Abstract Collagen IX belongs to the superfamily of collagenous proteins and is present on the surface of the heterotypic collagen fibrils that are predominantly composed of collagen II, and also collagen XI. The major sites of expression of collagen IX include the articular cartilage, intervertebral disc, inner ear and the vitreous body of the eye. Previous reports have indicated that mutations in the genes encoding the three polypeptide chains of collagen IX may lead to intervertebral disc disease and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, a chondrodysplasia characterized by early onset osteoarthritis. These observations and results from genetically modified mouse lines suggest that collagen IX is crucial in the maintenance of the long-term integrity of tissues. However, the structure-function relationship as well as detailed information concerning the functional roles of this protein has remained unclear. Recombinant human collagen IX was obtained using an insect cell expression system. Besides full-length molecules, five truncated variants of collagen IX were produced to examine chain association and trimerization. Contrary to previous observations, it was shown that the COL1 and NC1 domains are not essential for trimerization. Instead, they seem to play an important role in the specificity of chain selection. The results also suggest that the N-terminal domains, NC3 or COL3, are required for complete folding and stabilization of collagen IX molecules, implicating cooperativity between different domains in the folding process. Collagen IX was found to mediate cell adhesion and bind efficiently to collagen receptor integrins α1β1, α2β1, α10β1 and α11β1. The binding was found to represent a novel type of mechanism, and the binding site of the integrin I domain was located at the N-terminal end of the COL3 domain in collagen IX. The obtained results suggest that the FACITs may play an important role as mediators of cell adhesion to collagen fibrils. Antibodies binding to human recombinant collagen IX were measured among 53 patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These autoantibodies were significantly elevated among the RA patients when compared to the controls, suggesting that autoantibodies to collagen IX show diagnostic potential in early RA. However, no association was found between the antibody levels and outcome.

Mounting evidence suggests that Hsp90 is present and functionally active in the extracellular space. The biological function of extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) remains relatively uncharacterized compared to that of intracellular Hsp90. eHsp90 has been shown to interact with a finite number of extracellular proteins, however, despite the identification of eHsp90 interacting proteins, the function of eHsp90 in these complexes is unknown. Several reports suggest a role for eHsp90α in cell migration and invasion. Reported targets for eHsp90 stimulated cell migration include MMPs, LRP-1, tyrosine kinase receptors and possible others unidentified. Limited studies report a role for eHsp90β. Recently, Hsp90α and Hsp90β were isolated in a complex containing fibronectin (FN) on the surface of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Herein, we report direct binding of Hsp90α and Hsp90β to FN using a solid phase binding assay and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. SPR spectroscopy showed that Hsp90β bound the 70 kDa amino-terminal fragment of FN (FN70), but that binding of FN to Hsp90β was not limited to FN70. Confocal microscopy showed regions of colocalization of Hsp90 with extracellular FN matrix fibrils in Hs578T breast cancer cell lines. Treatment of Hs578T breast cancer cells with novobiocin (an Hsp90 inhibitor) and an LRP-1 blocking antibody resulted in a loss of FN matrix and FN endocytosis (novobiocin treated). Addition of exogenous Hsp90β was able to recover such effect after both treatments. FN was shown to colocalize with intracellular LRP-1 in novobiocin treated Hs578T cells. Immunoprecipitation of an LRP-1 containing complex showed the presence of Hsp90 and 70 and 120+ kDa FN fragments. Treatment of Hs578T cells with novobiocin increased the level of FN120+ bound in LRP-1 immunoprecipitate. Exogenous Hsp90β decreased the level of low and high molecular weight FN fragments in a complex with LRP-1, despite the fact that higher levels of lower molecular weight FN fragments were detected in this cell lysate compared to the other treatments. We report FN as a novel interacting protein of eHsp90. Taken together, we provide evidence for a direct role of eHsp90β in FN matrix remodeling. We suggest that Hsp90 plays a direct role in FN matrix dynamics through interaction with FN and LRP-1. The identification of FN as a novel interacting protein of eHsp90 suggests a role for Hsp90 in FN matrix remodeling, which is important for a number of fundamental cellular processes including cell migration and metastasis.

The niche in which stem cells reside is involved in the regulation of stem cell fate, such as differentiation and self-renewal, by providing ECM proteins, growth factors, cell-cell interactions and balancing chemical factors such as the level of oxygen and pH. ECM proteins are involved in maintaining stemness of stem cells and in regulating differentiation via integrin-mediated signalling. Following the interaction of ECM proteins with integrins, integrins cluster and interact with large complexes of signalling proteins. These adhesion complexes have been reported to contain at least 150 proteins, which have been termed the adhesome. Adhesion complex proteins interact with the actin cytoskeleton and signalling pathways to play an essential role in stem cell fate. The hypothesis in this study was that the interaction of stem cells via integrin receptors with ECM proteins, lead to changes in the abundance or composition of adhesion complexes, which potentially activates signalling pathways involved in either maintaining or differentiation of stem cells. In this study, three principal advances have been made:First, a method was developed using ligand-coated magnetic beads for the isolation of integrin-associated complexes from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The isolated integrin-associated complexes from hESCs were analysed by proteomic methods, which led to the detection of key integrin-associated adhesion proteins such as talin, vinculin, alpha actinin 4, filamin B, filamin C and zyxin. Second, isolation of integrin-associated complexes from multipotent MSCs was performed using a method based on “de-roofing” MSCs from FN or PDL coated plastic dishes, leading to the detection of key adhesome components by mass spectrometry. Ontological analysis of proteins enriched on FN demonstrated the enrichment of adhesion complexes. Third, following the induction of multipotent MSCs into early adipogenic MSCs and the isolation of integrin-associated complexes from early adipogenic MSCs and undifferentiated MSCs, core adhesome components were identified in induced and non-induced MSCs, with induction hypothesised to cause putative changes in the FN-induced adhesome network. Also, the level of adhesion complexes increased significantly in MSCs on FN upon induction into adipocytes compared to non-induced MSCs on FN and versus the control as shown by bioinformatics analysis. This data led to the hypothesis that upon induction of MSCs into adipocytes the abundance of proteins in integrin-associated complexes or the number of adhesion complexes increases.In conclusion, in this study two biochemical affinity methods were developed for the isolation of integrin-associated complexes from hESCs and MSCs, using ligand coated magnetic beads and ligand-coated plastic dishes. The development of these methods led to the isolation of adhesion-related proteins from pluripotent hESCs and differentiated MSCs and the detection of a pattern of changes in the abundance of adhesion related proteins in differentiated MSCs incubated on FN. The development of methods for the isolation of adhesion related complexes from stem cells can lead to a better understanding of the role of adhesion in differentiation and maintenance of pluripotency in stem cells. A better understanding of adhesion could have future implications in obtaining pure populations of undifferentiated stem cells for cell-based therapies and differentiated cells for the use in tissue engineering and repair.

The motivation for this PhD thesis was to understand the molecular basis of how cells regulate the formation of an organised and mechanically strong extracellular matrix (ECM). In tendon this process begins during embryogenesis with the appearance of bundles of narrow-diameter (~30 nm) collagen fibrils that are parallel to the tendon long axis. At the onset of collagen fibrillogenesis, the cells elongate, the fibrils are constrained within plasma membrane channels with their ends contained in tension-sensitive actin-stabilised plasma membrane protrusions. The mechanism by which actin is reorganised during cell elongation and the formation of tension-sensitive plasma membrane protrusions is poorly understood. The small GTPase RhoA is the major regulator of actin reorganisation into stress fibres, which have been implicated in mechanotransduction, ECM assembly and remodelling. The hypothesis tested by this PhD thesis was that the organisation and tensioning of extracellular collagen fibrils is generated on a blueprint of tensioned actin filaments within the cell. Rho activity is regulated specifically by Rho GTPase activating proteins (RhoGAPs). By comparing the global gene expression of tendon tissues at different developmental stages, Arhgap28, a novel RhoGAP, which is expressed during tendon development but not during postnatal maturation, was identified.Arhgap28 belongs to a large family of RhoGAPs containing the closely related members, Arhgap6 and Arhgap18, which have previously been shown to regulate RhoA and stress fibre formation. Arhgap28 expression was upregulated in embryonic fibroblasts cultured in a 3D, tensioned embryonic tendon-like construct compared to monolayer culture. Arhgap28 expression was further enhanced during the development of mechanical strength and stiffness of the tendon constructs, but downregulated when the tension in tendon constructs was released. Overexpression of a C-terminal V5-tagged Arhgap28 protein caused a reduction in RhoA activation and disruption of stress fibre assembly. Modulation of Rho signalling using lysophosphatidic acid and Y27632 showed that collagen remodelling by cells in collagen gels and tendon constructs is regulated by RhoA signalling. A tissue-wide qPCR analysis identified Arhgap28 in several tissues including tendon, bone, and skin. An Arhgap28 reporter mouse (Arhgap28gt) and an Arhgap28 knockout mouse (Arhgap28del) were also studied to investigate the role of Arhgap28 in tissue organisation in vivo. Arhgap28gt mice showed Arhgap28 expression in bones at E18.5. Homozygous Arhgap28del mice were viable, appeared normal but expressed a truncated Arhgap28 transcript, which if translated, would produce a protein lacking the RhoGAP domain. Therefore, it was hypothesised that knockout mice were normal due to compensation from another RhoGAP. Overexpression of Arhgap6 in Arhgap28-null bone tissues was confirmed. Upregulation in RhoA expression was also detected, further suggesting that Arhgap28 regulates RhoA. Interestingly, a microarray comparison of bone tissues from wild type and Arhgap28-null mice showed that genes linked to bone dysplasia are downregulated in Arhgap28-null bone. Together, these results suggest that formation of a strong and organised collagen ECM is mediated by RhoA-generated cellular tension and that Arhgap28 and Arhgap6 might be co-regulators of this process.

Aneurismas e dissecções da aorta ascendente são caracterizados por degradação das fibras elásticas e de colágeno e diminuição de células musculares lisas, predominantemente em áreas mucóides, as quais são relacionadas ao acúmulo de glicosaminoglicanos ou proteoglicanos. Tendo em vistas tais alterações, estudamos a topologia das metaloproteases nestas doenças. Cortes de 5?m de aortas, fixadas em fomol e embebidas em parafina, foram submetidos a reações imuno-histoquímicas para MMP-3 (estromelisina), MMP-7 (matrilisina) e plasminogênio/plasmina na camada média. Em paralelo, cortes de aortas foram submetidos a coloração pela hematoxilina e eosina e azul de Alcian (para material mucóide). Aortas de 8 pacientes com aneurisma de aorta torácica e 10 com dissecções agudas foram analisadas. Adicionalmente, 9 aortas normais foram estudadas como controle. Em todos os casos, MMP-3 e, mais expressivamente, MMP-7 apresentaram marcação dentro dos acúmulos mucóides. Em contrapartida, a marcação para plasmina/plasminogênio situou-se ao redor deles. Fora dessas áreas, a MMP-3 mostrou distribuição intra e extracelular, a MMP-7 apresentou marcação intra e extracelular predominante na segunda metade da túnica média, e plasmina/plasminogênio teve co-localização com células musculares lisas. Considerando que matrilisina e estromelisina atuam sobre os proteoglicanos e sobre outros componentes da matriz extracelular, estas enzimas poderiam estar envolvidas diretamente na gênese dos aneurismas e dissecções da aorta ascendente, com possível modulação por plasminogênio/plasmina / In dissections and non-inflammatory aneurysms of the ascending aorta there is an increase in mucoid (proteoglycan) deposition. We analyzed by immunoperoxidase the distribution of stromelysin (MMP-7), matrilysin (MMP-3) and plasminogen/plasmin, enzymes that act on proteoglycans, in sections of human aortas with these diseases and in controls. In cases with any of these diseases MMP-7 and MMP-3 were accumulated in the areas of mucoid degeneration, and plasmin around them. Such enzymes could thus be involved in these diseases. We also evaluated by morphometry the amount of collagen in the two halves of the aortic media.

L’interaction épithélium/mésenchyme est cruciale pour de nombreux processus physiopathologiques. Lors de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée aux signaux mésenchymateux régulant les cellules épithéliales en utilisant comme modèle la peau, qui est composée de 2 compartiments : l’épiderme (épithélium) et le derme (mésenchyme). Les intégrines sont impliquées ces interactions. CD98hc est une protéine transmembranaire à double fonction qui chaperonne des transporteurs d’acides aminés et régule la signalisation des ß intégrines. Elle est exprimée dans les cellules prolifératives telle les cellules épithéliales. Dans la peau, CD98hc est exprimée l’épiderme mais également dans les fibroblastes, cellules post-mitotiques. Mon hypothèse a été que CD98hc participe aux régulations des interactions derme/épiderme. Grâce à un modèle de KO conditionnel de CD98hc dans les fibroblastes dermiques, j’ai mis en évidence que CD98hc permet le maintient des propriétés mécaniques et biologiques du derme, et, de ce fait, régule l’épiderme en conditions d’homéostasie, de perturbation de la barrière et lors de la formation de cancer. De plus, le rôle de CD98hc dans cette interaction apparait comme étant lié à l’âge. En conclusion, mes travaux de thèse montrent le rôle central de l’expression dermique de CD98hc dans le maintien de l’homéostasie cutanée au cours du vieillissement ainsi que lors de la tumorigenèse. / The epithelial/mesenchymal interaction is crucial for many physiopathological processes. During my PhD, I focused on mesenchymal signals that regulate epithelial cells behavior using the skin as model. The skin is composed of 2 main compartments: the epidermis (epithelium) and the dermis (mesenchyme). While this crosstalk involves integrins, its regulations are poorly understood. The transmembrane protein CD98hc interacts with amino acid transporter and regulates integrin signaling. CD98hc which is expressed at the cell membrane of proliferative cells, specifically epithelial cells, is required for tissue homeostasis. We found that besides its expression in keratinocytes, CD98hc is also expressed in post-mitotic dermal fibroblast. Hence, I hypothesized that CD98hc is involved in epidermis/dermis crosstalk. Using a conditional KO mouse model that harbor a CD98hc deletion in dermal fibroblast, I have shown that dermal CD98hc is required to maintain mechanical and biochemical properties of the dermis. Moreover, I have shown that those CD98hc-dependent dermal properties are implicated in the regulation of the epidermal cell behavior during homeostasis, cutaneous barrier disruption and tumorigenesis. Moreover, the role of CD98hc in those processes seems to be age-related. To conclude, during my PhD, I have revealed a major role of CD98hc in the maintenance of skin homeostasis during aging and tumorigenesis.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第18911号 / 人健博第25号 / 新制||人健||2(附属図書館) / 31862 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 坪山 直生, 教授 齋藤 邦明, 教授 戸口田 淳也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20562号 / 医博第4247号 / 新制||医||1022(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 山下 潤, 教授 江藤 浩之, 教授 開 祐司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20665号 / 医博第4275号 / 新制||医||1024(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 横出 正之, 教授 瀬原 淳子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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