This thesis deals with the municipal infrastructure and its connected externalities in municipalities Lásenice, Lodhéřov and Stráž nad Nežárkou. Infrastructure in municipalities is a factor of their development. Municipalities are therefore generally trying to improve infrastructure and to internalize the externalities, which are connected with the infrastructure. It is because it leads to the development of municipality.

This thesis on the mitigation of negative externalities of road transport focused on analyze the selected negative effects of ground transport equipment on the environment and on its basis to draw up a summary of lessons about the level of negative effects of land transport. The first part deals with the theory of road transport, transport roads, transport environment and negative externalities in transport. Second part deals with practical measurement of the mass concentration of airborne dust in air and noise.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:07:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andriucci_lr_dr_prud.pdf: 2790189 bytes, checksum: af00e84dbb28e78b5759978c359627d1 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo propor uma metodologia que permita analisar e discutir a relação existente entre o clima urbano e a economia. A área escolhida para esse estudo foi à cidade de São Paulo, mas, destacando a ocupação da marginal do rio Tietê. Para tanto, analisou-se os seguintes temas: economia ambiental; histórico de ocupação e desenvolvimento da área urbana tanto da cidade de São Paulo, como do rio Tietê; e o clima urbano, que foi divido em três etapas: caracterização geral do clima da cidade de São Paulo; caracterização dos totais pluviométricos da cidade de São Paulo; e levantamento do comportamento das chuvas excepcionais na marginal do rio Tietê. Com essa investigação foi possível isolar elementos identificados como externalidades ambientais. O resultado da pesquisa mostrou que: a Valoração Climática é a relação estabelecida entre a Economia Ambiental e a Climatologia Geográfica; a metodologia utilizada alcançou o objetivo de mostrar que a apropriação indevida do meio pelo homem gera externalidades negativas, ou seja, promovem perdas também econômicas; e a compreensão de que o elemento Clima, faz parte de nosso contexto econômico-social, e que a sua interação com a sociedade geram prejuízos significativos para a economia, como os observado em cada análise específica das externalidades negativas (alagamentos, trânsito urbano, e notadamente por meio de um estudo de caso, o mercado imobiliário) / This research aims to propose a methodology for analyzing and discussing the relationship between the urban environment and economy. The area chosen for this study was the city of São Paulo, but, highlighting the ocupation of marginal Tietê river; that’s why, it was examined the following topics: environmental economics; history of occupation and development the urban area the city of São Paulo as the Tietê river; and the urban climate, it was divided into three stages: general characterization of the climate the city of São Paulo; the total rainfall characterization the city of São Paulo; and a behavior the exceptional rainfall in marginal Tietê river. With this research it was possible to isolate elements identified as environmental externalities. The result of the investigation showed that: the valuation climate is the valuation between the environmental economics and the geographical climatology; the methodology used it reached the order to show that misappropriation of the environment by man generates negative externalities, in other words, promote economic losings too; and understanding that the climate factor, makes part of our economic-social context, and that interaction with the society generally significant damage for the economy as noted in each specific analysis of negative externalities (flooding, urban traffic, and especially through a case study, the housing market)

This diploma thesis aims to provide individual transport negative impact analysis and design a solution of reducing such issues in the city of České Budějovice. A partial aim of this thesis is to compare the individual types of transport referring to user{\crq}s costs, elaborating and evaluating a questionnaire for automobile drivers living in České Budějovice. This research inquires the purpose and frequency of using cars and other means of transport as well as the users{\crq} attitude to this problem. Reacting to the results of the survey the author designs a public bicycle lending system (automatic bicycle rental stations), which represents a modern, economical, ecological and a quick way of transporting people for short distances in the first place. Also the city of České Budějovice matches all the conditions needed for such a system. It should be perceived as a complement of the public transport rather than a leisure time facility so the meaning is to offer the citizens a competitive alternative to individual automobile transport. The main advantage is the pace (to borrow a bicycle takes less than 30seconds), simplicity (when borrowing a bicycle the user only places a smart card in front of the reader) and availability (strategically positioned stands can be used twenty-four hours a day.

Esta pesquisa objetivou a avaliação de custos de energia elétrica no bombeamento de poços, em área de intensa explotação das águas subterrâneas do Sistema Aquífero Bauru (SAB), em São José do Rio Preto - SP (SJRP) e foi conduzida em sinergia com uma abordagem multifocal de avaliação como ferramenta à gestão do uso das águas subterrâneas em áreas urbanas. A área de estudo, com 728 km2 , abrange quase totalmente o município, onde o modelo de uso das águas subterrâneas provocou rebaixamentos dos níveis potenciométricos do SAB na zona urbana, evidenciados em modelos numéricos de fluxo subterrâneo. O desenvolvimento desta pesquisa contemplou a seleção, análise e interpretação de dados do cadastro de poços do Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica e a geração de mapas de profundidade dos níveis de água, visando à caracterização do uso das águas subterrâneas em SJRP e aos cálculos do consumo de energia elétrica na explotação. As águas subterrâneas do SAB são responsáveis por 64% de todo o suprimento hídrico de SJRP, explotadas por 180 poços de abastecimento público e quase 1.800 poços particulares para usos diversos, segundo a base de dados de 2008. Os poços particulares, na grande maioria não outorgados, respondem por 60% de toda a captação do SAB, evidenciando forte dependência do suprimento às alternativas individuais de infraestrutura hídrica. A comparação entre diferentes cenários de explotação simulados por modelação numérica de fluxo subterrâneo constatou a ocorrência de incrementos no consumo e no custo de energia elétrica na explotação, caracterizando a externalidade decorrente do modelo de uso das águas subterrâneas do SAB em SJRP a todos os usuários; e também o aumento da despesa com energia na captação dos poços públicos provocado por influência da captação dos poços particulares, caracterizando a externalidade gerada pelo uso privado à coletividade. Avaliou-se também que os sistemas de bombeamento instalados nos poços possuem baixo rendimento, demandando maior consumo de energia na explotação de água. Esta pesquisa concluiu que ocorre a superexplotação do SAB na zona urbana de SJRP, porém, com a possibilidade de ser mitigada com o adequado manejo das disponibilidades hídricas subterrâneas adjacentes ao perímetro urbano. / This research aimed to evaluate the cost of electrical energy involving the pumping of wells in areas of intensive groundwater use in Bauru Aquifer System (BAS), in São José do Rio Preto - SP (SJRP) and it was conducted as a focusing contribute on management tool for the groundwater use in urban areas. The study area, 728 km2 , means almost the whole municipal total area, in which the pumping of groundwater has caused aquifer drawdown effects on BAS in the urban area, as it is evidenced by groundwater flow mathematical models. The development of this resource assembles the selection, analysis and data interpretation of the well registered with the Water Management State Agency besides designing of water table depth maps, in order to provide the characterization of the groundwater use in SJRP and the calculation of electrical energy consumption along the exploitation. BAS supplies 64% of groundwater to the whole water supply of SJRP, exploited by 180 municipal wells and almost 1.800 private wells dedicated for several uses, accordingly to the data from 2008. Water supply system is strongly dependable of the private wells that most of them are not licensed. The private wells are responsible for 60% of the total BAS explotation. The comparison between the different exploitation scenery simulated by groundwater flow mathematical models shows the occurrence of electrical energy consumption and cost increments along the exploitation, meaning an externality to all users due BAS groundwater development in SJRP; and also the increment of electrical energy spends for municipal wells caused by the influence of the exploitation of the private wells, meaning an externality caused by the private use to collectivity. It was also analyzed the pumping system installed in the well that has low performance, requiring a greater energy consumption during the water exploitation. This research concluded that occurs an overexploitation of BAS in the urban area of SJRP, however, there are possibilities to mitigate considering the appropriated management of the safe yield in the surroundings of the urban perimeter.

This dissertation consists of three essays on different aspects of water management. The first essay focuses on the sustainability of freshwater use by introducing the notion that altruistic parents do bequeath economic assets for their offspring. Constructing a two-period, over-lapping generational model, an optimal ratio of consumption and pollution for old and young generations in each period is determined. Optimal levels of water consumption and pollution change according to different parameters, such as, altruistic degree, natural recharge rate, and population growth. The second essay concerns water sharing between countries in the case of trans-boundary river basins. The paper recognizes that side payments fail to forge water-sharing agreement among the international community and that downstream countries have weak bargaining power. An interconnected game approach is developed by linking the water allocation issue with other non-water issues such as trade or border security problems, creating symmetry between countries in bargaining power. An interconnected game forces two countries to at least partially cooperate under some circumstances. The third essay introduces the concept of virtual water (VW) into a traditional international trade model in order to estimate water savings for a water scarce country. A two country, two products and two factors trade model is developed, which includes not only consumers and producer’s surplus, but also environmental externality of water use. The model shows that VW trade saves water and increases global and local welfare. This study should help policy makers to design appropriate subsidy or tax policy to promote water savings especially in water scarce countries.

This thesis focuses on capturing causal link between alcohol consumption and one of its externalities, crime. The quasi-natural experiment of the Czech temporary ban on hard liquor following an outbreak of methanol poisonings in September 2012 provides a valuable setting for evaluation of the alcohol-crime relationship. Over the course of the prohibition, violent crime rates fell by approximately 10 %, just like the aggregate of aggravated assault, criminal threatening, vandalism and property damage. In addition, the biggest share of reduction in crime falls on weekend criminality. The number of offenders under the influence of alcohol dropped by approximately 18 % for traffic-related offences and by 28 % in non-traffic offenses. The possibility of the reduction in crime being caused by lower detection capabilities of the law enforcement was examined. The reduction in reported cases of e.g. driving under the influence might be to a large extend explained by lower detection, but it could have reduced only rates of victimless crimes. Finally, the property crime rate was not significantly affected by the intervention, except for burglaries into bars and restaurants.

The inflow of the foreign direct investments (FDI) is often associated with existence of externalities which are created by influence of multinational companies with higher technology level on domestic companies. It is hard to prove some effect of the technology spillovers and other externalities by empirical calculations. Moreover, various results of these actual papers support real discussions among economists about this topic. The goal of my thesis is shed light on this problem by using the sector analysis of the automobile industry which is significant recipient of the government incentives in the Czech republic. I chose the example of the TPCA company. I focused on impacts of the entrance of this automobile maker not only on its suppliers, but also on wage changes in this sector. The conclusions of this analysis should not be considered generally acceptable for all industries. However, the magnitude of the importance of the automobile industry for Czech economy determinates a relevancy of my findings for the total look on the externalities of FDI in the Czech republic.

This thesis analyzes the system of financing tertiary education in the Czech Republic and Russia. Expenditure on education is the process of investing in the future not only individual but also society as a whole. Currently, education becomes more important and countries that are in this respect is well developed, can achieve significant competitive advantage. The work is devoted to a comparison of tertiary education, the Czech Republic and Russia, the countries of the OECD and associated countries. Describes the current situation of higher education in the Czech Republic and Russia, aimed at analyzing the problems of financing programs at public universities. The work focuses on current problems and the need for changes in these problem areas, particularly increasing the share of private resources to finance higher education.

The dog tax has been part of the Czech tax system for many decades. Nevertheless there are almost no studies solving the issue about efficiency and effectiveness of the dog tax. The answer to this issue is very interesting and brings conclusions that shouldn't be ignored. The empirical research has come up with conclusions that could disprove or at least minimize the opinions approving the preservation of the dog tax. The costs of the dog tax selection are much higher than the selection's costs of other taxes in the Czech Republic. The revenues from the dog tax don't even add up to 1 % of the total revenues. Due to all these facts there turns up a question whether it is necessary to collect this tax or not.