This dissertation describes six syntactic complex predicates in Q'anjob'al (Maya) spoken in Santa Eulalia, Huehuetenango, Guatemala: the Directional Construction (DIRC), Verbal Resultative Predicate (resultative V1V2), Causative Predicate (causative V1V2), Complement-like Predicate (complement-like V1V2), Preverbal Resultative Predicate (R2°P), and Positional Resultative Construction (PRC). They resemble resultatives, serial verbs, and causatives in other languages. The dissertation describes their monoclausal structure, meaning, event and argument structure, and lexical restrictions. These translate into five parameters: (a) they have a single value of time, aspect, modality and polarity, (b) they have a single set of arguments, (c) they have one intonational contour, (d) the elements denote a single event or subparts of a macro event, and (e) the elements minimally involve argument sharing, but could also involve argument fusion, or composition. Q'anjob'al complex predicates have two main features: (a) they are of an asymmetric type in that one element functions as the 'primary' element, and (b) they always have a verbal element (V) with another element that can be verbal or nonverbal (NV). Thus, these complex predicates always have a verbal 'primary' element. Regarding their structure, complex predicates involve four constructions: (a) a nonverbal-verbal construction used by the R2°P and shared by depictives (where it is a non-complex predicate and multi-headed clause), (b) a verb-verb construction used for causative, resultative, and complement-like V1V2s and shared by DIRCs, (c) a verbdirectional construction, a serial verb type, where V is the main verb and DIR corresponds to up to three motion verbs, and (d) a verb-positional construction used by the PRC. In their argument structure, resultatives and causative V1V2s, PRCs, and R2°Ps involve argument fusion, complement-like V1V2s involve raising, and DIRCs may involve argument sharing or fusion depending on the particular type. Regarding event structure, resultative V1V2s, and aspectual DIRCs denote a single event, and other complex predicates denote macro events. Finally, lexical semantics is central for distinguishing complex predicates from each other and from other multi-headed clauses. This dissertation contributes to the documentation of Q'anjob'al and advances the syntactic and semantic analysis of Mayan languages. It also contributes to our understanding of complex predicates through a case study. / text

Tesis doct.--Universidad de Amsterdam, 2002. / Bibliogr. p. 185-199.

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Auteursnaam op omslag: Jenny Fraai. Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands en Engels.

Univ., Diss.--Amsterdam, 2002.

While Constantine worked diligently to unite the Roman Empire under the banner of Christianity in the early fourth century after the Edict of Milan and Council of Nicaea, it was the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 under Theodosius I that made Christianity the Roman state religion. During this time of conversion and great change within the empire, as well as earlier in the fourth century, new adherents to the religion were unsure about what it meant to be a Christian as well as how one should act in order to present themselves as a true believer. Many were still very familiar with their ancestral and polytheistic traditions, but were unsure of the character of this new, singular God. They had questions concerning their identity within this new framework. Was everything different now that they had accepted Christianity? Were their actions supposed to be entirely different than what their ancestors had taught them? To address the issue of Christian identity during this period, Prudentius, a Spanish Christian, composed many works in the late fourth and early fifth centuries, including his Peristephanon Liber, a compilation of fourteen Christian martyr texts. In these texts, Prudentius used gendered language to show the superiority of the Christian martyrs. The Christians were depicted as having self-control, active, and having a willingness to die while the pagan persecutors and judges were seen as being filled with wrath, unjust, and unable to properly govern. By using gendered language that was familiar to the new converts of the Roman Empire with respect to sexuality and masculinity, Prudentius sought to help create a masculine Christian identity that was both recognizable and superior to the masculinity of the previous regime. In order to prove this, an analysis on gender in the ancient world and its scholarship will be summarized. I will then describe the two martyr texts that portray women as the protagonist: Eulalia and Agnes. By analyzing the gendered language of these texts, I hope to show how Prudentius used gender, something that the Romans already understood, to invert traditional gender roles and present the Christians as the more masculine and the pagans as more feminine. By bending gender, Prudentius sought to teach these new Christians that being a Christian made a person not only masculine, but also a superior masculine figure than if they still believed in paganism. By focusing on the language of these texts and using secondary sources, I show that Prudentius, like previous Christian authors, used gendered language and female protagonists in order to show these new Christians what it meant to be a true believer, thus attempting to create a superior Christian identity in a newly Christianized society.

Santa Eulalia M. Md. 7, dated January 20, 1600, is part of the San Miguel Acatán Repertory, which originated in the northwestern highlands of Guatemala and is presently owned by the Lilly Library of Indiana University. The manuscript contains thirty-four four-part songs and dances, two thirds of which are villancicos for Christmas, Easter, the Eucharist, and the feasts of All Saints and St. Michael. The remaining third consists of Latin biblical texts in either fabordón or contrapuntal settings, three pieces with Náhuatl texts, and an instrumental pavana. The thesis contains a modern edition of Santa Eulalia M. Md. 7 with critical notes and commentary, a comparison of the pieces with villancicos and fabordones of European origin, and a survey of several aspects of Mayan culture.

El flujo de escombros es el fenómeno de movimiento de masas más frecuente en el Perú. Parámetros como su fuerza de impacto, velocidad de desarrollo del flujo y distancia de recorrido, combinados con su baja predictibilidad hacen de este fenómeno uno de los más peligrosos para los asentamientos y las actividades humanas vulnerables al mismo. Algunas consecuencias son el fallecimiento de personas, daños estructurales y afectaciones socioeconómicas a la población. Se lo conoce y es el quinto fenómeno que más personas y viviendas afectadas ocasionó en el intervalo de 2003 a 2018 en el Perú. Esta cifra demuestra que el Perú es un país altamente susceptible a desastres originados por flujos de escombros. No obstante, hasta la actualidad no existe un buen entendimiento del fenómeno en mención. Por lo expuesto anteriormente, esta investigación pretende realizar estudios de los flujos de escombros, los cuales permitan comprender el comportamiento de la dinámica de los mismos desde su origen hasta su deposición. Para lograrlo, se realizó el modelamiento de los flujos de escombros en la quebrada Cashahuacra ubicada en la parte baja de la subcuenca Santa Eulalia perteneciente a la cuenca del río Rímac. Esta simulación se efectuó mediante el uso de un modelo bidimensional de diferencias finitas denominado FLO 2D. Con el fin de lograrlo, se realizó una evaluación de los aspectos topográficos, geotécnicos, geomorfológicos, reológicos e hidrológicos. Además, se determinaron los parámetros más sensibles en el modelamiento de los flujos de escombros con el propósito de obtener una estimación ajustada a la realidad. Como consecuencia de estos procedimientos, se generaron los mapas de peligro correspondientes a la quebrada Cashahuacra para diferentes periodos de retorno. Gracias a esto, se pudo determinar las áreas con mayor susceptibilidad a ser afectadas en caso de que se presente un evento de precipitación extrema. Se realizó la calibración del modelo comparando el volumen depositado para un evento de Tr=500 años y la validación se realizó comparando los mapas de peligro con mapas temáticos de peligro geotécnico en Santa Eulalia - Lima. Además, se comprobó que el modelo FLO-2D favorece el entendimiento de los flujos de escombros al facilitar la comprensión de sus potencialidades y limitaciones. Esta información podrá ser aplicada a futuros estudios para la determinación de medidas preventivas y mitigantes ante la avenida de flujos de escombros. De la misma forma, contribuirá al mejor entendimiento de los flujos de escombros en el Perú. Además, aportará a la generación de mapas de riesgos, los cuales permitirán una mejor gestión de los recursos hídricos. Ello, a su vez, a la obtención de parámetros necesarios para el diseño de elementos de contención y prevención. De esta manera, se busca disminuir las cifras en pérdidas económicas y de vidas humanas ocasionadas por los flujos de escombros.

No description available.

The architectural intentions may best be described in the phrases: "symbolic meaning of the environment" - "the spirit of place" - and the need to assure the "historical continuity". The main points of the program are the following: 1.- to create a service unit corresponding to the needs of the overall development of the micro-region as regards to tourism, 2.- to favor contact between the tourists and the local population, 3.- to express this aim by means of an open type of structure, 4.- to offer a wide range of activities corresponding to the needs and desires of the occupants, 5.- not to destroy the natural and existing environment. / Master of Architecture