Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-06-29T13:18:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA JOSÉ BATISTA DE SOUSA.pdf: 2843064 bytes, checksum: f400a0df10a20e086f4f74a5b6cf9480 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T13:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA JOSÉ BATISTA DE SOUSA.pdf: 2843064 bytes, checksum: f400a0df10a20e086f4f74a5b6cf9480 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / The species Brosimum gaudichaudii (family Moraceae) and Caesalpinia ferrea (family Fabaceae) are widely distributed throughout Brazil and are considered medicinal plants. The extract of Brosimum gaudichaudii bark has been indicated for the treatment of skin blemishes and vitiligo. On the other hand, the extract of Caesalpinia ferrea fruit has been used due to its therapeutic properties as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic action. Much of the medicinal plant extracts constituents are unknown and may be toxic to human and animal health, so it is necessary to study the qualitative phytochemical of secondary metabolites and to evaluate the cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic potential of the extracts of these species. In this study, in order to evaluate the mutagenic and / or genotoxic effects, different concentrations of the extractive solutions of B. gaudichaudii and C. ferrea were evaluated in vivo in Astyanax sp and Allium cepa, and ex vivo, by the micronucleus test in T lymphocytes humans. Data were submitted to Kruskall-Wallis a non-parametric test and then to simple linear regression with a significance level of 5%. The Allium cepa test, micronucleus test for human T lymphocytes and erythrocytes of Astyanax sp did not indicate mutagenic and / or genotoxic potential of phytochemicals (p> 0.05) when compared to the non-exposed controls, except the concentration of 5 mg/L of B. gaudichaudii that showed cytotoxicity. On the other hand, the comet assay revealed genotoxic action for all concentrations evaluated for the tail length parameter of the comet. For the moment parameter of Olive's tail only the 20mg /L concentration of Caesalpinia ferrea extract was genotoxic. Therefore, apical meristematic cells from the roots of Allium cepa and human T lymphocytes did not present genotoxic and / or mutagenic changes induced by exposure to both plant extracts detectable by micronuclei tests or mitotic index reduction. Genotoxic effect was evidenced by the tail length and tail moment parameter of Olive in the Comet Assay only for C. ferrea extract in the erythrocytes of Astyanax sp. In order to understand the genotoxic and mutagenic activities of B. gaudichaudii and C. ferrea it is important to increase the number of studies to establish safer doses for human consumption. / As espécies Brosimum gaudichaudii (família Moraceae) e Caesalpinia ferrea da família Fabaceae são amplamente distribuídas pelo território brasileiro e são consideradas plantas medicinais. O extrato das cascas de Brosimum gaudichaudii tem sido indicado para tratamento de mancha de pele e vitiligo. Por outro lado, o extrato dos frutos de Caesalpinia ferrea tem sido usado devido suas propriedades terapêuticas como ação antibacteriana, antiinflamatória e analgésica. A maioria dos fitoquímicos presentes nos extratos de plantas medicinais ainda não foram completamente estudados e podem ser tóxicos para a saúde humana e animal. Nesse sentido, é necessário estudos fitoquímicos qualitativos de metabólitos secundários e avaliação do potencial citotóxico, genotóxico e mutagênico dos extratos destas espécies. Nesse estudo, visando avaliar os efeitos mutagênico e/ou genotóxico, diferentes concentrações das soluções extrativas de B. gaudichaudii e C. ferrea foram avaliadas in vivo em Astyanax sp e em Allium cepa, e em ex vivo, pelo teste de micronúcleos em linfócitos T humanos. Os resultados observados das análises foram submetidos ao teste não paramétrico Kruskall-Wallis e posteriormente a regressão linear simples com nível de significância 5%. O teste em Allium cepa, teste de micronúcleo em linfócitos T humanos e em eritrócitos de Astyanax sp não indicaram potencial mutagênico e/ou genotóxico dos fitoconstituintes (p>0,05) quando comparado aos controles não expostos, exceto a concentração de 5g/L de B. gaudichaudii que apresentou citotoxicidade (p=0,038). Por outro lado, o ensaio cometa, revelou ação genotóxica para todas as concentrações avaliadas no parâmetro comprimento da cauda do cometa, para o parâmetro momento da cauda de Olive, apenas a concentração de 20mg/L do extrato de Caesalpinia ferrea mostrou-se genotóxica. Nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados evidenciou danos genéticos resultantes da exposição aos extratos das cascas do caule de B. gaudichaudii. Portanto, as células meristemáticas apicais das raízes de Allium cepa e os linfócitos T humanos não apresentaram alterações genotóxicas e/ou mutagênicas induzidas pela exposição a ambos extratos vegetais que pudesse ser detectadas pelos testes do micronúcleos ou redução do índice mitóticos. Enquanto, nos eritrócitos de Astyanax sp foi evidenciado ação genotóxica pelo parâmetro comprimento da cauda do cometa e momento de da cauda de Olive somente para o extrato de C. ferrea. Diante do exposto, há necessidade de ampliar os estudos para melhor compreensão das atividades genotóxicas e/ou mutagênicas dos extratos de B. gaudichaudii e C. ferrea visando o estabelecimento de doses mais seguras para o consumo humano.

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto antibacteriano del extracto metanólico de Moringa oleifera (Moringa) combinado con Hidróxido de calcio sobre cepas de Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212). Materiales y métodos: Se preparó extractos metanólicos de tallos, hojas y tallos más hojas de Moringa oleifera, los cuales fueron combinados con Hidróxido de calcio en igual proporción. Posteriormente se procedió a evaluar el efecto antibacteriano de los extractos en presencia y ausencia del Hidróxido de calcio contra la cepa bacteriana de Enterococcus faecalis utilizando el método de Kirby-Bauer y el recuento de Unidades Formadoras de Colonias (UFC). Resultados: Se observó que al comparar el Hidróxido de calcio con los extractos metanólicos de Moringa oleifera en presencia y ausencia del Hidróxido de calcio se demuestra que, el Hidróxido de calcio por si solo tiene alto efecto antibacteriano a diferencia de las diversas combinaciones. Conclusiones: La importancia de este estudio fue evaluar si el extracto metanólico de Moringa oleifera repotencia el efecto antibacteriano del Hidróxido de calcio. Los resultados muestran que los diferentes extractos metanólicos de Moringa oleifera no tienen la capacidad de repotenciar al Hidróxido de calcio. / Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial effect of the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) combined with calcium hydroxide on strains of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212). Materials and methods: Methanolic extracts of stems, leaves and stems plus Moringa oleifera leaves were prepared, which were combined with calcium hydroxide in equal proportion. Subsequently, the antibacterial effect of the extracts in the presence and absence of calcium hydroxide against the bacterial strain of Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer method and the count of Colony Forming Units (CFU). Results: It was observed that when comparing calcium hydroxide with the methanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera in the presence and absence of calcium hydroxide, it is shown that calcium hydroxide alone has a high antibacterial effect unlike the various combinations. Conclusions: The importance of this study was to evaluate if the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera enhances the antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide. The results show that different methanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera do not have the capacity to repower the calcium hydroxide. / Tesis

Thesis (MSc.(Chemistry)) - University of Pretoria, 2008. / Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Michele Mologni (mologni@unoeste.br) on 2017-06-09T18:06:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Gervasoni Ferreira Leite.pdf: 551041 bytes, checksum: 2d93c9ae3fe4163e7faba1743109a057 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T18:06:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Gervasoni Ferreira Leite.pdf: 551041 bytes, checksum: 2d93c9ae3fe4163e7faba1743109a057 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-17 / The control of leafcutter ants is constant in agroecosystems, in which, among the different methods adopted, the chemical one (toxic baits) is the most used. Substances that are extracted from plants, as insecticides, have many advantages when compared to the use of synthetic products. This project’s objective was to evaluate the insecticidal and/or fungicidal potential of the plants Asclepias curassavica, Rosmarinus officinalis and Equisetum ssp. in the control of the leaf-cutting ants Atta sexdens rubropilosa. We made use of 40 colonies of Atta sexdensbred in a laboratory. The plants were collected, dried in a high temperature test chamber for 48 hours, grinded in a Wiley mill and macerated in ethanol 96º up to exhaustion. After being filtered, the product obtained was evaporated under reduced pressure for the production of ethanolic extracts. We conducted reagent acceptance tests, topical application of ethanolic extracts at 4% on the back of the ants and topical application of baits made with plant extracts at 4%. All of the plant extracts adopted affected the de development of the fungi garden negatively. Asclepias-curassavica-based baits provoked the mortality of 22.5% of the colonies in a 7-day period. / O controle de formigas cortadeiras é constante nos agroecossistemas sendo empregados diferentes métodos, onde o químico (iscas tóxicas) é o mais utilizado. Substâncias extraídas de plantas, na qualidade de inseticidas, têm inúmeras vantagens quando comparado ao emprego dos sintéticos. A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial inseticida e/ou fungicida das plantas Asclepias curassavica (falsa-erva-de-rato), Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim) e Equisetum ssp. (cavalinha) no controle de formigas cortadeiras Atta sexdens rubropilosa. Foram utilizadas 40 colônias de Atta sexdens rubropilosa mantidas em laboratório. As plantas foram colhidas, secas em estufa de ar circulante durante 48 horas, trituradas em moinho tipo Willye e maceradas em etanol 96º até exaustão. Após a filtragem, o produto obtido foi evaporado sob pressão reduzida para obtenção dos extratos etanólicos. Foram realizados teste de aceitação do reagente, aplicação tópica dos extratos etanólicos dos vegetais a 4% no dorso das formigas e aplicação de iscas confeccionadas com extratos vegetais a 4%. Todos os extratos vegetais utilizados influenciaram negativamente o desenvolvimento do jardim de fungo. Iscas produzidas a base de Asclepias curassavica provocaram mortalidade de 22,5% das colônias num período de 7 dias.

Submitted by Michele Mologni (mologni@unoeste.br) on 2018-07-27T14:02:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Tavares de Almeida.pdf: 648777 bytes, checksum: 415a188441b2acf7c0cb46fd1aeeac2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T14:02:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Tavares de Almeida.pdf: 648777 bytes, checksum: 415a188441b2acf7c0cb46fd1aeeac2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a polyphagous species which attacks many economically important crops in several countries. This insect is an important pest of corn, and currently the most widely used control method is chemical. In order to minimize environmental impacts, other forms of control have been tried, and accordingly, the investigation of plants with insecticidal effects becomes relevant. Thus the present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Euphorbia pulcherrima leaves (poinsettia) in fall armyworm biology. Extracts were prepared from leaves of the plant E. pulcherrima collected at different phenological stages (vegetative and reproductive), oven dried, crushed and then solubilized in ethanol, yielding the ethanol extract. The extracts were set aside in 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations for each phenological stage of the plant, incorporated into an artificial diet and offered to the larvae of S. frugiperda. The extract of vegetative and reproductive phase of E. pulcherrima leaves in concentrations of 0.5% and 1%, has showed effects on larvae of S. frugiperda affecting mortality, increasing the larval period and reducing the weight of larvae. The extract of the reproductive phase in two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) reduced the pupal weight and feces excreted by the caterpillars. The highest concentration of the ethanolic extract from the reproductive stage of the leaves reduced the viability of the eggs. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of E. pulcherrima leaves in the reproductive phase of the plant is effective to reduce the S. frugiperda population. / A lagarta-do-cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda) é uma espécie polífaga que ataca diversas culturas economicamente importantes em vários países. Esse inseto é uma importante praga do milho, e atualmente a forma mais utilizada de controle é o químico. No intuito de minimizar impactos ambientais, outras formas de controle têm sido experimentadas, e nesse sentido, a investigação de plantas com ação inseticida torna-se relevante. Diante disso o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a ação do extrato etanólico de folhas de Euphorbia pulcherrima (Bico-de-Papagaio) na biologia da Lagarta-do-cartucho. Foram elaborados extratos a partir de folhas da planta E. pulcherrima coletadas em diferentes fases fenológicas (vegetativa e reprodutiva), secas em estufa, trituradas e então solubilizadas em etanol, obtendo-se o extrato etanólico bruto. Os extratos obtidos foram reservados nas concentrações 0,5% e 1,0% para cada fase fenológica da planta, incorporados em dieta artificial e oferecidos para as lagartas de S. frugiperda. O extrato de folhas de E. pulcherrima da fase vegetativa e reprodutiva nas concentrações de 0,5% e 1%, apresentaram efeitos sobre as lagartas de S. frugiperda, afetando a mortalidade, prolongando o período larval e reduzindo o peso das lagartas. O extrato da fase reprodutiva nas duas concentrações (0,5 % e 1 %) reduziu o peso de pupas e das fezes excretadas pelas lagartas. A maior concentração do extrato etanólico de folhas da fase reprodutiva reduziu a viabilidade dos ovos. Conclui-se que o extrato de folhas de E. pulcherrima da fase reprodutiva é eficiente para a redução de população de S. frugiperda.

Infectious diseases are the world’s leading cause of premature deaths in humans and animals. The resistance to antibiotics and the emergence of new infectious diseases has increased the need for additional effective antimicrobial products. Despite numerous publications investigating antimicrobial activity of plant extracts it appears that no effective single product antimicrobial has yet been developed from plants. In many cases, however crude plant extracts have excellent activity and may provide useful products. Plants are frequently selected based on traditional use. Traditional healers usually use aqueous extracts of plants which in our experience generally have very low activities and it may be one of the reasons why no new products were developed from plants. Another approach to select plants for research is to use the taxonomic approach based on the premises that: (1) there is a correlation between active chemical compounds and antimicrobial activity; and (2) species in a family or order may have similar activities if the chemical precursors are inherited from a common ancestor. Future screening programmes could then concentrate on close relatives of species within these promising families and orders. The main aim of this study was to randomly screen leaf extracts of several hundred southern African tree species against important microbial pathogens to determine which taxa have the highest activity and may yield useful products to treat infections in human and animal health markets. A wide selection of plant species improved the possibility of finding promising extracts and has the advantage that active compounds may be discovered from plants that are not used traditionally. To ensure sustainable use only leaves of trees were examined. A spin off of this study would also indicate the susceptibility of different organisms, correlate the antimicrobial activities of the different organisms and determine what minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) represents a good activity based on investigating many extracts against many microbes. The antimicrobial activity was determined by using a sensitive serial dilution microplate method. Acetone extracts were tested against two Gram-positive bacteria, two Gram-negative bacteria and two fungi, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Small and mostly insignificant differences were found between the susceptibility of the microbial pathogens to the extracts. E. faecalis was the most sensitive bacterium and C. neoformans the most sensitive fungal organism. The strongest correlations in activities among the pathogens were between C. albicans and C. neoformans, and among the pathogen classes between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The tree extracts analysed in the present study had a wide range of activities against the different pathogens. Twenty six per cent of the extracts inhibited the pathogens at MIC levels of 0.16 mg/ml. This clearly shows that 0.16 mg/ml is not low enough to discriminate between promising species. Some of the extracts inhibited the growth of more than one pathogen while other extracts had selective activities and could be the most promising to follow up. The study identified families and orders with either statistically significantly higher or lower antimicrobial activities. Among the large families, Combretaceae and Fabaceae had high mean activities against all test pathogens. The families Anacardiaceae and Moraceae had high activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria whereas the families Proteaceae and Meliaceae had higher antifungal activities. Among the large orders, Fabales had relatively high activities against all the pathogen classes. Considering that plants in related taxa often contain similar compounds and therefore similar activities, future studies could analyse more representative species in the promising taxa. Many tree species, genera, families and orders, including well-known and lesser known medicinal taxa in southern Africa, were identified with promising activities. To evaluate the potential use of these results, additional cytotoxicity, phytochemical and pharmacological studies should be carried out. The study, although still exploratory, underlined the potential of southern African tree extracts as sources of antimicrobial products. Application of these results within the Phytomedicine Programme has led to patents and products that were as good as commercial products in animal and field trials. We hope that our results will provided a starting point for discovering new products with useful activities. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Paraclinical Sciences / Unrestricted

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The transport of live fish is one of the main activities developed in fish farms, causing many physiological, biochemical, and behavioral alterations that can be impairment to these animais, contributed to a reduction in the feed ingestion, growth, pathogens defense and, consequently, resulting in the higher mortality rate. In view of this, the objective was, firstly, assess the extracts of Condalia buxifolia as anesthetic in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and, also, verify the efficacy of the use of eugenol, the essential oil (EO) of Lippia alba and the methanolic extract (ME) of Condalia buxifolia during transport of silver catfish, through the following indicators: water, blood and biochemical parameters, survival and ionoregulatory balance. At the end of the experiments, it was observed that the ME of C. buxifolia in the concentration 0.5 to 120 μL L-1 range has the capacity to lightly sedate of fishes. In addition, in transport experiments, the concentrations of eugenol (1, 1.5, 2.5 or 3 μL L-1), EO of L. alba (10, 20, 30 or 40 μL L-1) and ME of C. buxifolia (5, 10, 25 or 50 μL L-1), regardless of the loading density (169.2, 186.7 or 275.1 g L-1) and transporting time (4, 12 or 6 h) were efficacy in decreasing ion loss, ammonia excretion and, also, mortality after transport. On the other hand, 30 μL L-1 of EO of L. alba caused an increase in plasma cortisol levels and, also, induced to the oxidative stress throught the increased levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl and decrease antioxidant defenses. Therefore, two new parameters (lipid peroxidation and protein carbonilation) can be considered as indicators of oxidative stress induced by anesthetics. Moreover, is recommended the anesthetics and sedatives for silver catfish transporting, because of the consistent results showed in this thesis. / O transporte de peixes vivos é uma das principais atividades desenvolvidas em pisciculturas, ocasionando muitas vezes alterações fisiológicas, bioquímicas e comportamentais que podem ser prejudiciais a esses animais, contribuindo assim para uma redução na ingestão alimentar, no crescimento, na defesa contra patógenos e, consequentemente, levando a uma maior taxa de mortalidade. Em vista disso, objetivou-se, primeiramente, avaliar os extratos de Condalia buxifolia como anestésico em jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) e, também, verificar a eficácia da utilização do eugenol, do óleo essencial (OE) de Lippia alba e do extrato metanólico (EM) de C. buxifolia durante o transporte de jundiá, considerando-se os seguintes indicadores: parâmetros da água, do sangue e bioquímicos, sobrevivência e balanço ionorregulatório. Ao final dos experimentos para verificação da capacidade anestésica, percebeu-se que o EM de C. buxifolia na faixa de concentração entre 0,5 120 μL L-1 possui a capacidade de manter os peixes levemente sedados. Já nos experimentos de transporte, as concentrações de eugenol (1; 1,5; 2,5 ou 3 μL L-1), de OE de L. alba (10; 20; 30 ou 40 μL L-1) e de EM de C. buxifolia (5; 10; 25 ou 50 μL L-1), independentemente da densidade de carga (169,2; 186,7 ou 275,1 g L-1) e do tempo de transporte (4; 12 ou 6 h) foram eficazes na diminuição do fluxo iônico, da excreção de amônia e, também da mortalidade pós-transporte. Por outro lado, 30 μL L-1 de OE de L. alba causou uma elevação dos níveis plasmáticos de cortisol e, também induziu ao estresse oxidativo, através do aumento dos níveis de peroxidação lipídica e proteína carbonil e diminuição das defesas antioxidantes. Desta forma, dois novos parâmetros (peroxidação lipídica e carbonilação protéica) podem ser considerados como indicadores de estresse oxidativo induzido por anestésicos. Além disso, é aconselhável a utilização de anestésicos e sedativos no transporte de jundiá, em função dos consistentes resultados obtidos nesta tese.