À ce jour, trop peu d’études se sont intéressées au rôle que jouent les expressions faciales émotionnelles au niveau des comportements prosociaux. De surcroît, les travaux empiriques se penchant sur cette question n’ont pas examiné celle-ci à l’intérieur de différentes relations interpersonnelles. Le but du présent projet de recherche est d’évaluer l’effet de l’expression faciale et du lien interpersonnel sur la réponse prosociale. De plus, nous cherchons à déterminer la mesure dans laquelle d’autres variables telles le sexe du bénéficiaire exercent une influence dans l’apport de l’aide. Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, nous avons réalisé deux études, chacune incluant une étape de validation ainsi qu’une étape d’expérimentation. Dans le cadre de la validation des scénarios, les participants ont fait la lecture de situations hypothétiques dans lesquelles un personnage fictif formulait une demande. À ce sujet, ils devaient indiquer leur degré de disposition et d’obligation à répondre de manière favorable à la requête ainsi que leur degré de perception de l’usualité de cette requête et des efforts qu’elle entraîne. Lors de l’expérimentation en laboratoire, les participants ont lu les mêmes scénarios sociaux et ont visionné tour à tour une série d’expression du visage, leur tâche nécessitant qu’ils indiquent la mesure dans laquelle ils seraient disposés à répondre favorablement à une requête advenant que le demandeur affiche une expression faciale donnée. De manière générale, les 117 jeunes adultes qui ont participé à la première phase de l’étude pilote semblent considérer les demandes dépeintes dans les scénarios comme étant courantes, peu astreignantes, peu exigeantes et favorables à la prosocialité. De surcroît, il appert que 1) les répondants seraient plus disposés et se sentiraient plus obligés à satisfaire une demande concernant un service plutôt qu’un bien, et que 2) les femmes se sentiraient davantage contraintes à répondre favorablement aux demandes formulées et qu’elles estiment que celles-ci exigeraient davantage d’efforts, en comparaison avec les hommes. Dans un autre ordre d’idées, nous avons noté chez les 50 jeunes adultes ayant pris part à l’expérimentation que leur inclination générale à satisfaire une requête serait plus élevée si l’émetteur arborait un visage joyeux, suivi en ordre décroissant d’un visage triste ou neutre, d’un visage apeuré ou surpris, et d’un visage fâché ou dégoûté. En outre, les résultats révèlent des effets significatifs du type de demande et du sexe du demandeur, effets en faveur des femmes et des demandes relatives à un service de manière respective, en plus d’un effet d’interaction entre la catégorie d’expression du visage et le type de demande. En ce qui a trait à l’étude principale, il ressort dans l’ensemble que les 95 participants à la validation estiment que les demandes formulées dans les scénarios s’avèrent usuelles, peu astreignantes, peu exigeantes et favorables à la prosocialité. En outre, les participants seraient plus disposés et se sentiraient plus obligés à répondre favorablement à une requête venant d’un membre de la famille plutôt que d’un ami et venant d’un parent plutôt que d’un frère ou une soeur. Par ailleurs, les données obtenues auprès des 88 participants à l’expérimentation en laboratoire suggèrent que la disposition des participants à répondre à une demande serait plus élevée si l’émetteur présentait un visage joyeux, suivi en ordre décroissant d’un visage triste, d’un visage neutre ou apeuré et d’un visage fâché ou dégoûté. Qui plus est, les résultats mettent en évidence 1) des effets du type de relation interpersonnelle et du sexe du demandeur, effets en faveur des membres de la famille et des femmes respectivement et 2) des effets d’interaction entre la catégorie d’expression du visage et le type de relation interpersonnelle ainsi qu’entre la catégorie d’expression faciale, le type de lien interpersonnel et le sexe du demandeur. Or il s’avère qu’une fois l’effet de la désirabilité sociale pris en considération, seul l’effet principal de la catégorie d’expression faciale et les effets d’interaction demeurent significatifs. Ce projet de recherche contribue à l'avancement des connaissances relativement aux mécanismes prosociaux agissant au sein des relations interpersonnelles qui présentent divers niveaux d’intimité.

Micro-expressions are brief facial expressions that last for 500 milliseconds or less and show the true emotional state of an individual when he or she is displaying a false emotional state. There are currently 2 different methods to train individuals to recognize micro-expressions-picture-based and video-based. Numerous organizations use micro-expression training as part of a deception detection program, but little research has been conducted on training outcomes, and no research has investigated the difference between the methods. In this quantitative study based on Darwin's theory of the universality of emotional expression, a control group experimental design was used to determine if there is a difference in training outcomes, as measured by post-training accuracy rates of overall and emotion-specific micro-expression identification, between the 2 current micro-expression training methods and no training. A total of 196 participants recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk community were randomly assigned to a picture-based training, video-based training, or no training control group. The online training and post-training test were delivered via a computer-based training platform. MANOVA, ANOVA and t-tests were run to determine the differences between the groups. Results indicated that participants in both picture-based and video-based training groups showed a significant increase in their ability to recognize micro-expressions compared to those in the no training group, but did not differ from each other. The study provides an increased understanding of micro-expression training outcomes that may contribute to the training of numerous law enforcement, security, and human resources professionals.

abstract: Functions represented in the graphical register, as graphs in the Cartesian plane, are found throughout secondary and undergraduate mathematics courses. In the study of Calculus, specifically, graphs of functions are particularly prominent as a means of illustrating key concepts. Researchers have identified that some of the ways that students may interpret graphs are unconventional, which may impact their understanding of related mathematical content. While research has primarily focused on how students interpret points on graphs and students’ images related to graphs as a whole, details of how students interpret and reason with variables and expressions on graphs of functions have remained unclear. This dissertation reports a study characterizing undergraduate students’ interpretations of expressions in the graphical register with statements from Calculus, its association with their evaluations of these statements, its relation to the mathematical content of these statements, and its relation to their interpretations of points on graphs. To investigate students’ interpretations of expressions on graphs, I conducted 150-minute task-based clinical interviews with 13 undergraduate students who had completed Calculus I with a range of mathematical backgrounds. In the interviews, students were asked to evaluate propositional statements about functions related to key definitions and theorems of Calculus and were provided various graphs of functions to make their evaluations. The central findings from this study include the characteristics of four distinct interpretations of expressions on graphs that students used in this study. These interpretations of expressions on graphs I refer to as (1) nominal, (2) ordinal, (3) cardinal, and (4) magnitude. The findings from this study suggest that different contexts may evoke different graphical interpretations of expressions from the same student. Further, some interpretations were shown to be associated with students correctly evaluating some statements while others were associated with students incorrectly evaluating some statements. I report the characteristics of these interpretations of expressions in the graphical register and its relation to their evaluations of the statements, the mathematical content of the statements, and their interpretation of points. I also discuss the implications of these findings for teaching and directions for future research in this area. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mathematics 2019

Some proverbs, idioms, nominal compounds, and slogans duplicate in form and meaning between several languages. An example of these between German and English is Liebe auf den ersten Blick and “love at first sight” (Flippo, 2009), whereas, an example between Kiswahili and English is uchaguzi ulio huru na haki and “free and fair election.” Duplication of these strings of words between languages that are as different in descent and typology as Kiswahili and English is irregular. On this ground, Kiswahili academies and a number of experts of Kiswahili assumed – prior to the present study – that the Kiswahili versions of the expressions are the derivatives from their English congruent counterparts. The assumption nonetheless lacked empirical evidence and also discounted other potential causes of the phenomenon, i.e. analogical extension, nativism and cognitive metaphoricalization (Makkai, 1972; Land, 1974; Lakoff & Johnson, 1980b; Ruhlen, 1987; Lakoff, 1987; Gleitman and Newport, 1995). Out of this background, we assumed an academic obligation of empirically investigating what causes this formal and semantic duplication of strings of words (multiword expressions) between English and Kiswahili to a degree beyond chance expectations. In this endeavour, we employed checklist to 24, interview to 43, online questionnaire to 102, translation test to 47 and translationality test to 8 respondents. Online questionnaire respondents were from 21 regions of Tanzania, whereas, those of the rest of the tools were from Zanzibar, Dar es Salaam, Pwani, Lindi, Dodoma and Kigoma. Complementarily, we analysed the Chemnitz Corpus of Swahili (CCS), the Helsinki Swahili Corpus (HSC), and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) for clues on the sources and trends of expressions exhibiting this characteristic between Kiswahili and English. Furthermore, we reviewed the Bible, dictionaries, encyclopaedia, books, articles, expressions lists, wikis, and phrase books in pursuit of etymologies, and histories of concepts underlying the focus expressions. Our analysis shows that most of the Kiswahili versions of the focus expressions are the function of loan translation and rendition from English. We found that economic, political and technological changes, mostly induced by liberalization policy of the 1990s in Tanzania, created lexical gaps in Kiswahili that needed to be filled. We discovered that Kiswahili, among other means, fill such gaps through loan translation and loan rendition of English phrases. Prototypical examples of notions whose English labels Kiswahili has translated word for word are such as “human rights”, “free and fair election”, “the World Cup” and “multiparty democracy”. We can conclude that Kiswahili finds it easier and economical to translate the existing English labels for imported notions rather than innovating original labels for the concepts. Even so, our analysis revealed that a few of the Kiswahili duplicate multiword expressions might be a function of nativism, cognitive metaphoricalization and analogy phenomena. We, for instance, observed that formulation of figurative meanings follow more or less similar pattern across human languages – the secondary meanings deriving from source domains. As long as the source domains are common in many human\'s environment, we found it plausible for certain multiword expressions to spontaneously duplicate between several human languages. Academically, our study has demonstrated how multiword expressions, which duplicate between several languages, can be studied using primary data, corpora, documentary review and observation. In particular, the study has designed a framework for studying sources of the expressions and even terminologies for describing the phenomenon. What\'s more, the study has collected a number of expressions that duplicate between Kiswahili and English languages, which other researchers can use in similar studies.

Previous research in infant cognitive development has helped psychologists better understand visual looking patterns in infants exposed to various facial expressions and emotions. There has been significantly less research, however, on gaze sequences in relation to emotional body expressions. The aim of this study was to address this gap in the literature by using eye-tracking software to analyze infants’ gaze patterns of different areas of interest (AOIs) on emotional body expressions. Forty 6.5-month-old infants (Mean age in days = 193.9; SD = 8.00; 18 males) were shown four emotional body expressions (happy, sad, angry, fearful) with either a blurred face condition or a present face condition. Each expression was viewed twice by each infant for a total of 8-8 second trials. To examine whether infants’ first fixation location differed across emotion and area of interest (AOI), a mixed analysis of variance was conducted on the number of first fixations to each AOI across emotion with emotion (anger, fear, happy, sad) and AOI (upper body, face/head, legs, arms/hands) as a within-subjects factor and condition (face present, blurred) as a between-participant factor. There was a significant main effect of AOI, F(3, 342) = 36.40, p < .001, h2 = .49. However, this main effect is “explained” by a significant interaction between AOI and emotion, F(9, 342) = 2.07, p = .031, h2 = .05. There was no evidence of difference in performance across conditions, therefore subsequent analyses were collapsed across this variable. Follow-up analyses probing the interaction between AOI and emotion indicate that the number of first looks to the legs and arms/hands AOIs varies across emotion. For example, infants’ first fixation was more often directed towards the arms/hands AOI when the emotion of the body expression was sad. Additionally, infants’ first fixation location was more often directed toward the legs AOI when the body expression was happy. In contrast, there was insufficient evidence to suggest differences across emotion nor AOI when analyzing the time it took infants to make their first fixation or with the duration of the first fixation. In summary, the location of infants’ first fixation on static images of emotional body expressions varied as a function of emotion. Moreover, infants’ performance was not affected by the presence/absence of facial emotional information. These findings suggest that socially relevant features within bodies are differentially attended to by at least 6.5 months of age. This kind of systematic scanning may lay the groundwork for mature knowledge of emotions and appropriate behavioral responses to other people’s emotion later in life.

Over the past several years, research has shown that children with language impairment often have increased social difficulties. The purpose of this study was to take a closer look at the relationship between language ability and emotion understanding by examining the recognition of facial expressions in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and their typically developing peers. As such, this study is a follow-up investigation of the work done by Spackman, Fujiki, Brinton, Nelson, & Allen (2006). Children with SLI and their age- and gender-matched peers were asked to identify the following six facial expressions of emotion in a language-minimal manner: happiness, anger, fear, surprise, sadness, and disgust. Group performance was then compared for each of the emotions examined. This study found significant differences between the groups (SLI vs. typical), with the children without language impairment performing better than those with SLI. There was also a significant difference found for emotion, indicating that some emotions were identified more correctly than others. No significant effects were found for gender, nor were any interaction effects between variables found.

This thesis is a description of four-word elaborate expressions in White Hmong, a Hmong-Mienh language spoken in the northern mountains of Southeast Asia. The goal of this work is to describe the behavior, characteristics, and functions of the expressions using data from the White Hmong-English Dictionary (Heimbach 1980). A native speaker helped find 318 examples of elaborate expressions in the dictionary. Elaborate expressions have previously been described as "a balanced group of four words in which the first and third element, and the second and fourth element, are either identical to each other or share a common meaning and often also a common sound" (Jarkey 2010:129). Previous work on elaborate expressions is limited to a full analysis of the Green dialect (Mortensen 2003) and a partial analysis focusing mainly on wordhood in White Hmong (White 2020). After introducing White Hmong and elaborate expressions in chapter 1, I use numerous examples to describe and support the types of concord presented in the analysis. The data is taken from the White Hmong-English Dictionary, which is composed of over 400 pages of definitions with detailed example sentences. Throughout the thesis I offer an analysis based on a previous framework of elaborate expressions depicted in the Green Hmong dialect (Mortensen 2003) to conclude that elaborate expressions offer three types of concord between their parts, namely part of speech, semantic, and phonological.

In this episode, we take a break from proving identities of Boolean algebra and start applying them. Why? Well, so we can build our Boolean logic circuits with fewer gates. That means they’ll be cheaper, smaller, and faster. That’s why.

Facial expressions are considered to be the most revealing way of understanding the human psychological state during face-to-face communication. It is believed that a more natural interaction between humans and machines can be undertaken through the detailed understanding of the different facial expressions which imitate the manner by which humans communicate with each other. In this research, we study the different aspects of facial emotion detection, analysis and investigate possible hidden identity clues within the facial expressions. We study a deeper aspect of facial expressions whereby we try to identify gender and human identity - which can be considered as a form of emotional biometric - using only the dynamic characteristics of the smile expressions. Further, we present a statistical model for analysing the relationship between facial features and Duchenne (real) and non-Duchenne (posed) smiles. Thus, we identify that the expressions in the eyes contain discriminating features between Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles. Our results indicate that facial expressions can be identified through facial movement analysis models where we get an accuracy rate of 86% for classifying the six universal facial expressions and 94% for classifying the common 18 facial action units. Further, we successfully identify the gender using only the dynamic characteristics of the smile expression whereby we obtain an 86% classification rate. Likewise, we present a framework to study the possibility of using the smile as a biometric whereby we show that the human smile is unique and stable. / Al-Zaytoonah University

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