Civil protection is getting one of the most important activities governments of all civilized states in the world deal with. Substantial funds are spent on setting up of armed forces, security organizations, groups of specialists and employees and on reinforcing of army forces that can participate in civil protection during state of emergency or in critical civil situations. For realization of these attacks a lot of money is needed. To get the money other crimes are committed, namely production and trade with narcotics and psychotropic substances or illegal weapon trade. The bodies participating in civil protection of each single state have to be able and ready to search for implements that directly or indirectly endanger not only the safety of inhabitants, but also the safety of important buildings and the premises of critical infrastructure. It concerns searching for explosives, firearms, narcotics and psychotropic substances, burning accelerants or e.g. banknotes. For these activities most police forces and bodies of civil protection use dogs because of their character and abilities. This companion closest to a man is able to find and mark all named commodities after having finished its proper training. The aim of this thesis is to specify the importance of special kynology for civil protection, focused on locating of explosives using specially trained dogs. Qualitative survey is the base of this dissertation. Respondents are experts with long-time experience in special kynology and explosives. Methods used within the research are following: secondary data analysis, half structured interview and photo documentation. SWOT analysis has been made that describes the condition of special kynology in the Czech Republic. The Police of the Czech Republic, as one of three basic bodies of Integrated Rescue System, have to fulfil many tasks defined by law. One of the most important tasks is life and health protection of all persons that are in the certain moment in our state territory. For attacks against these values explosives are used nowadays. If they are misused and installed in explosive systems, the members of the Police of the Czech Republic are the ones who enter the area of explosive placement or the possible placement of such object. Besides, they carry out safety and preventive explosives search. Some of these members are canine officers. Their task is to train the dogs in a special way so that these are able to locate explosives. They take part in every search for explosives which is led by the police. Thanks to their placement they are able to begin with investigation within a few minutes or tens of minutes almost anywhere in the area of the Czech Republic. Nowadays there is no other body of armed force that would be able to provide this kind of service. That is why it is necessary to solve such problems that endanger this activity, such as lack of finance or little cooperation among individual units. Despite these problems we have to highlight the professionalism of canine officers, their experience and work enthusiasm as well as a very high level of training centres. If trained and used in the right way, the dogs are irreplaceable in the search for explosives not only nowadays but also in the future. Without their help the search cannot be effective. The dissertation presents a complete overview and description of the use of special kynology concerning search for explosives in relation to civil protection. In practice it will improve the public awareness and it will be used as complete information material for experts.

Classified areas are regions with explosive atmospheres and the purpose of characterizing it is to design or estimate its extent to prevent the risk of ignition in an industrial plant. We will demonstrate that the generic use of the method of classification of areas by default or standardized figure without proper technical justification is questioned by many authors and professionals specialized in the subject that warn about the subjective form with which the subject is treated and may cause distortions in the risk assessment. The objective of this study is to present a quantitative assessment of these extensions, and compare the results between the two methodologies. For this work, we used bibliographical, and through simulation, made sure the calculations for estimating them. Used fluid flow equations suggested in the work of Macmillan (1998), in order to determine the flow of the leak and the distance from the source until the concentration of LII (lower limit of flammability), axis x. To validate them, they used data from the experiments presented by Cox (1989). And finally, the results were compared classified areas extension for leak scenario proposed by the ABNT IEC 60079-10 (2006) with those obtained by drainage equations. The results demonstrated that simply transpose the distance of 1 meter radius, in the form of a sphere, from the seal of the valve that controls the flow of propane as standard, does not guarantee the accuracy of the extension of its classified area. . / Áreas Classificadas são regiões que apresentam atmosferas explosivas e a finalidade de caracterizá-las é de projetar ou estimar sua extensão para prevenir quanto ao risco de ignição numa planta industrial. Foi ratificado que o uso genérico do método de classificação de áreas por figura padronizada ou pré-definida, sem a devida justificativa técnica, é questionado por vários autores e profissionais especializados no assunto, os quais advertem sobre a forma subjetiva com que o tema é tratado, podendo ocasionar distorções na análise do risco. Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar uma avaliação quantitativa das extensões de áreas classificadas e comparar os resultados obtidos entre as técnicas de classificação de áreas por figuras padronizadas ou pré-definidas e modelos matemáticos. Para a realização deste trabalho, adotou-se o levantamento bibliográfico, e por meio de simulação, efetuaram-se os cálculos para estimá-las. Foram utilizadas as equações de escoamento de fluidos sugeridos na obra de Macmillan (1998), objetivando determinar o fluxo do vazamento e o distanciamento da fonte até a concentração do LII (limite inferior de inflamabilidade), no eixo de x. Para validá-las, aplicaram-se os dados dos experimentos apresentados por Cox (1989). E por fim, foram comparados os resultados da extensão de áreas classificadas para o cenário de vazamento proposto pela norma NBR IEC 60079-10 (2006) com os obtidos pelas equações de escoamento. Demonstrou-se que simplesmente transpor o distanciamento de 1 metro de raio, na forma de uma esfera, a partir do selo da válvula que controla o fluxo do propano, conforme exemplo da norma, não garante a exatidão da extensão da sua área classificada.

[pt] Neste trabalho são apresentadas, pela primeira vez, seções de choque absolutas para a ionização e a fragmentação da molécula de vapor d´água em colisões com He(+), para as energias de 1,0, 1,5 e 2,0 MeV, totais e parciais nos processos de ionização pura, perda eletrônica (ionização do projétil) e captura eletrônica pelo projétil. Essas seções de choque foram obtidas por meio de medidas de coincidência entre os estados de carga do projétil após a colisão e os estados de carga dos íons de recuo, estes últimos determinados por espectrometria de tempo de vôo. São descritas detalhadamente tanto a montagem experimental como a metodologia para a obtenção dos dados, além de uma série de providências que se fizeram necessárias para a realização do trabalho. Os resultados são, na medida do possível, comparados com dados experimentais obtidos não só no Laboratório do Acelerador Van de Graaff da PUC-Rio, como em outros laboratórios, para a ionização e a fragmentação da molécula com He(+) e outros projéteis, e analisados na tentativa de compreender melhor a importância relativa dos diferentes processos para os mecanismos de fragmentação da molécula de vapor d`água na sua transição entre o caráter dipolar e o explosivo. / [en] In this work, absolute cross sections for the ionization and fragmentation of water vapor molecules are presented, for the ffirst time, for collisions with He(+) with energies of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 MeV, total and partial in the pure ionization, electron loss (projectile ionization) and electron capture by the projectile processes. These cross sections were obtained by means of coincidence measurements between the post-collision projectile charge states and the recoil ion charge states, the latter determined by time-of- °ight spectrometry. Both the experimental setup and the methodology for data acquisition are described in detail, together with several procedures that were needed to the completion of this work. The results are, whenever possible, compared with experimental data ob- tained not only in the Van de Graaff Accelerator Laboratory of PUC-Rio, but also from other groups, for the ionization and fragmentation of the water molecule by He(+) and other projectiles, and analyzed in order to better un- derstand the relative importance of the different processes leading to water molecule fragmentation in its transition from the sequential to the explosive regime.

Title: Optimization of warm-up before speed-strenght loading Objectives: The aim of this work is to compare three variants of warming up and to determine the most appropriate one before speed-strenght loading. Methods: The test group consisted of 15 male students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport at The Charles University at the age of 22 -26 years. The tested subjects underwent 4 tests within 4 weeks. The first test was used to determine the 1 RM bench press and leg-press, the results of which we needed for the proper determination of the weights for the following protocols. The other three measurement protocols include three warm-up (base, a speed-strenght and toning), followed by a test of explosive strength in arms and legs. Countermovement vertical jump height with arm swing was used for legs testing and medicine ball shoot-up in supine position was used for arms testing. Results: This research shows that best results in the countermovement vertical jump height with arm swing were achieved after the speed-power warm-up. The best results in medicine ball shoot-up in supine position were achieved after the basic warm up, but results are not statistically significant for these testing. Keywords: Warm-up, dynamic stretching, speed-force loading, toning, explosive force, testing

Abstract available in the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

<p>Циљ истраживања је да се утврде ефекти 8 недеља изоинерцијалног тренинга на доминантне моторичке способности кошаркаша. Испитаници, 36 кошаркаша јуниорског узраста (17.58&plusmn;0.50 година) су подељени у 3 групе: прву експерименталну (ЕСС; n=12) која је вежбала тренинге снаге на изоинерцијалном тренажеру, другу експерименталну (CON; n=12) која је вежбала традиционални изодинамички тренинг снаге са слободним теговима, и контролну групу (KON; n=12) која није вежбала тренинге снаге. Током есперименталног програма ЕСС и CON групе су имале укупно по 12 тренинга снаге са истоветним бројем серија и понављања. На крају четврте недеље код обе експерименталне групе спроведен је тест постактивацијске потенцијације (ПАП) како би се утврдили акутни ефекти различитих метода тренинга у 4 временске тачке: 2, 4, 8 и 15 минута након вежби са оптерећењем. Резултати су показали да постоји статистички значајна разлика као последица примене различитих метода тренинга снаге у трајању од 8 недеља при чему је изоинерцијални тренинг довео до значајно бољих резултата у варијаблама скокова SJ, CMJ, VJ и у скоку са леве ноге CMJLN, затим у тесту спринта 5 m&nbsp; и тестовима агилности Т тест и 505 са окретом око десне ноге. Нису утврђене статистички значајне разлике у тестовима изометријске снаге, скока са десне ноге CMJDN, трчања 20 m и тесту агилности 505 са окретом око леве ноге. У тесту ПАП ефеката није било статистички значајне разлике у резултатима као последице различитих метода вежбања. При томе, СОN група је имала значајно побољшање у тесту скока VJ док је код ЕСС групе значајан ефекат у варијаблама скока VJ и Т тест агилности. Није било значајних ефеката ПАП у тестовима трчања 5 и 20 метара. Добијени резултати указују да изоинерцијални тренинг у трајању од 8 недеља доводи до бољих резултата у развоју експлозивне снаге, брзине и агилности младих кошаркаша у поређењу са традиционалним изодинамичким тренингом, али не и у ПАП ефектима. У складу с тим, тренери и кондициони тренери би требали да у раду са младим спортистима користе и ову методу тренинга снаге.</p> / <p>Cilj istraživanja je da se utvrde efekti 8 nedelja izoinercijalnog treninga na dominantne motoričke sposobnosti košarkaša. Ispitanici, 36 košarkaša juniorskog uzrasta (17.58&plusmn;0.50 godina) su podeljeni u 3 grupe: prvu eksperimentalnu (ESS; n=12) koja je vežbala treninge snage na izoinercijalnom trenažeru, drugu eksperimentalnu (CON; n=12) koja je vežbala tradicionalni izodinamički trening snage sa slobodnim tegovima, i kontrolnu grupu (KON; n=12) koja nije vežbala treninge snage. Tokom esperimentalnog programa ESS i CON grupe su imale ukupno po 12 treninga snage sa istovetnim brojem serija i ponavljanja. Na kraju četvrte nedelje kod obe eksperimentalne grupe sproveden je test postaktivacijske potencijacije (PAP) kako bi se utvrdili akutni efekti različitih metoda treninga u 4 vremenske tačke: 2, 4, 8 i 15 minuta nakon vežbi sa opterećenjem. Rezultati su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna razlika kao posledica primene različitih metoda treninga snage u trajanju od 8 nedelja pri čemu je izoinercijalni trening doveo do značajno boljih rezultata u varijablama skokova SJ, CMJ, VJ i u skoku sa leve noge CMJLN, zatim u testu sprinta 5 m&nbsp; i testovima agilnosti T test i 505 sa okretom oko desne noge. Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u testovima izometrijske snage, skoka sa desne noge CMJDN, trčanja 20 m i testu agilnosti 505 sa okretom oko leve noge. U testu PAP efekata nije bilo statistički značajne razlike u rezultatima kao posledice različitih metoda vežbanja. Pri tome, SON grupa je imala značajno poboljšanje u testu skoka VJ dok je kod ESS grupe značajan efekat u varijablama skoka VJ i T test agilnosti. Nije bilo značajnih efekata PAP u testovima trčanja 5 i 20 metara. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da izoinercijalni trening u trajanju od 8 nedelja dovodi do boljih rezultata u razvoju eksplozivne snage, brzine i agilnosti mladih košarkaša u poređenju sa tradicionalnim izodinamičkim treningom, ali ne i u PAP efektima. U skladu s tim, treneri i kondicioni treneri bi trebali da u radu sa mladim sportistima koriste i ovu metodu treninga snage.</p> / <p>The aim of this research is to determine the effects of an 8-week isoinertial training on dominant motor abilities of basketball players. Examinees, i.e. 36 junior basketball players, (17.58&plusmn;0.50 years) are divided into 3 groups: the first experimental group (ECC; n=12) which took strength training exercises on isoinertial training device, the second experimental (CON; n=12) which took traditional isodynamic strength training with free weights, and a control group (CON; n=12) which did not take any strength training exercises. During the experimental program, the ECC and CON groups had 12 strength training sessions in total including the same number of series and repetitions. At the end of the fourth week, both experimental groups were tested for post-activational potentiation (PAP) in order to determine acute effects of different training methods in 4 time points: 2, 4, 8 and 15 minutes after loading exercises. The findings indicate that there is a statistically significant difference as a result of the application of different strength training methods lasting for 8 weeks, since the isoinertial training brought about significantly better results in the variables of jumps SJ, CMJ, VJ and jump off the left foot CMJLN, as well as in the 5m sprint test and agility tests (T-test and 505 test with turn on the right leg). No statistically significat differences were found in tests of: isometric strength, jump off the right foot CMJDN, 20m run and 505 agility test with the turn on the left leg. Also, there were no statistically significant differences as a result of different exercise methods in the PAP test. In that process, CON group had significant improvement in VJ jump test, whereas in ECC group a significant effect was found in the variables of VJ and agility T-test. The 5m and 20m run tests showed no significant PAP effects either. In comparison with the traditional isodynamic training, the findings indicate that isoinertial training lasting for 8 weeks gives rise to better results in the development of explosive strength, speed and agility of young basketball players. Accordingly, coaches and trainers should use this method of strength training in work with young athletes.</p>

Currently, increasing reinforced concrete structures and concrete structures that require repair in the form of remediation. The master’s thesis deals with the development of repair mortars with resistance to high temperatures, which would allow the re-profiling of the fire damaged parts of the structures and restore its function. Development of repair mortars is based on a literature review of articles dealing with research materials resistant to high temperatures.

The high alloyed austenitic manganese steel, the Hadfield steel, thanks to its good wear resistance of the work surface and maintaining the high toughness of the internal material in the same time, is successfully applied for casted crossings. The crossings are the most dynamic stressed components in the railway turnouts. Thanks to low surface and sub-surface hardness the occurrence of plastic deformation and the progressive wear of the crossing running surfaces can be found since the initial stages of the crossing operational life. One possibility how to increase the surface and the sub-surface hardness and this way improve the dimensional stability and the crossing lifetime as well is to apply the explosive hardening of the crossing running surfaces. The technology mentioned above means the application of the explosives in the imminent nearness to the running surface of the crossing, when the high pressure wave acting within the extremely short period actuates the plastic deformation of the material structure. The work deals with analysis of influence of explosive hardening on the structure and characteristic of Hadfield steel. The explosive hardened samples have the surface and the sub-surface hardness checked and the microscopic analysis and X – ray diffraction is applied, including the TEM analysis as well carried out by the transmission electronic microscope. The characteristics experimental testing including outcomes from assessment of the contact – fatigue load of the explosive hardened Hadfield steel samples are the part of the work as well. As an experiment final part the outcomes of the long –term validation, the surface hardness and wear of the crossing running surfaces of the explosive hardened crossing already installed into the Czech Republic railway track are introduced as well.

Det svenska samhället har under de senaste åren bevittnat en förändring gällande samhällsvåldets karaktär och kontext. Det finns ett behov av effektiva preventiva åtgärder, vilket i sin tur kräver kunskap gällande det aktuella ämnet. Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka vilka möjliga faktorer som kan vara bidragande till samhällsvåldets eskalering med fokus på dess förändrade karaktär och kontext, med avgränsning på makronivå. Undersökningen utgick ifrån en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Resultatet visar att orsakerna till samhällsvåldets kontext- och karaktärsförändring är mångfacetterade. Flertalet faktorer har betydelse för samhällsvåldets utveckling. De faktorer studien belyser är organiseringen inom svenska institutionen, förändringar i den kriminella miljön, narkotika samt media. Resultatet visar att dessa faktorer samspelar med varandra där organiseringen av Sveriges institutioner har en stor påverkan på hur de andra faktorerna uttrycker sig i samhället. / Swedish society has witnessed a change in recent years regarding the nature and context of community violence. There is a need for effective preventive measures, which in turn requires knowledge of the subject in question. The main purpose of this study was therefore to investigate what possible factors may be contributing to the escalation of community violence with focus on its changed character and context, with a definition at the macro level. The study was based on a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews as a data collection method. The result shows that the causes of community violence´s context and character change are multifaceted. Several factors are important for the development of community violence. The factors the study highlights are the organization within the Swedish institution, changes in the criminal environment, drugs and the media. The results show that these factors interact with each other, where the organization of Sweden´s institutions has a major impact in how the other factors are expressed in society.

The 22Ne(p,γ)23Na reaction belongs to the catalytic neon-sodium cycle and has an important role in the explosive hydrogen burning. The neon-sodium cycle takes place at temperatures of T = 0:1 - 0:5GK and is assumed to occur in di erent astrophysical systems: e.g. in novae, in super novae of type Ia and during the shell-burning of red giant branch stars. The implications of 22Ne(p,γ)23Na and the neon-sodium cycle in a nova scenario have been studied by using the nuclear network code libnucnet at GSI in Darmstadt. A nova is an outburst of matter in a binary system consisting of a white dwarf and a red giant star. It is therefore a representative phenomenon for explosive hydrogen burning. For the calculation of the nucleosynthesis during the nova outburst, the code libnucnet requires the initial mass composition of the novae partners, the temperature and density pro les of the nova explosion and the thermonuclear reaction rates of the participating reactions. In the following, the code determined the ow and the nal atomic abundance in the neon-sodium cycle during the entire nova process. Additionally, the in uence of the temperature pro le of the novae outburst as well as the thermonuclear reaction rate of the 22Ne(p,γ)23Na reaction on the nal atomic abundance in the outburst has been studied. A characteristic measure for the reactions in astrophysical environments is the thermonuclear reaction rate. The reaction rate of 22Ne(p,γ)23Na has still strong uncertainties in the temperature range of T = 0:03-0:3 GK. These uncertainties are based on insu cient upper limits of the resonance strengths as well as the possible existence of tentative states that are populated in the energy range of Elabp = 30 - 300 keV. The research presented in this thesis is dedicated to the experimental study of the 22Ne(p,γ)23Na reaction for an improved determination of the thermonuclear reaction rate. Furthermore, the implications of 22Ne(p,γ)23Na and the neon-sodium-cycle in novae scenarios are discussed. The data taking has been performed at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy. This laboratory provides the LUNA facility (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics) for the measurement of small reaction cross sections. The LUNA facility includes a 400 kV ion accelerator, a windowless gas target system and a HPGe-detector. Based on the measurements of the 22Ne(p,γ)23Na reaction at LUNA, upper limits for the strengths of ve isolated resonances in the energy range of Elabp = 150 - 340 keV have been determined. For the nuclear resonance at Elabres = 186 keV, a positive resonance strength has been measured for the rst time in literature.