This thesis answers the question how big is the negative externality associated with driving under the influence of alcohol in crowns per kilometer driven by the driver with alcohol in blood. The calculation includes the economic consequences of accidents, specifically, loss of production, the cost of health care, administration and social expenditures, included are also the values of lost human lives and values for heavy and light injuries. Calculation of externality is used to determine the fine that internalizes this externality.

Cette thèse se trouve à l'intersection de deux sujets de recherches en économie qui ont connus des développements récents : d'un côté, la modélisation et l'étude des réseaux économiques, de l'autre, la théorie du transport et ses applications en économie. Les quatre chapitres de cette thèse déclinent plusieurs résultats théoriques en lien avec ces deux sujets, en insistant sur leurs connections. Le premier chapitre modélise des contrats bipartites sur un marché décentralisé comme un problème de flux. Ce travail prouve l’existence d'un équilibre compétitif et discute son efficacité. Nous présentons des interprétations de ce modèle dans le cas où les biens sont indivisibles. Ces spécifications sont utilisées pour proposer un modèle du marché du prêt interbancaire. Dans le second chapitre, co-écrit avec Alfred Galichon et Larry Samuelson, nous prouvons un théorème de statiques comparatives monotones. Nous appliquons ensuite ce résultat à plusieurs modèles économiques classiques (modèles d'appariement, modèles hédoniques et problèmes de flux de coût minimum). Le troisième chapitre, co-écrit avec Alfred Galichon et Arthur Charpentier, présente des outils pour résoudre les problèmes d'appariement sur des réseaux de grandes dimensions avant de les mettre en pratique. Enfin le quatrième chapitre, co-écrit avec Rakesh Vohra, montre comment un assureur monopolistique peut utiliser les externalités entre agents - modélisées comme un réseau - pour maximiser ses revenus. Bien qu’exerçant le niveau d'effort optimal d'un point de vue social, tous les agents préfèrent l'équilibre précédant l'introduction de l'assureur. / This dissertation lies at the intersection of two fields of research in economics that have recently substantially developed: on the one hand, the modeling and study of economic networks, and on the other hand, transport theory and its applications in economics. The four chapters of this dissertation present theoretical results in relation with these two topics and put stress on their connections. The first chapter models bipartite contracts on a decentralized market as an equilibrium flow problem. We prove the existence of a competitive equilibrium outcome and discuss its effciency. We interpret this equilibrium in the case of indivisible commodities. As an illustration, we build a model for the overnight interbank loan market with counterparty risk and collateralization costs. In the second one, written in collaboration with Alfred Galichon and Larry Samuelson, we prove a monotone comparative statics theorem that we then apply to several classical economic models (matching models, min-cost flow problems and hedonic models). The third chapter is a joint work with Alfred Galichon and Arthur Charpentier. It presents tools to solve for matching problems on large geographic networks before applying them to examples. Finally, the fourth chapter, written with Rakesh Vohra, shows how a monopolistic insurer can use externalities between agents - modeled as a network - to maximize his profit. We show that a monopolistic insurer decreases the welfare of all agents.

Diploma thesis deals with the problematics of external costs produced by commercial vehicles and the impact on human society and environment. The focus is on environmental costs, such as emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants, noise, infrastructure costs, congestion and accident costs. The thesis introduces EU strategy and legislation considering sustainability of transport and analyses the practise in internalization of negative externalities by taxation and road charging of commercial vehicles in Member States. The thesis also quantifies the size of external costs produced by commercial vehicles in the Czech Republic by calculating their total amount.

Due to the increasing amount of private-public partnership procurements, the pros and cons of this subject area is of great concern for economists and stakeholders. Previous studies regarding the rationale of this type of procurement argued on the externalities of private-public partnership. Most arguments were upon the negative externalities, which can reduce the private-public partnership’s value. In this thesis, externalities in private-public partnership for infrastructure projects are explained by using operation and maintenance, and user’s quality in more detail and compared in different situations. This study carries that with having positively correlated qualities, the private sector will have maximum profit and by having uncorrelated qualities, and the private sector will have more profit compared to negatively correlated qualities. Furthermore the ways to design optimal contract for public sector, which gives the incentive to the private sector to enhance quality and reduce life-cycle costs, is analyzed.

No description available.

The research undertaken in this study is an attempt to determine the influence of farm advisory services, socio-economic factors, and physical factors on the aggregate toxicity of pesticides used by cotton and peanut farmers in the Albemarle-Pamlico Watershed of Virginia and North Carolina. An aggregate toxicity index is developed for all pesticides used on each farm site. Four different types of farm advisors are considered in this study, namely, hired staff, university and state extension agents, chemical dealers, and scouting personnel. Regression analysis is used to estimate how the aggregate toxicity index and the aggregate pesticide expenditures were affected by farmers' choice of the most important farm advisory services; the farmer's age, education, and farming experience; productivity of the soil; soil erosion index; distance of farm from nearest water source; and the state in which the farm was located. The results of this study indicate that hired staff, scouting personnel, and extension agents are associated with higher aggregate toxicity of pesticides on cotton farms, while scouting personnel and chemical dealers are associated with higher aggregate toxicity of pesticides on peanut farms. More years of farming experience is associated with a slight decrease in aggregate toxicity on cotton farms. Increasing age of farmers is associated with a slight increase in aggregate toxicity on peanut farms. Training of farm advisors should include information about potential environmental damage from alternative pesticides. Advisors should be informed about the effects of soil physical characteristics on potential for environmental damage from pesticide use. Farm advisors should also be trained in methods to disseminate information to farmers on pesticide toxicity to the environment. More information on pesticide toxicity could also be publicized on pesticide packages. Continued research on less toxic pesticides and alternative pesticides is also an important strategy to reduce pesticide toxicity. / Master of Science

Throughout the last few years, Flygskam, a norm against air travel, has grown steadily in Sweden due to its emissions. Flygskam is a Swedish word referring to the shame that follows air travel since it runs counter to the norm behavior. This thesis investigates the effect of Flygskam on demand for domestic flights in Sweden using synthetic control and panel data for 2003-2019. The results indicate that Flygskam seems to affect the domestic passengers in Sweden, estimated to be approximately 22% lower in 2019 than the counterfactual, significant on a 1% level.

No description available.

No description available.

Le contexte de crise dans lequel évolue notre monde représente une question fondamentale et incontournable. Les récentes catastrophes dans l’ensemble des continents sont la preuve du bouleversement de nos sociétés et de la biodiversité. Cette crise a plusieurs dimensions : économique, sociale, politique, juridique et environnemental. Nous avons centré notre recherche sur la crise des déchets, crise représentative de l’ensemble de ces facteurs. Ce problème affecte l’ensemble de nos civilisations et ses effets sur le système naturel sont irréversibles. De plus, cette crise nécessite une réponse immédiate et durable car il y va de l'avenir de l’ensemble de la planète. Si tous les pays sont concernés par cette problématique, elle se décline différemment dans une même zone géographique. Elle est à la fois anthropique et naturelle. Elle implique toutes les parties prenantes au niveau local et international. La revue de littérature révèle un manque de données chiffrées au niveau de l'Afrique et l'échec de certains projets non adaptés aux critères locaux. Nous souhaitons prendre pour base théorique la théorie de l'économie circulaire et celle des externalités. Cela permet de mettre en évidence à la fois des externalités positives et négatives, mais aussi de s'inscrire dans une démarche résolument positive. Cette dernière voie consiste à considérer le déchet comme une source de valeur. Cette conception du déchet permet de répondre aux besoins présents et de modifier la vision généralement négative de ce concept. Il s’agit de transformer le problème de déchets en un gisement durable face aux besoins énergétiques croissants, la dégradation des ressources naturelles, la préservation des sols et la modification de nos modes de consommation de masse vers une stratégie zéro déchet ainsi que la valorisation d’une agriculture respectueuse du développement durable. Notre travail de recherche met également en évidence la place incontournable du secteur informel en Afrique, la nécessité de coordonner le travail des acteurs sur le terrain et le développement des emplois verts. Cette démarche positive est possible en associant l’ensemble des stratégies à une communication innovante et l’implication des populations locales aux projets. / The crisis context in which our world is evolving is a fundamental and inescapable question. Recent disasters all over the continents are the proof of this dramatic concern for our world and its biodiversity. It is variable: it is either economic, political, legal and environmental. That is why our work is about waste crisis. This problem affects all our civilizations and its results are irreversible for our natural system. Furthermore, it needs immediate and sustainable responses because it is linked with the future of our planet. All countries are concerned about this problematic. However, it shows different faces even in the same geographical area. This crisis is anthropogenic and natural. It involves all national and international stakeholders. Literature reviews reveal a lack of data in Africa and the failure of projects not unsuited to local contexts. We develop several theories: circular economics, negative and positive externalities and the theory of social and supporting economy. Our work is about the importance of informal sectors in Africa, the coordination of actors in the field and the development of green jobs. This positive way is possible with innovative communication strategies and the involvement of population in local projects.