The main topic of the dissertation is the development and changes in the political thinking of Czech reform communism from 1968. While in the 1960s reform communism represented the dominant intellectual and political current, after the military invasion in August 1968 it gradually disappeared from the public discourse and was later completely suppressed by normalization propaganda and labeled as "counter- revolutionary" and "right-wing opportunist" ideology. The central questions of the thesis explore the changes that the political project of reform communism underwent during the twenty-one-year normalization period and the shifts that took place in the "horizon of expectation" of the Czechoslovak socialist opposition in the context of the intellectual and political changes of the 1970s and 1980s. The aim of the thesis is to explain the political perspectives of reform-communist intellectuals in the Czechoslovak opposition after 1968. They represented an important part of both domestic and especially exile opposition, which formed around the journal Listy. Some of them also played an important role in the creation of Charter 77 and its legalistic criticism. Nevertheless, their story does not fully fit into the traditional narrative of Czechoslovak dissent, as they never completely parted ways with...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Toledo Magane.pdf: 829580 bytes, checksum: b6dd6e0a1ee5e2d0a2447d68c065eb2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-22 / In a historic moment in which the bourgeois autocracy of the country was rebuilding itself, in the year of 1979, a process started by the proclamation of political amnesty at the beginning of the government of João B. Figueiredo, an essay by Carlos Nelson Coutinho was published in issue number 9 of magazine Encontros com a Civilização Brasileira (meeting of Brazilian culture), entitled Democracy as an universal value . This essay is the very root of our present endeavor. It is an essay held by many positively or negatively as a watershed in left-wing Brazilian politics. The main purpose of this present research is to unveil the ideologic pattern of Coutinho s worldview, its ramifications and practical advent within the left-wing. There is also an added concern of salvaging an old debate of the European worker s movement about the validity, universality or class-related, of political democracy. Taking as a starting point the debates within German and Russian social-democracy, we considered the disputes between Rosa Luxemburg and Eduard Bernstein, and, later, Lenin s criticism of Kautsky. Furthermore, it is also our intention to remark on the influence exerted on Carlos Nelson Coutinho s theory by the trend of Euro-communism , particularly from the ideological output of the Italian Communist Party and its organic intellectuals . The project was based on a specific bibliographic research and in other historical documents, made through ontological criticism, containing an immanent analysis of the subject, its social determination and function in the evolving of the historical process. Sifting through Coutinho s concept-linking, we located many problematic appropriations, wherein concepts about art, taken from the works of 13 Karl Marx, were transposed to the sphere of politics. We made an effort to analyze Coutinho s limitations, with the aid of the ontologic lineaments of marxist thought. About onto-negative determination of politicity, with specify the limits of political democracy, not as ultimate liberty, due to its being supported by the pillars of a civil society driven by capital. The emancipation of mankind in general requires an association in which the free development of each is a condition for the development of all (Karl Marx) / No momento histórico de auto-reforma da autocracia burguesa, em 1979, proclamada pela anistia política, no período inicial do governo de João B. Figueiredo, foi publicado, na Revista Encontros com a Civilização Brasileira Nº 9, o ensaio de Carlos Nelson Coutinho "A democracia como valor universal" que é a raiz de nosso trabalho. Esse seu ensaio é considerado por muitos - para o bem ou para o mal - como um divisor de águas na própria esquerda brasileira. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é o desvendamento da trama ideológica da visão de mundo de Coutinho, seus desdobramentos e sua consumação prática no interior da esquerda, bem como procura resgatar uma antiga discussão do movimento operário europeu sobre a validade, seja universal, seja de classe da democracia política. Tomando como ponto de partida os debates no interior da social-democracia alemã e russa, desenvolvemos os embates entre Rosa Luxemburgo e Eduard Bernstein e, posteriormente, as críticas de Lênin contra Kautsky. Objetivamos ainda apontar para a influência que a teoria de Carlos Nelson Coutinho sofreu do eurocomunismo , particularmente da produção ideológica do Partido Comunista Italiano e de seus intelectuais orgânicos . O trabalho baseou-se em pesquisa bibliográfica específica, e em outros documentos históricos, através da crítica ontológica, constituída da análise imanente do objeto, sua determinação social e função no evolver do processo histórico. Encontramos no decorrer das concepções de Coutinho apropriações problemáticas de transposição de conceitos acerca da arte, extraídos da obra de Karl Marx, para a esfera da política. Procuramos analisar suas limitações, com o auxílio dos lineamentos ontológicos do pensamento marxiano, sobre a determinação ontonegativa da politicidade, que especifica os limites da democracia política, não como a última forma de liberdade, pois que se assentam 11 nos pilares da sociedade civil regida pelo capital. A emancipação humana geral pressupõe uma associação na qual o livre desenvolvimento de cada um é a condição para o livre desenvolvimento de todos (Karl Marx)