Este trabalho apresenta a composição funcional (CF) como um novo paradigma para realização da síntese lógica de blocos combinacionais. CF usa uma abordagem ascendente para sintetizar funções Booleanas, sendo capaz de avaliar os custos das funções intermediárias e explorando dessa forma um grande número de combinações diferentes de funções candidatas. Há vantagens interessantes quando comparado à abordagem descendente da decomposição funcional. CF apresenta grande flexibilidade para criar algoritmos com resultados ótimos ou subótimos para diferentes aplicações. A estratégia proposta apresenta bons resultados para síntese de funções Booleanas visando diferentes tecnologias. CF é baseado nos seguintes princípios: (1) representação de funções lógicas como um par ligado com representações funcional e estrutural; (2) o algoritmo começa de um conjunto de funções iniciais; (3) funções mais simples são associadas para criar funções mais complexas; (4) existe uma ordem parcial que permite o uso da programação dinâmica; (5) um conjunto de funções permitidas pode ser mantido para reduzir o tempo de execução/consumo de memória. Este trabalho apresenta algoritmos de composição funcional para fatoração Booleana, incluindo fatoração ótima, fatoração considerando o operador OU-exclusivo, computação de cadeias mínimas de decisão e síntese de funções considerando somente portas lógicas majoritárias e inversores. / This work presents functional composition (FC) as a new paradigm for combinational logic synthesis. FC is a bottom-up approach to synthesize Boolean functions, being able to evaluate the cost of intermediate sub-functions, exploring a larger number of different candidate combinations. These are interesting advantages when compared to the top-down behavior of functional decomposition. FC presents great flexibility to implement algorithms with optimal or suboptimal results for different applications. The proposed strategy presents good results for the synthesis of Boolean functions targeting different technologies. FC is based on the following principles: (1) the representation of logic functions is done by a bonded pair of functional and structural representations; (2) the algorithm starts from a set of initial functions; (3) simpler functions are associated to create more complex ones; (4) there is a partial order, enabling dynamic programming; (5) a set of allowed functions can be used in order to reduce execution time/memory consumption. This work presents functional composition algorithms for Boolean factoring, including optimal factoring, Boolean factoring considering the exclusive-OR operator, minimum decision chain computation and synthesis of functions considering only majority and inverter logic gates.

Este trabalho apresenta a composição funcional (CF) como um novo paradigma para realização da síntese lógica de blocos combinacionais. CF usa uma abordagem ascendente para sintetizar funções Booleanas, sendo capaz de avaliar os custos das funções intermediárias e explorando dessa forma um grande número de combinações diferentes de funções candidatas. Há vantagens interessantes quando comparado à abordagem descendente da decomposição funcional. CF apresenta grande flexibilidade para criar algoritmos com resultados ótimos ou subótimos para diferentes aplicações. A estratégia proposta apresenta bons resultados para síntese de funções Booleanas visando diferentes tecnologias. CF é baseado nos seguintes princípios: (1) representação de funções lógicas como um par ligado com representações funcional e estrutural; (2) o algoritmo começa de um conjunto de funções iniciais; (3) funções mais simples são associadas para criar funções mais complexas; (4) existe uma ordem parcial que permite o uso da programação dinâmica; (5) um conjunto de funções permitidas pode ser mantido para reduzir o tempo de execução/consumo de memória. Este trabalho apresenta algoritmos de composição funcional para fatoração Booleana, incluindo fatoração ótima, fatoração considerando o operador OU-exclusivo, computação de cadeias mínimas de decisão e síntese de funções considerando somente portas lógicas majoritárias e inversores. / This work presents functional composition (FC) as a new paradigm for combinational logic synthesis. FC is a bottom-up approach to synthesize Boolean functions, being able to evaluate the cost of intermediate sub-functions, exploring a larger number of different candidate combinations. These are interesting advantages when compared to the top-down behavior of functional decomposition. FC presents great flexibility to implement algorithms with optimal or suboptimal results for different applications. The proposed strategy presents good results for the synthesis of Boolean functions targeting different technologies. FC is based on the following principles: (1) the representation of logic functions is done by a bonded pair of functional and structural representations; (2) the algorithm starts from a set of initial functions; (3) simpler functions are associated to create more complex ones; (4) there is a partial order, enabling dynamic programming; (5) a set of allowed functions can be used in order to reduce execution time/memory consumption. This work presents functional composition algorithms for Boolean factoring, including optimal factoring, Boolean factoring considering the exclusive-OR operator, minimum decision chain computation and synthesis of functions considering only majority and inverter logic gates.

Este trabalho apresenta a composição funcional (CF) como um novo paradigma para realização da síntese lógica de blocos combinacionais. CF usa uma abordagem ascendente para sintetizar funções Booleanas, sendo capaz de avaliar os custos das funções intermediárias e explorando dessa forma um grande número de combinações diferentes de funções candidatas. Há vantagens interessantes quando comparado à abordagem descendente da decomposição funcional. CF apresenta grande flexibilidade para criar algoritmos com resultados ótimos ou subótimos para diferentes aplicações. A estratégia proposta apresenta bons resultados para síntese de funções Booleanas visando diferentes tecnologias. CF é baseado nos seguintes princípios: (1) representação de funções lógicas como um par ligado com representações funcional e estrutural; (2) o algoritmo começa de um conjunto de funções iniciais; (3) funções mais simples são associadas para criar funções mais complexas; (4) existe uma ordem parcial que permite o uso da programação dinâmica; (5) um conjunto de funções permitidas pode ser mantido para reduzir o tempo de execução/consumo de memória. Este trabalho apresenta algoritmos de composição funcional para fatoração Booleana, incluindo fatoração ótima, fatoração considerando o operador OU-exclusivo, computação de cadeias mínimas de decisão e síntese de funções considerando somente portas lógicas majoritárias e inversores. / This work presents functional composition (FC) as a new paradigm for combinational logic synthesis. FC is a bottom-up approach to synthesize Boolean functions, being able to evaluate the cost of intermediate sub-functions, exploring a larger number of different candidate combinations. These are interesting advantages when compared to the top-down behavior of functional decomposition. FC presents great flexibility to implement algorithms with optimal or suboptimal results for different applications. The proposed strategy presents good results for the synthesis of Boolean functions targeting different technologies. FC is based on the following principles: (1) the representation of logic functions is done by a bonded pair of functional and structural representations; (2) the algorithm starts from a set of initial functions; (3) simpler functions are associated to create more complex ones; (4) there is a partial order, enabling dynamic programming; (5) a set of allowed functions can be used in order to reduce execution time/memory consumption. This work presents functional composition algorithms for Boolean factoring, including optimal factoring, Boolean factoring considering the exclusive-OR operator, minimum decision chain computation and synthesis of functions considering only majority and inverter logic gates.

近年來隨著科技的進步與工商業的發展，預測技術的創新與改進愈來愈受到重視。相對地，對於預測準確度的要求也愈來愈高。尤其在經濟建設、經營規畫、管理控制等問題上，預測更是決策過程中不可或缺的重要資訊。然而僅用單一數值形式收集來的資料，其建立的模式是不足以描述每日或每月的發展趨勢。因為有太多模糊且不完整訊息，以致於無法用傳統以點資料建構的系統來進行預測。基於點預測的不確定性，因此嘗試以區間資料來建構模式並進行預測。本論文探討區間時間序列之動態走勢及預測結果之效率性，共三部份，分別為區間時間序列之分析與預測、區間預測準確度之探討和計算區間資料的相關係數。 第一部份，利用區間具有糢糊數的特質，將其分解成區間平均數及區間長度，提出區間時間數列建構過程及預測方法，如區間移動平均、區間加權移動平均、ARIMA區間預測等方法。並藉由模擬方式設計出數組穩定及非穩定之區間時間數列，再利用本文所提出的區間預測方法進行預測。根據這些計算預測結果效率性的方法，發現ARIMA區間預測，提供了較傳統的預測方法更為準確及具有彈性的預測結果。 第二部份，我們特別針對區間預測結果的準確度提出效率性的分析，如平均區間預測誤差平方和、平均相對區間誤差及平均XOR比率。而在預測效率性的實證分析上，平均XOR比率能給與決策者更正確的資訊，做出更客觀的判斷。 第三部份，在探討如何將區間資料應用在計算相關係數。利用單一數值資料的收集 ，並以傳統的相關係數r來說明兩變數之間是否相關? 是較為便利且易懂的統計方法。但資料是否足以代表母體特性？這樣求出來的相關係數值會不會太主觀?有鑑於此，以區間就是模糊數的概念，建構模糊相關係數。最後舉出應用實例，比較模糊相關係數與傳統的相關係數的差異性，在說明兩變數關係的強弱程度，模糊相關係數提供了一個較有彈性的統計分析方法。 / Point forecasting provides important information during decision-making processes, especially in economic developments, population policies, management planning or financial controls. Nevertheless, the forecasting model constructed only by single values may not demonstrate the whole trend of a daily or monthly process. Since there are so many unpredictable and continuous fluctuations on the process to be predicted, the observed values are discrete instantaneous values which are insufficient to represent the true process. Therefore, the collected information is generally vague and incomplete so that the real number system is not sufficient to express the forecasting model. In additional, due to the business marketing is full of uncertainty and the continuous fluctuations, intervals are used to express and establish the forecasting model to estimate the prediction values. This dissertation investigates the dynamic trend of interval time series and the performance evaluation of interval forecasting. It consists of three parts: the analysis and forecasting of interval time series, the evaluation of forecasting performance for interval data, and the calculation of the fuzzy correlation coefficient. First of all, we propose the conception of fuzzy for interval and propose interval forecasting approaches, such as the interval moving average, the weighted interval moving average, and ARIMA interval forecasting. The soft computing technique as well as the model simulation is used to carry out the interval forecasting. The forecast results are compared by the mean squared interval error and the mean relative interval error. Finally, we take two practical cases study. By the comparison of forecasting performance, it is found that ARIMA interval forecasting provides more efficiency and flexibility than the traditional ones do. Secondly, we concentrated on the forecasting performance evaluation for interval data. The evaluation techniques are developed to determine the validity of the forecast results. The forecast results are compared by three criteria which are the mean squared error of interval, mean relative interval error, and the mean ratio of exclusive-or. It is found that the empirical studies show that the mean ratio of exclusive-or can provide a more objective suggestion in interval forecasting for policymakers. The third part considers the evaluation of the correlation coefficient interval by collecting sample data whose types are real and interval. When an interval is considered as a fuzzy number, the aspect of fuzzy can be utilized to construct the fuzzy correlation coefficient for interval data. As compared with the traditional correlation coefficient, the fuzzy correlation coefficient can demonstrate conservative correlation coefficient and provide an objective statistical method for discovering the correlation between two variables.

Le patriotisme économique relève davantage du discours politique que d’un concept juridique. Il fait référence aux comportements des citoyens, des entreprises et des États. Celui des États peut en substance être défini comme la défense par ces derniers de leurs entreprises stratégiques. Ainsi précisée, cette notion se traduit en pratique par l’institution de dispositifs nationaux de contrôle des investissements étrangers, par la stabilisation de l’actionnariat des entreprises stratégiques au travers des prises de participations des fonds stratégiques d’investissement, ou encore, par l’octroi de droits exclusifs ou spéciaux. De tels comportements peuvent contrarier les principes de la libre circulation - capitaux, établissement - et de la libre concurrence. Ces principes souffrent cependant de tempéraments qui laissent une certaine marge de manœuvre aux États, laquelle est cependant étroite. Cette étroitesse conduit ces derniers à être sans cesse inventifs pour défendre leurs entreprises. Le droit des sociétés offre de ce point de vue des outils pertinents pouvant servir ce dessein. Mais, la protection des entreprises stratégiques en dehors des exceptions ou dérogations prévues par le traité, qui traduit la persistance des replis nationaux, n’est pas sans relever les limites de l’opposition systématique aux patriotismes économiques nationaux. De plus, une telle faculté risque de fragiliser l’achèvement du marché intérieur. Pour ces raisons, il importe pour les autorités de l’Union européenne, d’engager une dynamique permettant de mieux prendre en compte les préoccupations patriotiques des États. Agrégée à un concept cohérent, à savoir le patriotisme économique européen, une telle démarche consisterait à instaurer une politique d’investissement commune qui sache conjuguer ouverture aux capitaux étrangers et préservation des secteurs stratégiques. Mais, l’efficacité d’une telle politique est relative. C’est pourquoi, on doit lui adjoindre un cadre autonome de contrôle des investissements en provenance des pays tiers. / Economic patriotism is more a political speech than a legal concept. It refers to behaviors of citizens, companies and governments. Concerning States, this concept can essentially be defined as defense of strategic companies. In practice, this notion is reflected by the institution of national systems of foreign investments control, by stabilizing the shareholding of companies through strategic investment funds, or by granting exclusive or special rights. These behaviors can antagonize the European Union law. However, this law allows exceptions that offer opportunities to States. But the flexibility of States is close. This narrowness leds them to be constantly inventive to defend their strategic companies. Business law allows such an approach. But the protection of strategic companies without the exceptions or derogations permitted by the treaty, which reflects the persistence of domestic markets partitioning, is not without showing the limits of systematic opposition to national economic patriotisms. In addition, such a power may weaken the completion of the internal market. For these reasons, it is important for the authorities of the European Union, to initiate a dynamic that can permit to take better account of the States patriotic concerns. Aggregate to a coherent concept, namely the european economic patriotism, such an approach will permit to establish a common investment policy that can combine openness to foreign investments and preservation of strategic sectors. But, the effectiveness of such a policy is relative. That’s why, it’s crucial to add to it an autonomous control framework for investments coming from non-member countries.