Cette thèse de doctorat est composée de trois chapitres indépendants. Dans le premier chapitre, je découvre l'existence, l'étendue, et le mécanisme de déviation des exportations, qui a suivi la destruction des exportations, après l'imposition de sanctions contre les exportations des exportateurs iraniens. En utilisant des données très désagrégées sur les exportations non-pétrolières iraniennes, je conclus que les sanctions sur les exportations peuvent être moins efficaces dans un monde globalisé, les exportateurs peuvent détourner leurs exportations d'une destination à une autre. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je montre que (I) les effets de pairs existent à travers les exportateurs aux marges intensives et extensives dans le commerce international et (II) les explorateurs ne sont pas nécessaires des exploiteurs. Ces résultats suggèrent un rôle aux décideurs politiques pour inciter les exportateurs à internaliser les externalités créées par l'exploration du marché, de manière à exploiter (non seulement explorer) ces marchés ainsi que survivre plus longtemps et de se développer plus rapidement dans ces marchés. Dans le troisième chapitre, je vérifie si l'effet de la langue sur le commerce provient de l'ethnicité et de la confiance ou de la facilité de communication. Je montre que (I) la facilité de canal de communication est beaucoup plus importante que l'origine ethnique et le canal de confiance au sein de l'effet de la langue sur le commerce; (II) la plupart des exportateurs sont capables de traverser quelques barrières linguistiques seulement, limitant leur capacité à pénétrer de nouveaux marchés; et (III) un effet de langage acquis parlé en commun existe entre les marchés séquentiels à quoi les exportateurs entrent, suggérant que les exportateurs pénètrent de nouveaux marchés de manière systématique. Du point de vue politique à prévoir, comme plusieurs pays sont actuellement en train de remodeler leurs institutions, ces résultats mettent en évidence les avantages économiques - par la voie du commerce potentiel - d'encourager l'apprentissage des langues étrangères. / This Ph.D. thesis is composed of three independent chapters. In the first chapter, I uncover the existence, extent, and mechanism of exports deflection, which followed exports destruction, after the imposition of exports sanctions against Iranian exporters. Using highly disaggregated data about Iranian non-oil exports, I conclude that exports sanctions may be less effective in a globalized world as exporters can deflect their exports from one export destination to another. In the second chapter, I show that (i) peer-effects exist across exporters at the intensive and extensive margins in international trade and (ii) explorers are not necessary exploiters. These findings suggest a role for policy makers to provide incentives for exporters to internalize externalities created by market exploration in a way to exploit (not only explore) these markets as well as survive longer and grow faster in them. In the third chapter, I investigate whether the language effect on trade comes from ethnicity and trust or from ease of communication. I show that (i) the ease of communication channel is much more important than ethnicity and trust channel within the language effect on trade; (ii) most exporters are able to cross few linguistic barriers only, limiting their ability to enter new markets; and (iii) a common spoken acquired language effect exists between sequential markets that exporters enter to, suggesting that exporters enter new markets in a systematic manner. From a policy perspective, given various countries are currently re-shaping their institutions, these results highlight economic benefits - through the potential trade channel - of encouraging foreign language learning.

While previous studies have explored multiple constraints affecting women exporters, the effects of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are still unexplored in the literature. Thus, this study aims to probe first whether women owners of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in export markets experience IPVAW. Secondly, it aims to explore the effect of IPVAW on their relationship quality with business partners, mediated by the performance of export capabilities. Using a structured questionnaire applied through personal interviews, we surveyed 57 female owners of exporting MSEs in Peru. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and test the model. The preliminary findings indicate that women exporters who experience IPVAW are more likely to face problems performing export capabilities. In turn, these performance problems seem to affect the quality of their relationships with importers and suppliers. Moreover, there is a direct relationship between IPVAW and problems in performing export capabilities and between issues performing capabilities and the relationship quality. Our theoretical contribution is a conceptual model that proposes the variable “Problems Performing Capabilities” as a mediator to measure the effects of IPVAW on exporting MSEs owned by women. Our findings urge policymakers and trade organizations boosting women-owned export enterprises to include initiatives that address and prevent IPVAW in their export promotion programs.

The thesis is devoted to the issue of Czech-Russian trade relations and highlight Russia as a country suitable for Czech exporters. The aim of this thesis is to comprehensively analyze the business environment in Russia as a prior country for czech exporters, evaluate the potential of Russian market for Czech exporters, further characterize Czech-Russian business relations, describe the state institutions involved in promoting exports and provide comprehensive information to potential investors . The work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter analyzes Czech-Russian trade relations, with the emphasis on foreign trade.The second chapter deals with a comprehensive macroeconomic analysis of the RF with an outline of possible business opportunities for Czech exporters on the Russian market,a third chapter is devoted to pro-export policy of the Czech Republic.

Taiwan, an island with outstanding economic miracle, has deeply depended on international trades to increase economic growth and national wealth. There are many successful companies, including listed enterprises and SME, manufacturing and marketing Made-in-Taiwan products all over the world through international trade and commerce. Therefore, undoubtedly the power international trade is one of our strength and plays a key role on stimulating economy as well as elevating the living standard of people. . To compete with other international exporters, Taiwanese exporters must provide not only products with good quality and reasonable price, but also offer competitive payment terms to further strive for new clients and strengthen individual competitiveness. This is a recent trend of International Trade. From the risk-free payment term, such as- T/T Advance to O/A 90 days after shipment, Taiwanese exporters suffered both political risk and credit risk. Not to mention cash flow risk and exchange rate risk that normally appears during transaction. Remembered financial crisis in 2007, market failed and malfunctioned at that time. As for corporate side, individual companies faced difficulties of continuously operation. Some even seriously went bankruptcy during that time. In this circumstance, Taiwanese exporters, even successfully won the orders, could not receive the payment on time from foreign buyers. Some of them may even suffered huge loss because of intentional disputes or buyer’s closedown. Therefore, it goes without saying that risk aversion is becoming an important issue for Taiwanese companies to survive. There would be three major financial tools being introduced for risk aversion with three case studies. Each of them has its special features and functions by different needs. How and why does Taiwanese exporter choose and leverage for risk aversion will be explained and discussed. The purpose of this paper is to find out the solutions for Taiwanese exporters to reduce risk of international trade as well as increase competitiveness in the foreign trade and grow the economy as contribution in the long run.

La presente investigación busca conocer los factores que limitan el desempeño exportador en el sector minero del Perú, en el ámbito de la Guerra Comercial entre Estados Unido y China durante el año 2019. En el capítulo I, se centraliza los antecedentes históricos de nuestra investigación, tanto nacionales como internacionales; así como en el marco teórico de estudio el cual se detalla los factores, efectos y comportamiento de las exportaciones en el sector minero del Perú hacia el mercado de Estados Unidos y China.  En el capítulo II, se da a conocer el plan de investigación. Se presenta la pregunta de investigación, el problema, la justificación y los objetivos, tanto principales como específicos; así como la formulación de la hipótesis inicial.  En el capítulo III, se explicará la metodología de investigación. Se detallará el enfoque, el diseño, el proceso del muestreo de la investigación (población, muestra y segmento), la clasificación de las categorías y la delimitación de la investigación. En este capítulo también se desarrolló las entrevistas a profundidad que luego fueron base fundamental para el recojo de información. En el capítulo IV, se describe el análisis de la aplicación de investigación y desarrollo de estudio. Finalmente, en capítulo V se describe y analiza transversalmente la discusión de resultados de la investigación obtenida por los exportadores de minerales, así como los especialistas relacionados al comercio internacional. Asimismo, en el presente capítulo se muestra los hallazgos, obstáculos, barreras y brechas de la investigación, conclusiones y recomendaciones del estudio. / This research looks to know the factors that restrict the export performance in the mining sector of Peru, in the trade war between the United States and China during the year 2019. The chapter I focus in the historic background of our research, both national and international background; as well as the theoretical framework, which is detailed the factors, effects and behaviour in the mining sector of Peru towards the markets of the United States and China. Chapter II describes the research plan. It provides the research question, the problem, and the objectives, both mainly as specific; as well as as the formulation of the initial hyphotesis.  Chapter III will explain the research methodology. It will describe the approach, design, sampling process (population, sample, and segment), the categories ranking and the demarcation research. This chapter also includes in-depth interviews, which then will be an essential basis to the collect of information. Chapter IV describes the analysis of the research investigation and development study.  Finally, Chapter V describes and analyses transversaly the discussion of research results obtained by the mining exporters, as well as the specialists related to the international trade. In addition, this chapter shows the discoveries, obstacles, barriers and research gaps, conclusions and study recommendations. / Tesis

Actualmente la cadena logística de las exportaciones de uvas frescas es una de las más complejas en las exportaciones de productos perecibles debido a las distintas etapas por las que transcurre este producto. Según PROVID (2020) en la campaña de exportación 2019-2020, Perú exportó 55 variedades de uva fresca al mundo, siendo los principales importadores Estados Unidos y China. Debido a la complejidad de la cadena logística de estos productos, existen mayores riesgos operacionales para las empresas exportadoras peruanas. Se consideran riesgos operacionales a que aquellos provocados por fallas humanas o en los procesos que suceden en el día a día en las empresas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la presente tesis es encontrar la relación entre los riesgos operacionales y la cadena logística de las exportaciones de uva fresca hacia Estados Unidos durante el periodo 2016 a 2020. Se considerarán las siguientes dimensiones como parte de la variable independiente Riesgos Operacionales: (i) Riesgos de Aprovisionamiento, (ii) Riesgos Tecnológicos, (iii) Riesgos de Producción y (iv) Riesgos Organizacionales. La investigación se desarrolló bajo un enfoque mixto de diseño correlacional. Para el análisis cuantitativo se realizó 49 encuestas a ejecutivos de diversas agroexportadoras que conforman nuestra muestra de estudio. Asimismo, para el análisis cualitativo se realizó 12 entrevistas a expertos de empresas agroexportadoras, instituciones gubernamentales como PROMPERU y asociaciones como ADEX y AGAP. Finalmente se llegó a la conclusión que las dimensiones de la variable riesgos operacionales están relacionadas con la cadena logística de las exportaciones de uva fresca del Perú hacia Estados Unidos. / Currently, the logistics chain for fresh grape exports is one of the most complex in the export of perishable products due to the different stages through which this product passes. According to PROVID (2020) in the 2019-2020 exporting season, Peru exported 55 varieties of fresh grapes to the world, the main importers being the United States and China. Due to the complexity of the logistics chain for these products, there are greater operational risks for Peruvian exporting companies. Operational risks are considered to be those caused by human failures or in the processes that occur on a daily basis in companies. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to find the relationship between operational risks and the logistics chain of fresh grape exports to the United States during the period 2016 to 2020. The following dimensions will be considered as part of the independent variable Operational Risks: (i) Procurement Risks, (ii) Technological Risks, (iii) Production Risks and (iv) Organizational Risks. The research was developed under a mixed method with a correlational design. For the quantitative analysis, 39 surveys were carried out with executives from various agro-exporters that make up our study sample. Likewise, for the qualitative analysis, 12 interviews were conducted with experts from agro-exporting companies, governmental institutions such as PROMPERU and associations such as ADEX and AGAP. Finally, it was concluded that the dimensions of the Operational Risks variable are related to the logistics chain of fresh grape exports from Peru to the United States. / Tesis