Denna studie handlar om en metod som används för att lokalisera inläckage av tillskottsvatten på spillvattennät. Grunden är de praktikperioder som författaren har haft hos VA-bolaget Helsinge Vatten AB och då det utförts flera försök till att utreda inläckage i spillvattenledningarna. Metoden går ut på att analysera koncentrationen av ammonium i flödet som hämtas från brunnarna ute på nätet. Analyserna sker med hjälp av en portabel spektrofotometer tillsammans med reagenskyvetter som analyserar koncentrationen på bara 15 minuter. Detta ger en indikation på hur utspätt spillvattnet är, om det är utspätt av tillskottsvatten så visar analysen ett lågt värde vilket tyder på inläckage av dagvatten, grundvatten eller dricksvatten. Denna metod är framtagen av Norrköping Vatten och Avfall som har lyckats bra med att lokalisera inläckage med metoden. Norrköping Vatten och Avfall är en stor källa till denna studie med sin rapport ”Minskning av in- och utläckage genom aktiv läcksökning”(Uusijärvi, 2013).  I rapporten redovisas de ammoniumanalyser som har gjorts med tillhörande diagram för att tydliggöra resultaten. Eftersom spillvattennät ofta hör samman med pumpstationer och reningsverk som påverkar elförbrukning har statistik tagits fram för den pumpstation som analysområdet hör samman med. Elförbrukning har jämförts med nederbördsmätning för att se om ledningsnätet är påverkat av nederbörd, eftersom pumpstationen får arbeta mer om det är tillskottsvatten i ledningarna.  För att få fram en uppskattad mängd inläckage så har en beräkning gjorts med hjälp av en mall som Norrköping vatten och avfall har tagit fram. Där används analysvärden som tyder på inläckage tillsammans med antal abonnenter, ledningssträcka och storförbrukares avlopp. Tillsammans blir det ett värde på uppskattat inläckage i liter per dygn och meter ledning(L/D/M).  I rapporten finns det tre områden som ingår i byn Rengsjö som är utredda med ammoniummetoden. I ett testområde blev resultatet inte som önskat men lärorikt för personalen. Ett område gav resultat som visar på god kvalitet av nätet med en jämförelse av torr- och regnväder. Samt ett område där ett troligt inläckage upptäckts som kommer utredas vidare under sommaren. Detta fynd kan ge stora mängder tillskottsvatten, vilket uppfyller delar av de mål som formulerats i rapporten, dvs. att hitta inläckage för att planera vidare utredning. Tillsammans med resultaten för varje område finns en omfattande diskussion där alla aspekter som påverkar de uppmätta analysvärdena tas upp.  Som slutsats konstateras ammoniummetoden som mycket framgångsrik i syfte för Helsinge Vatten att systematiskt kunna kartlägga och utreda sina spillvattennät. Det är en kostnadseffektiv och inte så resurskrävande metod som företaget själv kan använda på en lagom nivå. / This study aims to locate the intrusion of excess water in the sewage networks, analyzing the concentration of ammonium in the flow that is obtained from the wells in the network. The foundation for the work is the author’s previous attempts to investigate stormwater at the VA-company Helsinge Vatten AB. The analysis is carried out by using a portable spectrophotometer with such reagents that can measure ammonium concentration in just 15 minutes. This gives an indication of how diluted effluent is. If  it is diluted by excess water the analysis shows a low value which is indicating intrusion of possibly surface water, groundwater or drinking water. This method is developed by Norrköping vatten och avfall, who have been a major reference of this report, with their study “Minskning av in- och utläckage genom aktiv läcksökning”(Uusijärvi, 2013).  Results from the ammonium analyses have been presented with associated charts. Because the sewage networks often are associated with pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants, which effect the electricity consumption, the electricity consumption has been documented for the pump stations in the area of study. The electricity consumption increases when the pumps are working. A analysis has been made by comparing the electricity consumption and the precipitation to see if the sewage network is influenced by precipitation.  In order to obtain an estimated amount of excess water intrusion, a calculation have been made by using a template produced by Norrköping Vatten och Avfall. In the calculation, values indicating water intrusion along with the number of subscribers, management and those who discharge most wastewater have been used. Together it gives a result of estimated intrusion in liters per day and meter network (L/D/M).  In the report, three areas located in the village Rengsjö have been investigated by using this method. The first area where the outcome was not as desired, but very instructive for the staff. The second area gave results that show the good quality of the net with a comparison of dry and wet weather. And also an area where a likely intrusion is detected and will be investigated further during the summer. This finding can indicate large amounts of stormwater. Those findings compiles with parts of the objectives formulated in the report, to find the intrusion and to plan for further investigation. Together with the results for each area, include an extensive discussion in which all aspects that influence the measured analyses have been taken up.  The report shows that the ammonium method  has been proved to be successful in identifying excess water intrusion in Helsinge Vatten’s sewage networks. This method does not rely on many resources, and therefore it is suitable for companies that wish investigate excess water instruction in a cost-effective way.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is considered one of the most economically important crops. In Brazil, it is grown in considerable diversity of environments. Climate changes have influenced significantly agricultural production. This study aims to evaluate adaptability and stability of soybean genotypes and to select those tolerant to excess water in the shoot in mid northern state of Mato Grosso, Brazil as well to verify check its influence on yield and physiological quality of grains. So that, the study was divided into two chapters: in the first one, the experiment was carried out in Porto Alegre do Norte MT, in a randomized block design involving 25 genotypes and four commercial cultivars evaluated in three replications. Assays were performed in harvests of 2008/2009, 2009/2010 and 2010/2011. In order to evaluate adaptability and stability, we used the following methods: Eberhart & Russell (1966), Lin & Binns modified by Carneiro (1998), centroid (ROCHA et al., 2005) and Wricke (1965). In the second chapter, the experiment was carried out in Sygenta Seeds Research Center, in the city of Lucas do Rio Verde MT in a randomized block design in three replications with 15 treatments: 10 lineages of Sygenta soybean and six control ones (Pintado, MSOY8866, FTS4188, P98Y51, TMG131 e MSOY8888). We conducted a factorial design with seven harvest times (control group: five days first crop; 10 days second crop; 15 days third crop; 20 days - fourth crop; 25 days fifth crop and 30 days sixth crop after R8), one period of rain simulation (T1 - 3h of rain simulation) and three replications. We evaluated the performance of each genotype by measuring the following characteristics: number of days to flowering (NDF); number of days to maturity (NDM), plant height (cm) on flowering (PHF), plant height (cm) on maturity (PHM), height on the first pod (FPH), total weight (TW) and weight of 100 grains (GW). We used germination test to evaluate it. The vigor, viability, damage from moisture and mechanical damages were assessed by the tetrazolium test. We used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) method to evaluate the protein and oil content. The results of the first chapter allowed us to verify that all methodologies agreed in detaching UFU-16 as the one with most productive performance and adaptability to favorable environment, but it showed low stability. By the method of Eberhart & Russel and Lin & Binns modified by Carneiro (1998) UFU-1 and UFU-14 lineages showed high average in grain productivity, high stability and were considered as adapted to favorable environment. However, both methods Lin Binns Lin Binns modified by Carneiro (1998 and Eberhart & Russel (1966) agreed on classifying the cultivars concerning to adaptability and stability. In the second chapter, we verified superiority in BRS Pintado cultivar concerning to total grain weight and the 100 grain weight. It was considered tolerant to excess water. Lineage 2 stands out to seed quality, with higher germination and vigor. / A soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] é considerada uma das culturas de maior importância econômica. No Brasil, ela é cultivada em considerável diversidade de ambientes. As mudanças climáticas têm influenciado a produção agrícola significativamente. O trabalho foi dividido em dois capítulos, com o objetivo de avaliar a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade de genótipos de soja e selecionar genótipos tolerantes ao excesso hídrico na parte aérea no médio Norte do Estado do Mato Grosso, bem como a sua influência no rendimento e na qualidade fisiológica dos grãos. No primeiro capítulo, o experimento foi conduzido em Porto Alegre do Norte MT, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, envolvendo 25 genótipos e quatro cultivares comerciais avaliados em três repetições. Os ensaios foram realizados nas safras de 2008/2009, 2009/2010 e 2010/2011. Para avaliação da adaptabilidade e da estabilidade, utilizaram-se os métodos Eberhart e Russell (1966), Lin e Binns modificado por Carneiro (1998), centroide (ROCHA et al., 2005) e Wricke (1965). No segundo capítulo, o experimento foi conduzido na Estação de Pesquisa da Syngenta Seeds, no município de Lucas do Rio Verde MT, em delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados e três repetições com quinze tratamentos: dez linhagens de soja da Empresa Syngenta e seis testemunhas (Pintado, MSOY8866, FTS4188, P98Y51, TMG131 e MSOY8888). Foi realizado o esquema fatorial com sete épocas de colheita (Testemunha, cinco dias (primeira colheita), dez dias (segunda colheita), quinze dias (terceira colheita), vinte dias (quarta colheita), 25 dias (quinta colheita) e 30 dias (sexta colheita) após R8) um tempo de simulação de chuva (T1 3h de simulação de chuva) e três repetições. O desempenho de cada genótipo foi avaliado por meio da mensuração das seguintes características: número de dias para a floração (NDF), número de dias para a maturidade (NDM), altura da planta (cm) na floração (APF), altura da planta (cm) na maturidade (APM), altura da inserção da primeira vagem (AIV), peso total (PT) e o peso de 100 grãos (PG). A germinação foi avaliada pelo teste de germinação. O vigor, a viabilidade, os danos de umidade e os danos mecânicos foram avaliados pelo teste de tetrazólio e os teores de proteína e de óleo, pelo método de Ressonância Nuclear Magnética (RMN). Os resultados do primeiro capítulo permitiram verificar que todas as metodologias avaliadas, Eberhart e Russell, Lin e Binns modificada por Carneiro (1998), Centroide e de Wricke (1965), foram concordantes ao se destacar a UFU- 16, apresentando-se o maior desempenho produtivo e adaptação a ambiente favorável, mas sendo considerado com baixa estabilidade. Pelo método de Eberhart e Russel e Lin Binns modificado por Carneiro (1998), as linhagens UFU-1 e UFU-14 apresentaram elevadas médias de produtividade de grãos, alta estabilidade e foram classificadas como de adaptabilidade a ambiente favorável. Contudo, as metodologias de Lin Binns modificada por Carneiro (1998) e Eberhart e Russel (1966) foram coerentes na classificação das cultivares quanto à adaptabilidade e estabilidade. No segundo capítulo, foi verificada a superioridade na cultivar BRS Pintado quanto à massa total de grãos e à massa de 100 grãos, sendo considerada tolerante ao excesso hídrico. A linhagem 2 destaca-se quanto à qualidade das sementes, apresentando germinação e vigor superiores. / Mestre em Agronomia

Inland salt lakes in Western Australia have been used by the mining industry for the disposal of excess water generated during the mining process. However, the impact of these operations on the salt lakes is poorly understood. This is mainly due to the lack of information on the biota and chemistry for the lakes. The main aim of this project was to develop a classification system for inland salt lakes of Western Australia based on abiotic and biotic factors such as sediment and water quality, invertebrates and algae to determine lakes with unique or significant features. Water and sediments collected from the salt lakes were generally characterised by an alkaline pH, high salinity and the majority of lakes being dominated by sodium and chloride. Concentrations of some metals were also high, particularly in surface water. A high degree of variation in water and sediment quality was demonstrated both within and between the study lakes. In addition, these parameters were shown to be influenced by geography, geology, stage of the hydrocycle within which the lake was sampled and the occurrence of dewatering discharge. Biota in the salt lakes must be able to cope in a harsh environment, adjusting to temporary water regime, high temperature, and high salinity. As such, the species richness of these systems is generally low. Diatoms (a group of algae) and invertebrates were investigated among the biota. A total of 56 diatom species were recorded from 24 lakes. The most common species were Amphora coffeaeformis, Hantzschia aff. baltica and Navicula aff. incertata. These species were shown to have broad tolerances to environmental variations. Sediment chemistry explained variations in diatom community structure, with zinc, moisture content and cobalt having the greatest and negative influence. / In terms of invertebrates, a total of 101 invertebrate taxa were recorded from 13 lakes in this study. Crustacea dominated and the greatest number of taxa was from the genus Parartemia. There were some differences in invertebrate community structure between lakes, most likely reflecting the high degree of speciation, and poor dispersal mechanisms of certain key species. Community structure was influenced by water quality, with phosphorus, bicarbonate and magnesium contributing to the variations in community structure. Among the 43 lakes chosen for this study a total of 17 lakes had received, or are currently receiving dewatering discharge. Sites receiving dewatering discharge generally reported higher concentrations of salts, nutrients and some metals in both water and sediments compared to natural lakes. Species richness of biota such as diatoms and invertebrates was lower at the lakes receiving dewatering discharge. However, the impact was generally localized within the pooled area of dewatering discharge. Also, despite these impacts, there appears to be signs of amelioration by flushing events. Currently there are no guidelines for water and sediment chemistry for inland salt lakes in Western Australia. Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) guidelines are the most relevant available. Concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc in surface water of the natural inland salt lakes were shown to exceed ANZECC guideline values. / Comparison with the relevant ANZECC sediment guidelines showed that they were applicable to the salt lakes, with the exception of nickel and chromium which were naturally high in the salt lake sediments. Classification of data using multivariate analysis was done for both dry and wet phases of the hydroperiod. Six groups were delineated for the sediment and diatom data, and four groups were defined for the water quality and invertebrate data. It was common for sites from particular lakes to fall in more than one group as a result of the variability in these systems. There are a number of practical applications of this system for the mining industry and it may be used as a predictive tool for determining the impact of dewatering discharge and highlighting unique salt lakes within the Goldfields of Western Australia.

<p>Učestale smene veoma vlažnih i izuzetno su&scaron;nih perioda mogu prouzrokovati značajne negativne<br />posledice na poljoprivredu, životnu sredinu, ekonomiju i na dru&scaron;tvo u celini. Strogi zahtevi<br />poljoprivredne proizvodnje i specifičnosti agroklimatskih uslova i samog područja Vojvodine čine ga<br />veoma vulnerabilnim na pojavu vi&scaron;ka ili manjka vode. Jasnije sagledavanje vremenske i prostorne<br />pojave vi&scaron;ka i manjka vode i procena rizika od njihove pojave moglo bi dovesti do preduzimanja<br />odgovarajućih mera pripreme i ublažavanja negativnih posledica i pre pojave hazardnog događaja.<br />U ovom radu su kreirane metodologije na osnovu kojih su izvr&scaron;ene procene rizika od suficita i<br />deficita vode na melioracionom području Vojvodine. Procene rizika dobijene su kombinacijom procena<br />ranjivosti i procena hazarda, a baziraju se na identifikaciji ključnih faktora koji utiču na pojavu suficita i<br />deficita vode, na njihovoj analizi i adekvatnom vrednovanju i uz kori&scaron;ćenje geografskog informacionog<br />sistema. Ključni faktori su odabrani na osnovu njihovog uticaja na samu pojavu ili na ublažavanje<br />efekata su&scaron;e ili pojave vi&scaron;ka vode, na osnovu dostupnosti podataka i na osnovu istraživanja brojnih<br />autora. Vrednovanje faktora ranjivosti je izvr&scaron;eno objektivnom metodom entropije. Analize hazarda su<br />izvr&scaron;ene savremenim hidrometeorolo&scaron;kim stohastičkim metodama koje sveobuhvatno sagledavaju<br />opasnosti od pojave su&scaron;e ili vi&scaron;ka vode. Rezultati procena ranjivosti, hazarda i rizika su dobijene<br />kori&scaron;ćenjem geografskog informacionog sistema u vidu karata.<br />Metodologije na osnovu kojih su u ovom radu sprovedene procene rizika od suficita i deficita vode<br />na melioracionom području Vojvodine, omogućavaju stvaranje uslova za podizanje pripravnosti na<br />pojavu ekstremnih hidrometeorolo&scaron;kih događaja, unapređenje planiranja meliorativnih mera kao i izbor i<br />dono&scaron;enje optimalnijih odluka vezanih za upravljanje i ulaganje u meliorativne sisteme, a sve u skladu<br />sa načelima i principima održivog razvoja poljoprivrede, vodoprivrede i melioracija.</p> / <p>Frequent changes of very dry and wet periods can cause significant adverse effects on agriculture,<br />environment, economy and the whole society. Strict requirements of agricultural production and special<br />characteristics of agro-climatic conditions of the Vojvodina region makes it very vulnerable to the<br />occurrences of excess water or drought. A clearer understanding of the temporal and spatial occurrence<br />of excess water or droughts and the risk assessment of their occurrence could lead to taking appropriate<br />measures of preparedness and mitigation of negative impacts before the onset of hazardous events.<br />In this dissertation, methodologies of risk assessments of water excess and water deficit on the land<br />reclamation areas in Vojvodina were created. Risk assessments were obtained by a combination of<br />vulnerability assessments and hazard assessments, and they are based on the identification of key factors<br />affecting the occurrence of water excess and water deficit, on their analysis and adequate evaluation and<br />by using geographic information systems. Key factors were selected based on their impact on the<br />occurrence or on mitigation of the effects of drought or excess water, on the basis of data availability<br />and based on the research of numerous authors. Valuation of the vulnerability factors is made by<br />objective method of entropy weighting. Hazard analyses were performed by using contemporary<br />hydrometeorological stochastic methods that comprehensively perceive threats of drought or excess<br />water. Assessments of vulnerability, hazard and risk are preformed in GIS and results are presented in a<br />form of thematic maps.<br />Methodologies for risk assessments of water excess and water deficit in land reclamation areas of<br />Vojvodina region, created or modified in this dissertation, allows the creation of conditions for<br />increasing preparedness to extreme hydro-meteorological events, improvement of land reclamation<br />measures planning as well as improvement of selection and decision-making regarding management and<br />investment in the irrigation and drainage systems, all in accordance with the principles of sustainable<br />agriculture, water management and land reclamation.<br />&nbsp;</p>