Existe a necessidade de modificar o processo de projeto diante da crescente complexidade envolvida em empreendimentos da construção. Há envolvimento de muitos profissionais, existência de distintas metas e interesses, além da ampliação do escopo dos projetos desenvolvidos. Além disso, o processo tradicional de projeto é geralmente desenvolvido de forma fragmentada, desconsiderando o conhecimento de vários estudos acadêmicos já desenvolvidos, sendo as decisões tomadas geralmente com base na experiência dos projetistas. Nesse sentido, uma das abordagens que vem sendo usada para melhorar os projetos de edificações é o projeto baseado em evidências (Evidence-Based Design - EBD). EBD é um processo que visa a melhorar as decisões de projeto tendo como base o uso das melhores evidências disponíveis de pesquisa, aliadas à prática profissional e a dados relacionados aos requisitos do cliente. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo conceitual para guiar o uso do EBD no processo de projeto de edificações. A pesquisa foi dividida em três estágios. O primeiro estágio, de caráter exploratório, buscou a compreensão da pesquisadora quanto ao tópico investigado (EBD). No segundo estágio, buscou-se entender a aplicação do EBD no processo de projeto com enfoque na geração de valor Já o terceiro estágio buscou desenvolver formas de disseminação de resultados baseados em evidência. Ao longo dos três estágios, foram realizadas três revisões sistemáticas de literatura e também três estudos empíricos, sendo dois desenvolvidos no contexto de habitação de baixa renda no Brasil, enquanto que o terceiro foi realizado em um empreendimento da área da saúde no Reino Unido. O estudo apresenta tanto contribuições práticas como teóricas. Sob um enfoque prático, a principal contribuição é a possibilidade de integração de evidências existentes no processo de projeto a partir do desenvolvimento de algumas formas de coleta, processamento e análise dessas evidências. Em termos teóricos, este estudo propõe uma nova abordagem conceitual sobre nomenclatura e classificação de evidências para o processo de projeto usando EBD, com foco na geração de valor. É apresentada uma proposta de processo de projeto que busca uma melhor integração entre a prática profissional com conhecimentos produzidos pela academia, por meio de um processo de geração de conhecimento como uma forma de aprendizagem contínua. / There is a need for changing the design process due to the growing complexity of construction projects. There is a large number of stakeholders, which have a diversity of aims and goals, in addition to the broader scope of building projects. Moreover, the traditional design process is usually developed in a fragmented way, based mostly on the designers’ experience, often disregarding knowledge from other stakeholders involved. Evidence based design (EBD) is an emerging approach that aims to address this problem by supporting project decision-making with available evidence from research, in addition to professional experience and clients requirements’ data. This research work has proposed a conceptual model to guide the use of EBD in the building design process. The study was divided into three stages. The first stage had an exploratory character, in which the focus of the researcher was on understanding EBD. In the second stage, the aim was to study the application of EBD in the design process, focusing on value generation. The third stage consisted of devising forms of disseminating evidence-based results Three systematic literature reviews and three empirical studies were developed along those three stages. Two studies were concerned with affordable housing projects in Brazil, and one study involved a care home project in the U.K. This work provides both practical and theoretical contributions. From a practical viewpoint, the model proposed herein integrates evidences in building design process and proposes techniques to collect, process, and analyse such evidences. From a theoretical viewpoint, it introduces a new terminology and classification for evidences that can be incorporated in buildings design by using EBD, for increasing value generation. A proposal for a new design process that improves the integration between the professional practice and knowledge produced by academics, through a process for generating knowledge as a form of continuous learning.

abstract: A growing body of research shows that characteristics of the built environment in healthcare facilities impact patients' well-being. Research findings suggest that patients form judgments of perceived quality care based on environmental characteristics. Patient outcomes and ratings of quality of care are linked to the environments' ability to reduce patient stress as well as influence perceptions of quality of care. Historically, this research has been focused in the hospital environment. The United States healthcare system heavily relies on hospitals to treat (rather than prevent) illness, leading to a high per capita healthcare expenditure. Currently, this healthcare system is shifting to rely heavily on ambulatory care settings and primary care providers to detect, prevent, and manage expensive medical conditions. The highest rates of preventable disease and the lowest rates of primary care usage are found in the young adult population (ages 18 to 24). More than any other patient population, this segment rates their satisfaction with healthcare significantly low. For this population education, early detection, and monitoring will be key for a primary care focused model to have the greatest impact on care and long-term savings. Strong patient-physician connections ensure the success of a primary care focused model. The physical environment has the opportunity to provide a message consistent with a physician's practice values and goals. Environmental cues in the waiting area have the potential to relay these messages to the patient prior to physician contact. Through an understanding and optimization of these cues patient perception of quality of care may be increased, thus improving the patient-physician relationship. This study provides insight on how to optimize environmental impact on the healthcare experience. This descriptive exploratory study utilized a non-verbal self-report instrument to collect demographic information and measure participant's responses to two panoramic photos of primary care provider waiting areas. Respondents were asked to identify physical elements in the photos that contributed to their perceptions of the quality of care to be expected. The sample population consisted of 33, 18 to 24 year-olds leaving a total of 234 emotional markers and comments. Qualitative and quantitative revealed three key themes of appeal, comfort, and regard. Physical elements, in the photos, related to the themes include: General areas that were important to the respondents were the seating and reception areas, as well as the overall appearance of the waiting area. Key elements identified to be significant characteristics influencing perceptions of quality of care are presented in this study. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.D. Design 2012

Objective: The primary objective of the thesis is to advance proactive thinking in designing healthcare facilities for safety by constructing theory to bridge gaps between evidence-based design (EBD) and human factors/ergonomics (HF/E). Background: Adverse events are a pervasive issue in healthcare, with causes and prevention measures under increased scrutiny for the past 15 years. The physical environment can be an underlying condition of safety and healthcare (HC) facility design can be seen as a layer of defense in accident causation theory. However, HC facility design is complicated and complex, and the implications of decisions can be felt for decades. While architects excel at problem solving, they are not fully versed in healthcare work tasks, flow, and function, resulting in complex system interactions. Evidence-based design (EBD) is a process that uses research as a foundation for decision-making in HC facility design. While the EBD process acknowledges the importance of system factors, its focus is on understanding specific facility design interventions on outcomes such as safety, efficiency, quality of care, and satisfaction. HF/E focuses on humans interacting with a system with a goal of optimizing human well-being and overall system performance. Although HF/E recognizes the physical environment as a system component, the ergonomic definition of the environment lacks clarity and influences are frequently considered at a microergonomic level. In summary, EBD supports desired outcomes of a system through building design, while HF/E more often supports desired outcomes of the system through work design. Methods: The thesis leverages a grant to create a Safety Risk Assessment (SRA) toolkit for HC facility design using: (1) consensus-based methods to develop built-environment considerations for falls in HC facility design, (2) a mixed methods approach to test the SRA in hypothetical scenarios, (3) a mixed methods approach to test the SRA in real-world scenarios, (4) quantitative and qualitative analysis using an inductive and abductive approach to construct grounded theory to develop a core theme and a theoretical framework for proactively considering safety in HC facility design, (5) an extended systematic literature review to identify additional system considerations of the organization and people, and (6) established thinking to advance new theoretical frameworks to achieve the thesis objectives. Results: Two theoretical frameworks are proposed. The first framework, Safety as Complexity of the Organization, People and Environment (SCOPE) is based on the Dial-F systems model (Hignett 2013). The evolution includes: the definition of the ergonomic environment using building design as the most stable element of the system, identifying built environment interventions to mitigate the risk of falls (SCOPE 1.0); the addition of non-building design interventions of the system such as organizational and people-based conditions (SCOPE 2.0); and the integration of HF/E design principles to reframe thinking about hospital falls (DEEP SCOPE). The second framework evolves from grounded theory constructed through data from SRA testing proposing safe design as a participatory process to anticipate, participate, and integrate solutions. A participatory ergonomics framework (Haines and Wilson 1998) is integrated with a mesoergonomic framework of inquiry (Karsh, Waterson, and Holden 2014, Karsh 2006) to advance a theoretical framework of participatory mesoergonomics using the SRA and SCOPE content as inputs over the course of a HC facility design project to achieve safety. Conclusion: The gap between EBD and HF/E can be bridged using safety (falls) as a proactive consideration during HC facility design using theoretical frameworks. These frameworks address (1) the definition of building design and design considerations in the HF/E context and (2) integration of the EBD process with HF/E methods to understand interactions of the system.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24908号 / 農博第2571号 / 新制||農||1102(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 北島 薫, 教授 小杉 賢一朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This practicum explores potential for a new prison typology for federally sentenced women within Canada. The Koza Centre is an alternative to designs and practices currently in place that have the potential to create barriers to successful rehabilitation and reintegration. The primary intention of this work is to understand the issues and needs that are shared by many women who have come into conflict with the law and respond with an appropriate design. The methodology for this includes a brief history of women’s imprisonment in Canada and current political contexts, an analytical framework focused on overall well-being, and precedent studies. From this, programming and strategies have been developed that inform an evidence-based design. The result is a design focused on rehabilitation through the building of healthy relationships, ties to the community, programming that fosters successful reintegration, and supportive interior design that facilitates the well-being of those within the space. / February 2016

Since the 1960s, researchers have been exploring how the design of the built environment impacts the health and well-being of occupants and users. By the 1980s, further research began to focus on healthcare facilities in particular and how design could influence patient healing and medical staff performance (Alfonsi, 2014). Evidence-Based Design (EBD) is "the process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes" (CHD, 2016). The desired outcomes of Evidence-Based Design recommendations include improvements in the following: patient healing, patient experience and comfort, medical staff performance, and medical staff job satisfaction (CHD, 2017). Extensive research has been done on the subject of EBD; however, the question remains whether or not the latest research findings are being utilized by the design and construction industries in practice. The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not the latest scientific knowledge and research findings are being implemented into hospital renovation projects by the healthcare design and construction industries. A list of recommendations from existing EBD literature was compiled. Construction documents from 30 recent healthcare facility renovation projects across the United States were then obtained and analyzed. The findings indicate that EBD recommendations are being adopted in practice at consistently high levels. These findings also reveal that there are still areas of potential improvement which could inform those who influence or determine building and design codes, standards, and guidelines. The results are instructive to owners, designers, and contractors by providing a glimpse into how well the industry is recognizing and implementing known best practices. The findings likewise open up new opportunities for further research which could lead to additional improvement in the healthcare facilities of the future.

Rural hospitals in America hold a critical position within their communities because they possess the duty and responsibility of not only providing adequate healthcare services for the population, but also bearing the heavy burden of functioning as one of the main socio-economic engines within the area. These factors, along with drastically inadequate operating budgets, often create programmatic and operational challenges for these entities to confront as they fight to provide the technologically current facilities and services needed to adequately care for their community. All of this must be done in the most cost effective way possible. This thesis will look at current trends being administered within the widespread replacement effort of these facilities, and propose several alternative strategies aimed at facilitating feasible solutions to these and other issues that are not currently being addressed. Design resolution strategies will be formulated and tested. These will then be directly implemented through a specific project design exercise that will then be evaluated.

Healing and clinical work requires a complex choreography of architectural acoustic design in healthcare settings. In most healthcare settings, medical staff members conduct vital tasks that may have life-and-death implications. Patients visit the hospitals to heal. Their expectations include fast recovery, restful sleep, and privacy (i.e., speech privacy). However, sound environment qualities of the care settings often fall far from supporting the mission of hospitals. There is strong and growing evidence showing that effective soundscapes in healthcare settings potentially impact errors, healing and stress for patients, families and staff but it is still not clear what measures of the sound environment best predict key healthcare outcomes and what design strategies best impact those measures. By using a multi-method approach (i.e., objective and subjective noise level measurements, in-situ impulse response measurements, heuristic design analysis, theoretical studies, acoustic simulations and statistical analysis), this study aims to develop evidence based design strategies by statistically defining the relationships between three types of variables: (1) architectural floor-plate design metrics, (2) acoustic metrics, and (3) occupant response. The research is conducted in three phases. The first phase of the study compared the objective and subjective qualities of the hospital sound environments with different architectural designs, assessed the effectiveness of a newer acoustic metrics in capturing caregiver perceptions, and evaluated the impact of particular noise sources on caregiver outcomes. The second phase of the study tested the validity of an acoustic simulation tool in estimating the acoustic qualities of the healthcare soundscapes. The third phase of the study systematically explored the relationship between floor-plate design and acoustics of complex inter-connected nursing unit corridors. Even though the relationship between design and acoustics of proportional spaces (a.k.a. rooms with more traditional dimensions) has been well documented, the number of studies linking design and acoustics of complex non-proportional spaces such as inter-connected corridors still remains limited. The findings of the first phase show that critical care sound environments with different designs can vary drastically and impact caregivers` perceived wellbeing and task performance (e.g., patient auditory monitoring). Despite their extensive use, traditional noise metrics sometimes may not be effective in capturing unique characteristics of healthcare sound environments. This study validated the effectiveness of a new more detailed noise metric, "occurrence rate", in capturing the differences between acoustic characteristics of healthcare sound environments. Moreover, particular noise sources such as impulsive noises are likely to dominate the ICU sound environments and interfere with perceived caregiver health and performance. The findings of the second phase suggest the potential effectiveness of acoustic simulation tools (with hybrid prediction programs) in estimating the acoustic qualities of complex inter-connected hospital corridors. The findings of the third phase suggest the potential significant impact of design features of particular hallways (e.g., number of turns, corridor length, and number of branches) and overall floor-shape characteristics of inter-connected corridors (i.e., relative grid distance, and visual fragmentation) on reverberation time. Overall, in the units with shorter, more compact, fragmented corridors with multiple number of branching hallways, reverberation times are likely to be less. Moreover receivers located at the corridors with less number of turns from the sound source also potentially experience lower reverberation times. According to previous research, the human auditory system`s ability to monitor auditory cues is likely to be higher in the less reverberant sound environments.

The architectural design process is a highly complex task based on crystallizing a unique solution which will satisfy simultaneously a series of requirements of a very diverse nature. In order to meet the technical requirements, the architect is guided by objective criteria based on empirical science, which guarantees the appropriateness of the proposed solutions. Nevertheless, some other more subjective aspects or factors in accordance with the client's particular preferences and demands, such as functionality or aesthetic effect, are usually tackled in a personal and intuitive manner by the project designer. This procedure does not allow the architect to know the client's subjective needs and true preferences exactly, nor how the client will respond to the architect's designs, and therefore it is not possible to quantify what the client's degree of satisfaction with the elaborated project will be. The objective of this work is to propose and verify experimentally a methodology which, through the combination of tools from Environmental Design, Kansei Engineering, immersive visualization and psychophysiological response measuring technologies, will enable us, in a scientific and methodical way, to know the user's response to the architectural space and thus acquire objective information which will be invaluable to the elaboration of the architectural design. For this purpose, six experimental studies deal with the different aspects of the proposed methodology: Differences in design preferences between architects and lay persons, differences in spatial understanding according to the visualization system, identification of affective factors of space and its relationship with design variables by Kansei Engineering and obtaining user¿s emotional response by autoevaluation and physiological measurement. The results of this thesis can be useful for those architects interested in involving the user in the process of architectural design. / El proceso de diseño arquitectónico es una tarea compleja consistente en cristalizar una solución única que satisfaga simultáneamente una serie de requisitos de muy distinta naturaleza. Para acometer los requerimientos técnicos, el arquitecto está acostumbrado a respaldarse bajo criterios objetivos que garanticen la idoneidad de las soluciones propuestas. No obstante, otros aspectos más subjetivos o dependientes del usuario, como la funcionalidad o la estética, suelen ser abordados de una forma personal e intuitiva por el proyectista. Esta forma de diseñar no permite conocer las necesidades y preferencias del usuario, ni su respuesta ante los diseños, de tal forma que no es posible cuantificar en qué medida lo proyectado satisfará al futuro usuario. Sin embargo, disciplinas como la Psicología, el Evidence-Based Design o, más recientemente, la Neuroarquitectura, ofrecen instrumentos que pueden ser de utilidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer y comprobar experimentalmente una metodología que, mediante la combinación de herramientas de la Psicología Ambiental e Ingeniería Kansei, sistemas de visualización inmersiva y tecnologías de medición de la respuesta psicofisiológica, permita obtener, de una manera científica y metódica, la respuesta de los usuarios ante el espacio arquitectónico para obtener información objetiva que aporte valor al proceso de diseño arquitectónico. Para ello, se plantean seis estudios experimentales que tratan distintos aspectos de la metodología propuesta: Las diferencias en preferencias de diseño entre arquitectos y no arquitectos, las diferencias en la comprensión del espacio según el sistema de presentación de los diseños, la identificación de los factores afectivos de un espacio y su relación con variables de diseño mediante Ingeniería Kansei y la obtención de la respuesta emocional del usuario ante un espacio mediante escalas de evaluación y medición psicofisiológica. Los resultados de esta tesis pueden ser de utilidad para aquellos arquitectos interesados en hacer partícipe al usuario en el proceso de diseño arquitectónico. / El procés de disseny arquitectònic és una tasca molt complexa consistent a cristal¿litzar una solució única que satisfaça simultàniament una sèrie de requisits de molt diferent naturalesa. Per a escometre els requeriments tècnics, l'arquitecte està acostumat a fer ús de criteris objectius, basats en la ciència, que garantisquen la idoneïtat de les solucions proposades. No obstant això, uns altres aspectes més subjectius o dependents de la casuística de l'usuari, com la funcionalitat o l'estètica, són habitualment abordats d'una manera personal i intuïtiva pel projectista. Aquesta forma de procedir no permet conéixer les necessitats i preferències reals dels usuaris, ni la seua resposta davant els dissenys, de tal manera que no és possible quantificar en quina mesura el que es projecta satisfarà el futur usuari. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és proposar i comprovar experimentalment una metodologia que, mitjançant la combinació d'eines de la Psicologia Ambiental i Enginyeria Kansei, sistemes de visualització immersiva i tecnologies de mesurament de la resposta psicofisiològica, permeta obtenir, d'una manera científica i metòdica, la resposta dels usuaris davant els espais arquitectònics per a obtenir informació objectiva que aporte valor al procés de disseny arquitectònic. Per això, es plantegen sis estudis que tracten les diferents aspectes de la metodologia proposada: Les diferències en preferències de disseny entre arquitectes i no arquitectes, les diferències en la comprensió de l'espai segons el sistema de presentació dels dissenys, la identificació dels factors afectius d'un espai i la seva relació amb variables de disseny mitjançant Enginyeria Kansei i l'obtenció de la resposta emocional de l'usuari davant d'un espai mitjançant escales d'avaluació i mesurament psicofisiològica. Els resultats d'aquesta tesi poden ser d'utilitat per a aquells arquitectes interessats a fer partícip l'usuari en el procés de disseny arquitectonic. / López-Tarruella Maldonado, J. (2017). Diseño arquitectónico centrado en el usuario mediante neurotecnologías inmersivas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/89099 / TESIS

How can reimagining the way we light our cities prove to be the urban catalyst to meet targets set out in the Paris Climate Agreement? In this Master Thesis, I question how restructuring our urban lighting can provide enormous benefits for not only reducing our energy consumption and becoming more efficient societies, but also support social interaction in shaping our cities for the future. The aspects pertaining to urban lighting and its influence on our environment have been organised into economy, political and urban evolution (social) categories, as a way to dissect and appreciate lights associated role in shaping our societies. Seeking sustainable strategies to meet urgent energy targets and urban development initiatives, are no longer optional but necessary. However, even with this undisputed need for change, particularly within urban lighting, approaches taken are still very much sequestered from general understanding and lack cross-disciplinary cooperation. Extensive publications, works and teachings from lighting designers, as well as currently adopted policies from government bodies and international case studies have been considered, in order to understand current strategies adopted and their potential co-operation for a future holistic strategy in tackling climate change as well as apparent inequalities in our urban environments.