Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Orientador: Giuliano Contento de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T23:38:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Blikstad_NicholasMagunsDeleuse_M.pdf: 2418684 bytes, checksum: d8b98bbe49c4a2141d314bf67f99c71c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar a crise da zona do euro (2007-2013) à luz do processo de integração europeu do pós-guerra e da teoria econômica ortodoxa que embasou e legitimou a forma de constituição da zona do euro. Em relação ao processo de integração, o trabalho enfatiza cinco fatores: 1) mudança das motivações; 2) consolidação da liderança alemã; 3) como as diversas etapas de integração impactaram na coordenação de políticas econômicas; 4) inserção do bloco no sistema monetário e financeiro internacional em cada período; e 5) constituição de um bloco com países heterogêneos. Argumenta-se que a evolução do processo de integração, resultando na constituição de uma união monetária, em 1999, ocorreu sob influência da teoria econômica ortodoxa, com o Novo Consenso Macroeconômico e a Hipótese dos Mercados Eficientes, além dos efeitos dessas teorias para as modificações da teoria das Áreas Monetárias Ótimas. Nesse sentido, sustenta-se que a institucionalidade da zona do euro, em um contexto de livre movimentação de capitais, resultou em problemas estruturais que permitiram: 1) a evolução dos desequilíbrios internos ao bloco, no período de expansão econômica (2000-2007), entre centro e periferia (PIIGS); 2) o aprofundamento e transformação da crise, a partir de 2010, com a crise dos títulos soberanos dos PIIGS; e 3) o prolongamento da crise, devido às recomendações realizadas pelas autoridades europeias. Defende-se, assim, que a crise da zona do euro é o resultado dessa dinâmica e que os países centrais possuem um papel essencial para sua determinação. Dessa forma, as causas da crise da zona do euro devem ser buscadas nos problemas estruturais do bloco, com a evolução de suas assimetrias internas e das dificuldades que a institucionalidade do euro impôs para a adoção de políticas econômicas autônomas, especialmente de caráter anticíclico. Para isso, será utilizado o referencial teórico keynesiano e pós-keynesiano, evidenciando a importância da incerteza, das expectativas e do comportamento dos bancos nesse processo / Abstract: This paper seeks to analyze the eurozone crisis (2007-2013) in the light of the European integration process and orthodox economic theory that contributed to legitimate the form of the constitution of the euro area. Regarding the integration process, the paper emphasizes five factors: 1) change in the motivations; 2) consolidation of the German leadership; 3) how the different integration steps impacted in the coordination of the economic policies; 4) insertion of the region in the international monetary and financial system in each period; and 5) establishment of a monetary union with heterogeneous countries. It is argued that the evolution of the integration process, resulting in the formation of a monetary union in 1999, occurred under the influence of orthodox economic theory, with the New Consensus Macroeconomic and the Efficient Market Hypothesis, in addition of the effects of these theories to the modifications of the theory of Optimal Currency Area. In this sense, the overall goal of the dissertation is to show that the institutions of the euro area, in a context of free movement of capital, resulted in structural problems that allowed: 1) development of internal imbalances, between center and periphery (PIIGS), in the economic expansion period (2000-2007); 2) deepening and transformation of the crisis, from 2010, with the crisis of sovereign bonds in the PIIGS; and 3) prolonging the crisis, due to recommendations made by the European authorities. It is argued, therefore, that the eurozone crisis is the result of this dynamic and those central countries has a key role in its determination. In this sense, the causes of the eurozone crisis must be sought in the structural problems of the monetary union, in the performance of its internal imbalances and the difficulties that the institutions of the euro imposed for the adoption of autonomous economic policies, especially countercyclical ones. For this, a theoretical framework of Keynesian and post-Keynesian nature will be used, highlighting the importance of uncertainty and bank behavior / Mestrado / Teoria Economica / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

La réalisation du marché intérieur de l’énergie constitue le moyen de diminuer le coût de l’énergie pour les consommateurs tout en assurant d’autres objectifs tels que la sécurité d’approvisionnement. Toutefois, les marchés européens du gaz et de l’électricité connaissent de nombreuses défaillances identifiées par la Commission dans son rapport résultant d’une enquête sectorielle lancée en 2005. Les directives de libéralisation ne suffisant pas, elle prône une application renforcée du droit de la concurrence, en particulier du droit du contrôle des concentrations. L’objet de cette étude est dès lors d’analyser l’utilisation de ces règles dans le cadre du processus de libéralisation des marchés énergétiques en Europe.Après une explication de la vague de concentrations ayant eu lieu dans le secteur énergétique sous l’impact de la libéralisation et du contexte qui l’entoure, on s’intéresse à l’utilisation des règles du contrôle des concentrations. Cette étude tente de mettre en exergue l’utilisation orientée de ses règles. Les Etats membres tout d’abord tendent à favoriser les opérations de concentrations se produisant entre des entreprises nationales tout en posant des obstacles aux opérations impliquant l’entrée sur leurs territoires d’acteurs étrangers.La Commission quant à elle favorise les concentrations de nature transfrontalière afin d’aider à la réalisation du marché intérieur et au développement de l’aspect concurrentiel de ce marché. Pour ce faire, elle a recours à un outil particulier : les remèdes. De tels rapprochements entre entreprises favorisant le marché intérieur, il n’est pas dans l’intérêt de la Commission de les interdire. Les remèdes permettent d’éliminer les effets négatifs qui pourraient résulter d’une opération de concentration. Cette étude propose une analyse des différents remèdes ayant été acceptés par la Commission afin de résoudre un problème de concurrence. / The completion of the internal energy market is the way to reduce energy costs forconsumers while providing other objectives such as security of supply. However,European gas and electricity markets are experiencing many failures identified by theCommission in its report published in 2007. The Commission advocates a strongerapplication of competition law, in particular the rules of merger control because theliberalization directives was not enough. Therefore the purpose of this study istherefore to analyze the application of those rules in the process of liberalization ofenergy markets in Europe.After an explanation of the merger wave that occurred in the energy sector under theimpact of liberalization and the environment that surrounds it, we are interested in theapplication of the rules of merger control.In this scope we will see that the Commission encourages the concentration of crossbordernature to help build the internal market and to develop the competition. Torealize this objective, the Commission uses a particular tool: the remedies. Theremedies can eliminate the negative effects that could result from a merger. Thisstudy provides an analysis of the various remedies that have been accepted by theCommission to resolve the problems of competition.

The dissertation deals with the conflict over the EU Services Directive which is also known as the Bolkestein Directive. The general liberalisation and deregulation of the services markets in the EU has known the greatest politicisation of an EU issue ever seen in the history of European politics. It mobilised a wide range of political actors, including unions, diverse associations and citizen groups in several member states of the EU as well as in Brussels. The Commissioner for the internal market Frits Bolkestein and the directive proposal adopted in January 2004 have come to epitomize the neoliberal face of European integration. Due to its connection with the Eastern enlargement in May 2004 and with the ratification of the European constitutional treaty in France and The Netherlands in 2005, the directive proposal on services liberalization triggered a general debate over the economic and social nature of the EU polity far beyond a mere matter of public policy. After three years of debate and mobilization, the directive proposal was substantially amended in the European Parliament and clear limitations were put to liberalization of the services of general interest and to market deregulation.<p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The political economy transformations of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have received a great deal of attention over the past decade. The focus of much research has been to examine the internal national reorientations of the countries with regard to the changes in political and economic conditions. The importance of the international reorientation of these countries toward Western Europe in general and the European Union in particular has been generally overlooked. This dissertation examines public opinion on the political and economic transformations within the framework of the direction of the international reorientations of the countries. The countries were divided into three categories, those that can be expected to be invited to join the European Union in the next enlargement, those that can be expected to join the European Union in a subsequent enlargement, and the countries not seeking European Union membership. Public opinion on democracy and the market economy and attitudinal factors that influence these opinions are compared in 16 countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The data are from the Central and East European Barometers 3-7 (1992 - 1996). The findings suggest that general opinions regarding satisfaction with democracy are not related to the status of the country seeking membership in the European Union while support from the market economy does differ. When examining attitudinal factors that are related to satisfaction with democracy and support for the market economy, differences emerged between the three categories of countries. These findings suggest that public opinion is in part shaped by the international orientations of the country and that changes in public opinion are important in understanding the political and economic transformation processes.