Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DulcineiaCS.pdf: 1697403 bytes, checksum: 0f7cd236e54bc771afdfff455ddc2e54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-25 / The study of a promising alternative for the treatment of produced water from the oil industry envisaging its reuse was the focus of this work. Millions of liters of water are generated per day, containing heavy metals in low concentrations (< 0,15 mg/L for Pb, <0,04 mg/L for Cd, <0,04 mg/L for Ni). The technology applied to extract these metals from aqueous phase was the solvent extraction and the extratants used were vegetable oils originated from coconut oil. They can be used in natural form or as derivatives, known as MAC - Mixture of Carbox?lics Acids. The determination of the heavy metal con?centrations in a complex matrix was made by using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique (AAS). On the bench tests using synthetics aqueous solutions containing metals, vegetable oils showed no power to extract the metals studied. The extractant MAC was selective for the Pb> Cd> Ni, in the concentration of 8% in the same organic phase. In this condition, the lower efficiency of extraction obtained was 92% for the Pb, 69% for the Cd, in the range of pH ranging from 6 to 8. An experimental planning was conducted for continuous tests. The device used was called MDIF Misturador-Decantador ? Invers?o de Fases and the aqueous phase was produced water from P?lo Indutrial de Guamar?/RN . No correlation between the studied variables (concentration of metal, concentration of extratant and agitation in the mixing chamer) could be obtained, because of possible factors which occurred as: variation in the composition of the studied sample, phenomena of precipitation and complexation of metals in the reservoir of feed, solubility of extratant / O estudo de uma promissora alternativa para o tratamento de ?guas produzidas da ind?stria do petr?leo visando a sua reutiliza??o foi o foco deste trabalho. S?o milh?es de litros de ?gua/dia descartados ao mar, atrav?s de emiss?rios submarinos, contendo metais pesados em baixas concentra??es (< 0,15 mg/L de Pb, <0,04 mg/L de Cd, <0,04 mg/L de Ni). A tecnologia utilizada para extrair esses metais da fase aquosa foi a extra??o por solvente e os extratantes estudados foram ?leos vegetais in natura e derivados do ?leo de coco, denominada MAC Mistura de ?cidos Carbox?licos. A determina??o da concentra??o dos metais pesados em matriz complexa foi realizada utilizando o EAA Espectr?metro de Absor??o At?mica. Nos ensaios de bancada realizados, com solu??es sint?ticas contendo metais, os ?leos vegetais n?o apresentaram poder de extra??o dos metais estudados. J? o extratante MAC foi seletivo para o Pb > Cd > Ni na concentra??o de 8% do mesmo na fase org?nica. Nesta condi??o, a menor efici?ncia de extra??o obtida foi de 92% para o Pb, 69% para o Cd, na faixa de pH variando de 6 a 8. Um planejamento experimental foi realizado para os ensaios em regime cont?nuo. O equipamento utilizado foi o MDIF - Misturador Decantador ? Invers?o de Fases e a fase aquosa utilizada foi a ?gua produzida proveniente da sa?da do SAO Separador ?gua ?leo do P?lo Industrial de Guamar?/RN. Nenhuma correla??o entre as vari?veis estudadas, concentra??o do metal, concentra??o do extratante e agita??o na c?mara de mistura pode ser obtida devido a poss?veis fatores ocorridos como: varia??o na composi??o da amostra estudada, fen?menos de precipita??o e complexa??o de metais no reservat?rio de alimenta??o, solubiliza??o do extratante

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-30T23:24:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaKarlaCostaDeOliveira_TESE.pdf: 2825200 bytes, checksum: c6df5d1cc16e7b1fce40a48c0ba4dab3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-02T00:01:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaKarlaCostaDeOliveira_TESE.pdf: 2825200 bytes, checksum: c6df5d1cc16e7b1fce40a48c0ba4dab3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T00:01:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaKarlaCostaDeOliveira_TESE.pdf: 2825200 bytes, checksum: c6df5d1cc16e7b1fce40a48c0ba4dab3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-07 / As ?guas produzidas est?o associadas aos processos de explora??o e produ??o de petr?leo e g?s. Estas ?guas s?o misturas complexas e possuem muitos contaminantes como petr?leo, metais pesados e gases, como o H2S e o CO2, que tamb?m s?o componentes presentes na ?gua de produ??o. Os gases s?o originados a partir da pr?pria composi??o do petr?leo e do g?s natural. O H2S deve ser removido dos fluidos da ind?stria do petr?leo, pois ? um g?s altamente t?xico, potencialmente letal e misturado ? ?gua forma um ?cido corrosivo aos dutos e linhas de fluxo e outros equipamentos. Na atual legisla??o ambiental estabelecida pelo CONAMA, a concentra??o de sulfetos nas ?guas de descarte, deve ser inferior a 1 ppm e, para reuso, 0,3ppm. Neste trabalho, foram testadas tr?s aminas comerciais solubilizadas em QAV visando a remo??o simult?nea de ?leo e H2S em ?guas produzidas com concentra??o inicial de 0,660 ppm de H2S. A opera??o de extra??o l?quido-l?quido foi estudada fazendo-se uso do aparelho Misturador-Decantador ? Invers?o de Fases (MDIF). As aminas comerciais testadas foram: DUOMEEN T, ARCUARD 2C-75 e DUOMEEN O. Todas apresentavam fun??o tensoativa e car?ter hidrof?bico (alquilaminas). Os teores de H2S e petr?leo (ppm) foram avaliados antes e ap?s o contato entre as fases org?nica (solu??o org?nica amina/QAV) e aquosa (?gua produzida). Ap?s testes de extra??o em funis de separa??o conduzidos em batelada selecionou-se a amina ARCUAD 2C-75, para realizar os testes sistem?ticos com o MDIF (Misturador-Decantador ? Invers?o de Fases). As condi??es operacionais foram estabelecidas com base nas seguintes vari?veis: rela??o org?nico/aquoso (1/5;1/3; 2/5) em v:v; vaz?o total (60; 65; 70; 75; 80; 85; 90; 100) em L/H; e concentra??o do extratante amina solubilizada em QAV (0,1; 0,15 e 0,20) em (v:v). Os resultados experimentais foram analisados com base em dois approaches, o Planejamento Estat?stico Experimental e a Rede Neural Artificial (NRA). Obteve-se uma efici?ncia de remo??o simult?nea de sulfetos e petr?leo de 74 e 83%, respectivamente, para uma rela??o org?nico/aquoso de 1/3; uma vaz?o de 90 L/H e uma concentra??o de extratante amina em QAV de 0,10 v:v. / The produced water is associated with the processes of exploration and production of oil and gas. These waters are complex mixtures and have many contaminants such as oil, heavy metals and gases such as H2S and CO2, which are also present as components into produced waters. The gases are originated from the same composition of oil and natural gas. The H2S must be removed from the fluids of the oil industry, as it is a highly toxic, potentially lethal gas and mixed with water it forms a corrosive acid able to damage pipelines, flow lines and other equipments. In the current environmental legislation established by CONAMA, the final concentration of sulfides in the waters for the purposes of disposal must be less than 1 ppm and reuse 0,3 ppm. In this work, three commercial amines were tested on mixing with jet fuel in order to remove dispersed oil and H2S from produced water with initial concentration of 0.660 ppm H2S. The operation of liquid-liquid extraction was studied by using a modified Mixer-Settler named MDIF (Misturador-decantador ? Invers?o de Fase). Three commercial amines were studied: DUOMEEN T, ARCUARD 2 C-75 and DUOMEEN O. All of them showed surface activity and hydrophobic character function (alkylamines). The contents of H2S and petroleum (ppm) were evaluated before and after the contact between organic phase (organic solution of amine + QAV) and water phase (produced water). After tests of extraction into separation funnels carry out in batch scale it was selected amine ARCUAD 2 C-75, to perform systematic tests with MDIF (Mixer-Settler based on Phase Inversion). The operating conditions were established on the basis of the following variables: organic/aqueous ratio (1/5; 1/3 and 2/5) in v:v; total flow (60; 65; 70; 75; 80; 85; 90 and 100) in L/H; and concentration of extracting agent (amine) dissolved into jet fuel (0.1; 0.15; and 0.20;) in (v:v). The experimental results were analyzed based on two different approaches, Statistical Design and Artificial Neural Network (ARN). It was obtained an efficiency of simultaneous removal of sulfides and oil of 74 and 83 %, respectively, for an organic/aqueous ratio of 1/3; a total flow of 90 L/H and a concentration of extracting agent (amine) into QAV of 0.10 v:v.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ZildianyIM_DISSERT.pdf: 2328964 bytes, checksum: cce13a45c02b28ab140a7f90a8548746 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Boron is a semi-metal present in certain types of soils and natural waters. It is essential to the healthy development of plants and non-toxic to humans, depending on its concentration. It is used in various industries and it s present in water production coming from oil production. More specifically in Rio Grande do Norte, one of the largest oil producers on shore of Brazil, the relationship water/oil in some fields becomes more than 90%. The most common destination of this produced water is disposal in open sea after processing to meet the legal specification. In this context, this research proposes to study the extraction of boron in water produced by microemulsion systems for industrial utilization. It was taken into account the efficiency of extraction of boron related to surfactant (DDA and OCS, both characterized by FT-IR), cosurfactant (butanol and isoamyl alcohol), organic phase (kerosene and heptanes) and aqueous phase (solution of boron 3.6 ppm in alkaline pH). The ratio cosurfactant/ surfactant used was four and the percentage of organic phases for all points of study was set at 5%. It was chosen points with the highest percentage of aqueous phase. Each system was designed for three points of different compositions in relation to the constituents of a pseudoternary diagram. These points were chosen according to studies of phase behavior in pseudoternary diagrams made in previous studies. For this research, points were chosen in the Winsor II region. The excess aqueous solution obtained in these systems was separated and analyzed by ICP OES. For the data set obtained, the better efficiency in the extraction of boron was obtained using the system with DAC, isoamyl alcohol and heptanes, which extracted 49% in a single step. OCS was not viable to the extraction of boron by microemulsion system in the conditions defined in this study / O boro ? um semi-metal presente em determinados tipos de solos e ?guas naturais. ? essencial ao desenvolvimento sadio de esp?cies vegetais e at?xico ao homem, dependendo de sua concentra??o. ? utilizado em v?rias ind?strias e est? presente em ?guas de produ??o oriundas da atividade petrol?fera. Mais especificamente no Rio Grande do Norte, um dos maiores produtores de petr?leo on shore do Brasil, a mistura ?gua/?leo produzida em alguns campos chega a ser superior a 90% em ?gua. O destino mais comum a essa ?gua produzida ? o descarte no mar aberto ap?s especifica??o. Com isso, o objeto a que se prop?e este trabalho ? o estudo da extra??o do boro em ?gua produzida por sistema microemulsionado (SME) para seu aproveitamento industrial. Nesse estudo foi levado em considera??o a efici?ncia de extra??o de boro quanto ao tensoativo (DDA e OCS, ambos caracterizados por FT-IV), cotensoativo (butanol e ?lcool isoam?lico), fase org?nica (querosene e heptano) e fase aquosa (solu??o de boro 3,6 ppm em pH b?sico). A raz?o cotensoativo/tensoativo utilizada foi quatro e o percentual das fases org?nicas para todos os pontos de estudo foi fixada em 5%. Foram escolhidos pontos com maior percentual de fase aquosa. Cada sistema foi montado para tr?s pontos de composi??es diferentes em rela??o aos constituintes de um diagrama pseudotern?rio. Estes pontos foram escolhidos de acordo com estudos do comportamento de fases em diagramas pseudotern?rios realizados em estudos anteriores. Para esse estudo os pontos escolhidos localizaram-se na regi?o de Winsor II. A solu??o aquosa em excesso obtida nesses sistemas foi separada e analisada por ICP OES. Do conjunto de dados obtidos, o sistema que apresentou melhor efici?ncia na extra??o de boro foi o que utilizou DAC, ?lcool isoam?lico e heptano, com aproximadamente 49% de extra??o numa ?nica etapa. O OCS n?o se mostrou favor?vel a extra??es de boro por sistema microemulsionados nas condi??es do estudo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WilaciEFJ.pdf: 1838358 bytes, checksum: 40ec11f34b65cc0544a9b15c91dae65a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present work had as objective to apply an experimental planning aiming at to improve the efficiency of separation of a new type of mixer-settler applied to treat waste water contaminated with oil. An unity in scale of laboratory, was installed in the Post-graduation Program of Chemical Engineering of UFRN. It was constructed in partnership with Petrobras S.A. This called device Misturador-Decantador a Invers?o de Fases (MDIF) , possess features of conventional mixer-settler and spray column type. The equipment is composed of three main parts: mixing chamber; chamber of decantation and chamber of separation. The efficiency of separation is evaluated analyzing the oil concentrations in water in the feed and the output of the device. For the analysis one used the gravimetric method of oil and greases analysis (TOG). The system in study is a water of formation emulsified with oil. The used extractant is a mixture of Turpentine spirit hydro-carbons, supplied for Petrobras. It was applied, for otimization of the efficiency of separation of the equipment, an experimental planning of the composite central type, having as factorial portion fractionary factorial planning 2 5-2, with the magnifying of the type star and five replications in the central point. In this work, the following independents variables were studied: contents of oil in the feed of the device; volumetric ratio (O/A); total flowrate ; agitation in the mixing chamber and height of the organic bed. Minimum and maximum limits for the studied variables had been fixed according previous works. The analysis of variance for the equation of the empirical model, revealed statistically significant and useful results for predictions ends. The variance analysis also presented the distribution of the error as a normal distribution and was observed that as the dispersions do not depend on the levels of the factors, the independence assumption can be verified. The variation around the average is explained by 98.98%, or either, equal to the maximum value, being the smoothing of the model in relation to the experimental points of 0,98981. The results present a strong interaction between the variable oil contents in the feed and agitation in the mixing chamber, having great and positive influence in the separation efficiency. Another variable that presented a great positive influence was the height of the organic bed. The best results of separation efficiency had been obtained for high flowrates when associates the high oil concentrations and high agitation. The results of the present work had shown excellent agreement with the results carried out through previous works with the mixer-settler of phase inversion / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar a efici?ncia de separa??o de um novo aparelho do tipo misturador-decantador aplicado ao tratamento de ?guas residu?rias contaminadas com petr?leo. Foi utilizado um equipamento em escala de laborat?rio, instalado no Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Engenharia Qu?mica da UFRN, que foi constru?do em parceria com a Petrobras S.A. Este aparelho denominado Misturador-Decantador ? Invers?o de Fases (MDIF), possui caracter?sticas de um misturador-decantador convencional e de uma coluna tipo spray. O equipamento ? composto de tr?s partes principais: c?mara de mistura; c?mara de decanta??o e c?mara de separa??o. A efici?ncia de separa??o ? avaliada analisando-se as concentra??es de ?leo em ?gua na alimenta??o e na sa?da do aparelho. Para a an?lise utilizou-se o m?todo da an?lise de ?leo e graxas (TOG) por gravimetria. O sistema em estudo ? uma ?gua de forma??o emulsionada com ?leo. O extratante utilizado ? uma mistura de hidrocarbonetos denominada de Aguarr?s, fornecido pela Petrobras. Aplicou-se, para a otimiza??o da efici?ncia de separa??o do equipamento, um planejamento experimental do tipo central composto, tendo como por??o fatorial o planejamento fatorial fracion?rio 2 5-2, com a amplia??o do tipo estrela e cinco repeti??es no ponto central. Neste trabalho, estudam-se as seguintes vari?veis independentes: teor de ?leo na ?gua residu?ria de carga da coluna; rela??o volum?trica org?nico/aquoso (O/A); vaz?o efetiva total; agita??o na c?mara de mistura e altura do leito org?nico. Foram fixados limites m?nimos e m?ximos para as vari?veis estudadas de acordo com trabalhos realizados anteriormente. A an?lise de vari?ncia para a equa??o do modelo emp?rico, mostrou-se estatisticamente significante e ?til para fins preditivos. A an?lise de vari?ncia tamb?m apresentou a distribui??o do erro como uma distribui??o normal e observou-se que como as dispers?es n?o dependem dos n?veis dos fatores, a suposi??o de independ?ncia pode ser verificada. A varia??o em torno da m?dia ? explicada por 98,98%, ou seja, igual ao valor m?ximo explic?vel, sendo o ajuste do modelo em rela??o aos pontos experimentais de 0.98981. Os resultados apresentam uma intera??o muito forte entre as vari?veis teor de ?leo e agita??o na c?mara de mistura, tendo grande e positiva influ?ncia na efici?ncia de separa??o. Outra vari?vel que apresentou-se com grande e positiva influ?ncia foi a altura do leito org?nico. Os melhores resultados de efici?ncia de separa??o foram obtidos para altas vaz?es quando associadas a altas concentra??es de ?leo e alta agita??o. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho mostraram excelente concord?ncia com os resultados de trabalhos anteriores realizados com o misturador-decantador ? invers?o de fases