Ce travail est consacré à la résurgence du socialisme dans la Russie post-soviétique de 2008 à 2017 à travers le prisme des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication. Il se présente sous la forme d’une chorographie réticulaire des communautés virtuelles socialistes disséminées à l’intérieur du segment russe de l’Internet et d’une typologie politique comprenant 66 organisations partisanes emblématiques de la complexité et de la diversité de ce champ politique. Pour ce faire, nous avons examiné les conditions du renouveau du socialisme en Russie depuis l’éclatement de la crise bancaire et financière mondiale de 2008 (néolibéralisme, globalisation, démocratie de marché). Cette période coïncidant également avec l’arrivée au pouvoir de Dmitrij Medvedev, porté par une politique de modernisation, nous avons observé que ce phénomène allait de pair avec le développement de nouveaux outils multimédias permettant aux militants et sympathisants socialistes de reprendre le contrôle de leurs narrations et de se définir de façon autonome à partir des territoires informationnels qu’ils occupent dans le cyberespace. Enfin, nous avons vu que les lignes de fracture inhérentes au socialisme russe étaient en train d’évoluer consécutivement à la transition vers la postmodernité, de sorte que de nouveaux clivages et de nouvelles configurations identitaires sont en train d’apparaître en son sein. Ces antagonismes affleurant par la pratique de la communication politique en ligne jusque dans les utilisations que les socialistes font de la musique, nous avons souligné que ceux-ci participent de manière polémologique à la production de visions alternatives de la réalité. / This work deals with the resurgence of socialism in post-Soviet Russia from 2008 to 2017 through the lens of new information and communication technologies. It is composed of a reticular chorography showing the socialists virtual communities spread in the Russian segment of the Internet and a political typology including 66 partisan organizations all representative of this political field’s complexity and diversity. With this aim in mind, we studied the conditions of the revival of socialism in contemporary Russia since the financial and economic crisis of 2008 (neoliberalism, globalization, market democracy). This period coinciding with the accession of Dmitrij Medvedev to the presidency through a project of political and social modernization, we observed that this phenomenon was going in hand with the development of new multimedia tools allowing the socialist activists and their sympathizers to take back the control of their narratives in the informational territories they occupy in the cyberspace. Finally, we observed that the fracture lines inherent to the Russian socialism were on the verge of changing due to the transition to postmodernity because new ideological splits and new political identities are now emerging in these territories. The given narrative antagonisms being emphasized by the practice of online political communication (including the uses Russian socialists make of music in their virtual communities), we point out that they actually contribute to the production of alternative visions of reality in a polemological way.

This thesis examines the reactions to the Hamas attack on 7 October 2023 on the political left. The focus is on understanding how the German left’s responses differ from those of the global left and the extent to which these differences are influenced by the concept of "German guilt." The study employs content analysis of social media statements, guided by theoretical insights from Karl Jaspers' notion of metaphysical guilt and Moishe Postone's critique of violence against civilians. The findings reveal a distinct divergence in responses: while the German left uniformly condemned the violence, the global left displayed a wider range of reactions, including significant support framed as “resistance”. This thesis suggests that beneath the apparent national or ethnic differences, there lies a more fundamental divide grounded in Postone’s critique of the left’s approach to violence against civilians as a legitimate means to achieve progressive goals.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Toledo Magane.pdf: 829580 bytes, checksum: b6dd6e0a1ee5e2d0a2447d68c065eb2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-22 / In a historic moment in which the bourgeois autocracy of the country was rebuilding itself, in the year of 1979, a process started by the proclamation of political amnesty at the beginning of the government of João B. Figueiredo, an essay by Carlos Nelson Coutinho was published in issue number 9 of magazine Encontros com a Civilização Brasileira (meeting of Brazilian culture), entitled Democracy as an universal value . This essay is the very root of our present endeavor. It is an essay held by many positively or negatively as a watershed in left-wing Brazilian politics. The main purpose of this present research is to unveil the ideologic pattern of Coutinho s worldview, its ramifications and practical advent within the left-wing. There is also an added concern of salvaging an old debate of the European worker s movement about the validity, universality or class-related, of political democracy. Taking as a starting point the debates within German and Russian social-democracy, we considered the disputes between Rosa Luxemburg and Eduard Bernstein, and, later, Lenin s criticism of Kautsky. Furthermore, it is also our intention to remark on the influence exerted on Carlos Nelson Coutinho s theory by the trend of Euro-communism , particularly from the ideological output of the Italian Communist Party and its organic intellectuals . The project was based on a specific bibliographic research and in other historical documents, made through ontological criticism, containing an immanent analysis of the subject, its social determination and function in the evolving of the historical process. Sifting through Coutinho s concept-linking, we located many problematic appropriations, wherein concepts about art, taken from the works of 13 Karl Marx, were transposed to the sphere of politics. We made an effort to analyze Coutinho s limitations, with the aid of the ontologic lineaments of marxist thought. About onto-negative determination of politicity, with specify the limits of political democracy, not as ultimate liberty, due to its being supported by the pillars of a civil society driven by capital. The emancipation of mankind in general requires an association in which the free development of each is a condition for the development of all (Karl Marx) / No momento histórico de auto-reforma da autocracia burguesa, em 1979, proclamada pela anistia política, no período inicial do governo de João B. Figueiredo, foi publicado, na Revista Encontros com a Civilização Brasileira Nº 9, o ensaio de Carlos Nelson Coutinho "A democracia como valor universal" que é a raiz de nosso trabalho. Esse seu ensaio é considerado por muitos - para o bem ou para o mal - como um divisor de águas na própria esquerda brasileira. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é o desvendamento da trama ideológica da visão de mundo de Coutinho, seus desdobramentos e sua consumação prática no interior da esquerda, bem como procura resgatar uma antiga discussão do movimento operário europeu sobre a validade, seja universal, seja de classe da democracia política. Tomando como ponto de partida os debates no interior da social-democracia alemã e russa, desenvolvemos os embates entre Rosa Luxemburgo e Eduard Bernstein e, posteriormente, as críticas de Lênin contra Kautsky. Objetivamos ainda apontar para a influência que a teoria de Carlos Nelson Coutinho sofreu do eurocomunismo , particularmente da produção ideológica do Partido Comunista Italiano e de seus intelectuais orgânicos . O trabalho baseou-se em pesquisa bibliográfica específica, e em outros documentos históricos, através da crítica ontológica, constituída da análise imanente do objeto, sua determinação social e função no evolver do processo histórico. Encontramos no decorrer das concepções de Coutinho apropriações problemáticas de transposição de conceitos acerca da arte, extraídos da obra de Karl Marx, para a esfera da política. Procuramos analisar suas limitações, com o auxílio dos lineamentos ontológicos do pensamento marxiano, sobre a determinação ontonegativa da politicidade, que especifica os limites da democracia política, não como a última forma de liberdade, pois que se assentam 11 nos pilares da sociedade civil regida pelo capital. A emancipação humana geral pressupõe uma associação na qual o livre desenvolvimento de cada um é a condição para o livre desenvolvimento de todos (Karl Marx)