas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo caracterizar tecnologicamente madeira de três espécies exóticas com boa possibilidade de reflorestamento na região sudeste do país, sendo elas, de Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus cloeziana e E. resinifera, para aplicação da madeira no design de PMVA. Os ensaios laboratoriais compreenderam em caracterizar a madeira quanto suas propriedades (i) organolépticas - cor; (ii) físicas - densidade básica, umidade e variação dimensional volumétrica; (iii) anatômicas - frequência de vasos, diâmetro de lume, espessura de parede da fibra e comprimento de fibras; (iv) mecânicas - MOR e MOE para flexão estática e compressão paralela, resistência à tração normal e cisalhamento e dureza Janka, além de (v) qualidade de superfície com acabamento em filme - rugosidade, resistência do filme ao impacto, ao risco, à abrasão e à mancha. Os resultados de avaliação da cor indicaram diferença de tonalidade e cor entre as espécies. A avaliação física indicou uma semelhança na densidade básica das madeiras das espécies analisadas, de médio a baixo teor de umidade e variação dimensional favorável para aplicação em PMVA. Na caracterização das propriedades mecânicas os resultados de MOR e MOE foram similares às madeiras consideradas nobres e utilizadas em PMVA. Nos ensaios de qualidade de superfície, os resultados encontrados para rugosidade foram bastante satisfatórios, compreendendo às classes N5 a N9 da NBR 8404/1984, com alta possibilidade de aplicação em produtos que requerem boa qualidade de superfície. Os resultados permitem concluir que as três espécies estudadas tem alto potencial para aplicação no design em PMVA. / The areas of forest plantations in the country are insufficient to meet the demand for wood in various segments, how to the industry of Products with Higher Added Value (HVAP) and construction, generally, the wood is, coming from unsustainable exploitation of natural forests. The use of wood from reforestation is a possible alternative for the provision of quality wood suitable to the technological requirements of PMVA without putting endangered native species. In this context, the present study aimed to characterize technologically three wooden exotic species with good potential for reforestation in the southeast of the country, being, Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus cloeziana and E. resinifera for application the wood to design HVAP. The laboratory tests are understood in timber characteristics how in this properties (i) organoleptic properties - color, (ii) physical - Basic density , moisture content and volumetric dimensional variation, and (iii) anatomical - frequency vessel, lumen diameter , wall thickness of the fiber and fiber length, (iv) mechanical - MOR and MOE for bending and compression tests, tensile normal and shear and Janka hardness, and (v) quality of surface finish film - roughness , film resistance to impact, to risk, to abrasion and stain. The color evaluation results showed a difference the tone and color among species. The physical evaluation indicated a similarity in the basic density of wood species analyzed, medium to low moisture content and dimensional variation favorable for application in HVAP. The characterization of the mechanical properties of the MOR and MOE results were similar to those considered noble woods and used in HVAP. In tests if surface quality, the results were quite satisfactory for roughness, comprising rating N5 to N9 NBR 8404/1984, with a high possibility of application in products that require good surface quality. The results indicate that the three species has high potential for application to design HVAP.