Correct race and sex determination of unknown skeletal material is an important aspect of forensic anthropology. Numerous studies have focused on the differences, both osteometric and morphological, between the sexes of a particular racial phenotype, between race groups, and populations. From previous work by a variety of researchers, the necessity of population specific standards for identification has been demonstrated. The purpose of this research was to examine the metric and morphological differences in the pelvis between the sexes and races of South African whites and blacks. Results will be used in developing standards of identification tailored to this population. A sample of 400 known sex/race os coxae were examined. Skeletal material was obtained from the Pretoria collection housed at the University of Pretoria, Department of Anatomy and the Dart collection located at the University of Witwatersrand, Department of Anatomical Sciences. A series of thirteen measurements and five morphological characteristics were examined. Indices were calculated from data obtained from the metric analysis. Left and right sides were examined and those bones visibly pathologically deformed were excluded from the study. Data were subjected to SPSS stepwise and direct discriminant analysis. Results showed ischial length as the most sexually dimorphic characteristic in whites, while acetabulum diameter was best in blacks. Four functions (using pelvic dimensions) were developed for determining sex. Highest accuracies were achieved from function 1 (including all dimensions) which correctly classified 92-96% of individuals. Race differences were also investigated. Pubic length was chosen as best for discriminating between races for males and iliac breadth as best in females. Accuracies were 86-89% for males and 82-88% for females. Accuracies for sex discrimination were consistent with earlier studies. Morphological results yielded >80% accuracy for all traits in white males except greater sciatic notch shape where only 33% were correctly classified. A population specific variation in sciatic notch shape was observed where >50% of the white males had a wide sciatic notch previously thought to be a female expression. Black males recorded 81 % correct classification for pubic shape and >90% for the remaining characteristics. Greater sciatic notch and pubic bone shape achieved highest accuracies with 96% for both traits in white females, and 84% and 88% in black females respectively. In conclusion, this study conclusively demonstrates that race and population differences affect the expression of sexual dimorphism and must be accounted for to develop the most effective methods of analysis. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2001. / Anatomy / unrestricted

Title: Developing the explosive strength of the lower extremities of the players of the extra league team in volleyball. Subject: Measuring the jump height of twelve players of the extra league team. Objectives: Measure to see if it is possible, by systematically training the explosive strength of the lower extremities, to increase the jump height for volleyball players after a period of three months. Results: To compare the results of each single measurement with the first measurement performed prior to systematic training of the explosive strength of the lower extremities Key words: Development, explosive strenght, lower extremities, player, volleyball, team.

The computational musculoskeletal models that are used to study muscle moment-generating capacities of persons with movement disorders and planning treatment options must be accurate, and take into account the inter-individual variability of musculoskeletal geometry. In Paper I the methods of creating the subject-specific musculoskeletal model of the lower extremities from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were developed. The subject-specific model was used to analyze hip, knee and ankle muscle moment arms (MALs) and muscle-tendon lengths (MTLs) during gait in a subject with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP), and to evaluate the accuracy of widespread and commonly-used scaled generic model. It was found that the scaled generic model delivered accurate values for changes in MTLs in most muscles. However, the scaled generic and the subject-specific lower extremity musculoskeletal models showed substantial differences in MALs calculated during gait. In Paper II subject-specific musculoskeletal models of nine subjects with unilateral CP were created to study muscles volumes, MTLs and MALs; and to examine the accuracy of MALs calculated by the scaled generic models. It was shown that the scaled generic model significantly underestimated hip MALs discrepancies between the affected and the non-affected sides of the lower extremities. However, it significantly overestimated hip adduction/abduction of gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae and biceps femoris long head; and hip flexion of adductor longus and rectus femoris in the affected and the non-affected sides. It was also found that muscle volumes and hip abduction MALs in gluteus medius and gluteus minimus, hip flexion MALs in iliacus and hip rotation in gluteus maximus were smaller in the affected side of lower extremities. MTLs in the affected and the non-affected sides throughout the range of hip motion were similar. This thesis suggests the need for the subject-specific musculoskeletal models that can account for variability of muscle attachments and musculoskeletal geometry of persons with movement disorders. Based on inaccuracies of the scaled generic model reported here, the generic models that are used to guide treatment decisions must be tested, and interpreted with care. / QC 20110901

Erythromelalgia is a neurovascular disorder which causes pain, swelling, erythema, and warmth of the distal extremities. Primary disease is due to a genetic mutation in the gene, but secondary erythromelalgia can be the consequence of a variety of underlying etiologies, including drug and toxin exposures. The disease is rare, occurring in only 1.3 out of every 100,000 in the United States, and symptoms can vary significantly in severity and presentation. Therefore, it can be difficult to recognize the disorder, identify the source, and promptly treat the condition. We report a reversible cause of erythromelalgia induced by the use of oral cyclosporine. This correlation is poorly documented in literature, with limited accounts identifying an association between erythromelalgia and cyclosporine. As drug-induced erythromelalgia represents a reversible cause of disease, physicians should obtain a detailed medication history during the diagnostic workup, specifically inquiring about the use of cyclosporine.

In the first part of the thesis Objectification of disorders of the fine motor skills of the upper extremities in the patients with hereditary neuropathies there are mentioned some brief informations about characteristics, classifications, clinical symptoms, deformities and testing of upper extremities, rehabilitation and treatment of CMT neuropathy. The practical part of this thesis is concerned with testing and evaluating of strength, fine motor skills and sensation of the upper extremities in the patients with CMT. For the measurement of the hand strenght the dynamometry and the functional muscle test are used. The Jebsen-Taylor test, the Nine-Hole Peg Test and the examination of static and dynamic handgrip rating are used. For the examination of the sensation the Nottingham Sensory Assessment is used. CMT neuropathy score and Overall Neuropathy Disability Scaleare are used for the classification of disability. The aim of this thesis is the comparison of the muscle strength and the function of the dominant and non-dominant hand. Partial aim of thesis is detection of the correlations between tests. According to the results CMT disease leads to the muscle strenght weakness and to worsening of the fine motor skills mainly of the dominant upper extremity. This may be the result of overwork weakness. For...

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-07-27T12:24:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Garzillo Cavalcanti.pdf: 2275954 bytes, checksum: d3e546f0144d916c226dd77d5290b8da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-27T12:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Garzillo Cavalcanti.pdf: 2275954 bytes, checksum: d3e546f0144d916c226dd77d5290b8da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-23 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This study analyses the borderline zone that 77 Million Paintings, from Brian Eno (United Kingdom, 1948), is in. The art work presents itself in different platforms: software, DVD, audiovisual installation and urban art. The research focuses on reading the work’s poetics that are addressed in spaces in between different languages, senses and technologies. The art work is built with a recombinant language system which makes images and sound montages in different platforms. 77 Million Paintings is presented in various countries between the years 2006 and 2016. The study analyses the poetics and communication process and the sensual stimulus as well. A reflection is made about the choices and path made by Brian Eno in the creation of this art work. Been present in the experimental and popular worlds, the artist’s involvement with music contaminates his creation in another fields. It is possible to recognize music traces in the image language from 77 Million Paintings, and the opposite can be observed too, when the image contaminates sound as well. The analysis is constructed through the extremities way method, from Christine Mello (2016). The identification of the poetics procedures of deconstruction and contamination forms the study of the blurred borderlines between the worlds of Brian Eno and 77 Million Paintings. About the contamination between different senses, Sérgio Basbaum (2002) ideas are used in the reading of the synesthesia’s work. To the analysis about the emergent system of the art work, Bill Seaman (2010) gives basis to the reflection about 77 Million Paintings software and it’s aesthetic results / O presente estudo analisa a zona fronteiriça em que 77 Million Paintings, de Brian Eno (Reino Unido, 1948), está inserida. Este trabalho artístico se apresenta em diferentes plataformas: software, DVD, instalação audiovisual e intervenção urbana. A pesquisa tem como foco a leitura das poéticas da obra, que se insere em espaços intersticiais de diferentes linguagens, estesias e tecnologias. A proposta artística se forma através de um sistema de linguagem recombinatória que realiza montagens de imagens e sons em diferentes plataformas. 77 Million Paintings foi apresentada em diversos países entre 2006 e 2016. Analisam-se as poéticas e os processos comunicacionais nos estímulos sensoriais proporcionados pelo software, bem como é realizada uma reflexão a respeito das escolhas e caminhos poéticos feitos por Brian Eno na criação dessa obra. Com presença no mundo experimental e popular, o forte envolvimento do artista com a música contamina sua criação em outros campos. É possível reconhecer traços do campo musical na linguagem imagética de 77 Million Paintings, assim como o contrário, quando o campo da imagem contamina a linguagem sonora. A análise é construída através do caminho de leitura das extremidades, proposta por Christine Mello (2016). A identificação dos procedimentos poéticos de desconstrução e contaminação embasam o estudo das relações de fronteiras borradas dos mundos de Brian Eno e 77 Million Paintings. No desenvolvimento a respeito das contaminações entre os sentidos, as ideias de Sérgio Basbaum (2002) respaldam a leitura das sinestesias presentes no trabalho artístico. Para a leitura sobre o sistema de comportamento emergente da proposição artística, Bill Seaman (2010) dá embasamento à reflexão sobre o software 77 Million Paintings e seus desdobramentos estéticos

Orientador: Luis Carlos Paschoarelli / Banca: José Carlos Plácido da Silva / Banca: Eliane Fátima Manfio / Resumo: O homem moderno faz uso de calçados por aproximadamente 8 horas/dia e, quando este produto é inadequado aos aspectos biomecânicos e antropométricos das extremidades dos membros inferiores (EMI's), podem ocorrer desconfortos ou lesões. Alguns estudos têm sido desenvolvidos no Brasil sobre ergonomia e usabilidade no design de calçados, entretanto, entre os vários aspectos a serem explorados, destaca-se a necessidade de adequação antropométrica deste produto. Os calçados devem ter dimensões e formatos próprios para a realidade das diferentes categorias populacionais como, por exemplo, a qual apresenta uma maior carga física nas EMI's e, portanto, está mais propensa ao surgimento ou agravamento de doenças nesta região. São poucas as pesquisas sobre a antropometria de obesos e inexistem aquelas que tratam especificamente de dados referentes às dimensões das EMI's desses indivíduos. É importante ressaltar que esta faixa populacional vem crescendo em todo o mundo nos últimos anos, o que demanda o desenvolvimento de produtos especializados, a partir de critérios ergonômicos mais precisos. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento antropométrico das EMI's de indivíduos obesos e não obesos, utilizando-se para isso de procedimentos metodológicos sistematizados, permitindo analisar as diferenças entre estes indivíduos. Foram coletados dados de percepção de conforto no uso de calçados e 30 variáveis antropométricas das EMI's de 84 sujeitos adultos, sendo 42 obesos e 42 não obesos de ambos os gêneros. Os resultados afirmam que as duas faixas populacionais aqui comparadas encontram dificuldades em adquirir calçados e, também, que ambas sentem desconforto ao utilizá-los. Quanto às variáveis antropométricas, 17 apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa, particularmente nas dimensões relacionadas às circunferências... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The modern man uses shoes for about 8 hours per day, and when this product is inappropriate to anthropometric and biomechanical aspects of the lower limbs extremities, discomfort and/or diseases can happen. Some studies about usability and, however, among the various aspects to be explored, there is the need anthropometric adaptation for this product. The shoes must have own size and own shape to reality of ergonomic in shoes designing have been developed in Brazil different population categories, such as the population of obese people, which has a greater physical burden on lower limbs extremities and therefore it's more prone to the occurence or worsening of diseases in this region. The are few researches about anthropometry of obesity and there are no ones that specifically deal data related to the size of these individuals' lower limbs extremities. It's important to not that this population is growing up in the whole whole world last years, which demands the development of specialized products, from more accurate ergonomic criterion. Therefore, this stufy aims to achieve an anthropometric survey of non-obese and obese individual's lower limbs extremities, using systematic methodological procedures, allowing analyzing the differences between these individuals. Data on perceptions of comfort was collected using shoes and 30 anthropometric variables of 84 adult people'lower limbs extremities, divided into 42 obese and 42 non-obese patients of both genders. The results affirm that both compared population have difficulties to bye shoes, and also that they fell uncomfortable to use them. About anthropometric variables, 17 showed statistically significant difference, particularly in the dimensions related to circles. Thus it demonstrates the real need of the application of ergonomic design and anthropometric data of obese people in the modeling and desegning shoes. / Mestre

No description available.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown a high injury rate in the lower extremities among military recruits. A correlation has been shown between female gender or a low level of physical activity prior to basic military training and a higher risk of injury. AIM: To investigate the self-reported injury rate in the lower extremities among Swedish recruits and the difference in injury rate between men and women. Another aim was to investigate correlation between self-reported injury rate in the lower extremities and self-reported physical activity, and to study this correlation for both men and women. METHOD: A quantitative study with a prospective, descriptive, comparative and correlative design. Data from two different questionnaires were answered by 177 recruits. RESULTS: 26% of the recruits reported injury in lower extremities after completing the basic training. There was a significant difference (p=0.006) in self-reported injury between female and male recruits. The level of prior physical activity and the injury rate amongst the recruits had a low correlation. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a high injury rate among Swedish recruits, especially among the female recruits. No correlation between self-reported physical activity and the injury rate in lower extremities was found. / BAKGRUND: Tidigare studier visar på hög skadeprevalens i nedre extremiteter hos militära rekryter under grundläggande militär utbildning. Samband har setts mellan kvinnligt kön eller låg fysisk aktivitetsnivå före utbildningsstart och ökad skaderisk. SYFTE: Undersöka den självrapporterade skade-/besvärsprevalensen i nedre extremitet hos svenska rekryter efter avslutad grundläggande militär utbildning (GMU), samt studera skillnader mellan könen i detta avseende. Syftet var också att undersöka sambandet mellan självrapporterad fysisk aktivitetsnivå inför GMU och skade-/besvärsprevalensen i nedre extremiteter efter genomförd utbildning samt studera sambandet för män respektive kvinnor. METOD: En kvantitativ studie med prospektiv, deskriptiv, komparativ och korrelerande design. Data från två olika enkäter besvarades av 177 rekryter. RESULTAT: 26% av rekryterna rapporterade skada/besvär i nedre extremitet vid avslutad utbildning. Signifikant skillnad (p=0,006) kunde ses i självrapporterad skade-/besvärsprevalens mellan kvinnliga (42%) och manliga (21%) rekryter. Nivå av fysisk aktivitet och skade-/besvärsprevalensen hos rekryterna hade inget signifikant samband och låg korrelation. KONKLUSION: Resultaten tyder på hög skadeprevalens inom GMU, framförallt hos kvinnliga rekryter. Något samband mellan självskattad nivå av fysisk aktivitetsnivå och skade-/besvärsprevalens i nedre extremitet fanns inte hos rekryterna. Sambandet fanns varken för män eller kvinnor på gruppnivå.

Cheung Ho Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-175). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Publications based on the work in this thesis --- p.vii / Table of content --- p.viii / Abbreviations --- p.xii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Danshen --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Chemical constituents --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pharmacological effects --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- On blood vessels --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- On blood pressure --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.3.3 --- On heart --- p.8 / Chapter 1.1.3.4 --- On myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.3.5 --- On platelet activity --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.3.6 --- Other actions --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Clinical studies --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Vascular System --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The circulation network --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Physiology of blood vessels --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Control of vascular lone --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- Mechanisms of Vasodilatation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Endothelium derived relaxant factors (EDRFs) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Nitric oxide (NO) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Prostacyclin (PGI：) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Endotheliun-derived hyperpolarization factors (EDHFs) --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.1.3.1 --- Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.1.3.2 --- Potassium ion (IC) --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.1.3.3 --- Gap junction --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Signal transduction pathways --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Guanylyl cyclase-cGMP pathway --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Adenylyl cyclase-cAMP pathway --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Ion channels in vascular smooth muscle cell --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Potassium channels (K+ channels) --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Calcium channels (Ca2+ channels) --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.3.3 --- Chloride channel (Cl channel) --- p.25 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Receptor-operated mechanisms --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- Muscarinic receptors --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- Adrenoceptors --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- Histamine receptors --- p.28 / Chapter 1.3.4.4 --- CGRP receptors --- p.29 / Chapter 1.3.4.5 --- Tachykinin receptors --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4 --- Aims of the studies --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1 --- Extraction of Water and Lipid-solubie Fractions from Danshen --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Preparation of water-soluble and lipid-soluble fractions --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2 --- Experiments on Rat Knee Joint --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Animals --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Materials --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Preparatory protocols --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Anaesthesia of animals --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Cannulation of trachea --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Cannulation of carotid artery --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Blood pressure measurement --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Measurement of knee joint blood flow --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Preparation for measurement of knee joint blood flow --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Experimental protocols --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Danshen on knee joint blood flow --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- Antagonists on Danshen --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- Positive controls --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Image analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Data analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3 --- Experiments on Rat Femoral Artery --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Animals --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Materials --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Chemicals --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Physiological salt solution --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Preparatory protocols --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Small vessel myograph --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Isolation and mounting of tissue --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Experimental protocols --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Studies on the vasodilator response to Danshen --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Studies of antagonists on Danshen --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.4.2.1 --- Endothelium-dependent mechanisms --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.4.2.2 --- Endothelium-independent mechanisms --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.4.2.3 --- K+ channel blockers --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.4.2.4 --- Positive controls --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- Danshen on Ca2+-induced contraction --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Data analysis --- p.57 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RESULTS --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1 --- Danshen on Rat Knee Joint Blood Flow --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Topical administration of Danshen --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Antagonists on Danshen --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Muscarinic receptor antagonist --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- β-adrenoceptor antagonist --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Histamine receptor antagonists --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.2.4 --- Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.2.5 --- Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.2.6 --- CGRPi receptor antagonist --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.2.7 --- NK1 receptor antagonist --- p.63 / Chapter 3.1.2.8 --- Potassium channel inhibitor --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.2.9 --- "Combination of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and CGRP1 receptor antagonist" --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Antagonists on water-soluble fraction of Danshen --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- CGRP1 receptor antagonist --- p.92 / Chapter 3.1.3.4 --- NK1 receptor antagonist --- p.92 / Chapter 3.1.3.5 --- Potassium channel inhibitor --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2 --- Danshen on Rat Femoral Artery --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Danshen on precontracted arterial ring --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Endothelium-dependent mechanisms --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Endothelium-independent mechanisms --- p.114 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- K+ channel blockers --- p.119 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Effect on Danshen --- p.119 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Effect on water-soluble and lipid-soluble fractions of Danshen --- p.121 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Effect on Danshensu --- p.122 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Danshen on Ca2+-induced contractions --- p.133 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- DISCUSSION --- p.138 / Chapter 4.1 --- In Vivo Studies of Danshen on Rat Knee Joint Blood Flow --- p.139 / Chapter 4.2 --- In Vitro Studies of Danshen on Isolated Rat Femoral Artery --- p.148 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Comparisons of the use of different precontractors --- p.148 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Investigations on endothelium-dependent mechanisms --- p.151 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Investigations on endothelium-independent mechanisms --- p.152 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effects of K+ channel blockers --- p.154 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Inhibition of Ca2+ influx in vascular smooth muscle --- p.157 / Chapter 4.3 --- Comparisons of Results from In Vivo and In Vitro Studies --- p.159 / Chapter 4.4 --- Future Studies --- p.161 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.162 / REFERENCES --- p.164