葡萄膜炎是一組複雜的眼內炎性疾病，可導致嚴重的視力損害，約占世界範圍內工作年齡人群組致盲眼病的10%。孫然治療上已取得一定的進步，但找尋安全有效的治療方式仍是一個臨床難題。基於解剖學分類，葡萄膜炎分為前葡萄膜炎、中葡萄膜炎、后葡萄膜炎和全葡萄膜炎。其中，前葡萄膜炎 (AU) 為最常見的臨床形式。此外，基於病因學葡萄膜炎也可被歸類為感染性和非感染性兩大亞型。作為一種炎症性疾病，已有研究表明許多內源性的免疫機制及遺傳因素參與葡萄膜炎的形成。 / 基於對葡萄膜炎疾病進程的深入瞭解，兩條主要潛在的致病通路：T細胞反應途徑和補體系統顯示在分子水平與疾病密切相關。本研究涉及參與上述兩通路的諸多因子，旨在調查葡萄膜炎的遺傳易感性，揭示潛在致病機理，以及發現新的臨床診斷標記物。 / 本研究共納入501名參與者，包括98名AU患者，95名非感染性中後葡萄膜炎 (NIPU) 患者，病例收集自香港眼科醫院及威爾斯親王醫院。此外，308名年齡50歲以上，排除了主要眼科疾患及系統性免疫疾病的健康人被招募為對照組。全面詳細記錄病人資料及臨床信息。進一步剖析葡萄膜炎疾病特點及補體通路參與程度，深入研究補體基因的累加效應及相互作用，以期發現臨床標記物。最後，採用基因型表型相關性分析，探索其與疾病嚴重程度和進展的關係。 / 研究1：系統性綜述在葡萄膜炎基因學研究上的最新發現，研究表明多種基因與葡萄膜炎疾病相關，所涉基因包括白介素、趨化因子、腫瘤壞死因子，以及參與補體和氧化途徑的相關基因。我們廣泛調查了葡萄膜炎的遺傳易感性。基因多態性選擇基於疾病的免疫及炎性特徵。（1）Interleukin與CFH基因，分別參與T細胞反應及補體通路。（2）CFB，CFH的拮抗因子，共同參與了補體旁路的調控。（3）調查C1INH(SERPING1) 因子，闡明補體經典通路在葡萄膜炎形成中的作用。（4）C3和C5基因，分別作為補體系統的“中心“因子及下游調控因子，其與葡萄膜炎的相關性被深入調查。 / 研究 2：首先探索性地調查免疫相關基因的單核苷酸多態性，包括CFH，KIAA1109 與 IL27 基因，我們的結果顯示 CFH 基因多態性 (rs800292，rs1065489) 與前葡萄膜炎顯著相關。更重要的是，CFH-rs1065489 TT基因型被確認為臨床標記物，此基因型攜帶者表現更高的葡萄膜炎復發頻率。此外，易感基因與HLA-B27的交互作用以及性別敏感性差異亦被發現。本研究的第二部份，此三個候選基因在另一個葡萄膜炎亞組NIPU中被進一步調查，CFH基因多態性 (rs800292，rs1065489) 與NIPU相關。KIAA1109-rs4505848也被發現與白塞氏病密切相關。此外，該基因多態性亦表現性別差異，較之對照組，顯性基因型頻率在男性NIPU組表現較高(GG/AG vs. AA)。 / 研究 3：CFB，作為CFH的拮抗因子，共同參與補體旁路的調控，其編碼基因被進一步調查。在AU研究中，位於C2/CFB區域的rs1048709被發現與其密切相關，該遺傳敏感性受HLA-B27影響。此外，我們還發現一個單體型 (AATA) 以及CFH與CFB的疊加效應均可導致AU風險度增高。同時，攜帶rs1048709(AG) 基因型患者傾向于更高程度的前房細胞數及KP比例。在NIPU研究中，類似的與CFB基因上的不同易感位點rs4151657相關性亦被檢測到。 / 研究 4, 5, 6: 在隨後的研究中，參與補體通路的其他三個候選基因 (SERPING1，C3和C5) 被進一步評估，儘管多種深入的分析方法被應用，但均未顯示出與疾病明確的相關性。 / 綜上，我們的結果首次揭示補體系統及其分子因素在葡萄膜炎進程中起著至關重要的作用。參與補體旁路調控的細胞因子 CFH 與 CFB，被確認為疾病風險因素。此外，分別參與補體經典通路或下游調控體系的其他三個候選基因 SERPING1(C1INH)，C3 和 C5， 以及參與T細胞反應通路的IL2_21區域和IL27基因在葡萄膜炎的發生發展中所起作用有限。因此，將來對於葡萄膜炎基因學及免疫學的研究應著眼于補體系統及其旁路途徑。 / Uveitis is a group of heterogeneous ocular inflammatory diseases with complex phenotypes, which causes substantial visual impairment and accounts for about 10% of blindness worldwide among the working age group. Despite considerable progress in treatment, safe and effective management is still a clinical challenge. Uveitis can be anatomically classified as anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis, anterior uveitis (AU) is the most common form. Based on etiology, uveitis can be also categorized as infectious and noninfectious subtypes. Uveitis is generally accepted as an inflammatory condition and regulated by various endogenous immunological mechanisms. Moreover, uveitis can occur in individuals with genetic predisposition coupled with environmental factors. / Based on our understanding of the critical checkpoints in the uveitis process, two major pathways, T-cell response and complement system, appear to be most related to uveitis in the molecular level. We therefore target on several molecular factors involved in the two major pathways to evaluate the genetic impact on susceptibility to uveitis, reveal potential disease mechanisms, and discover diagnostic markers. / We recruited a total of 501 unrelated Chinese individuals at the Hong Kong Eye Hospital and the Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong, including 98 AU patients, 95 patients with noninfectious intermediate and posterior uveitis (NIPU), and 308 control subjects aged ≥ 50 years without major eye diseases or any systemic immune-related disorders. Clinical information and demographic conditions of the patients were documented. We moved on to depict the disease profile and estimate the contribution of each complement activation pathway in uveitis process. We also conducted interaction analysis among the complement factor genes to reveal the putative clinical markers for uveitis. Genotype-phenotype correlations were performed to explore their relationships with the disease severity and progression. / Study 1: In a systemic review to explore recent genetic findings in uveitis susceptibility, we found several genes persistently associated with uveitis and involved in various pathways. They are genes expressing interleukin, chemokine, tumor necrosis factor, and genes involved in complement and oxidation pathways. Genetic polymorphisms were selected based on the immunological and inflammatory properties of uveitis. (1) Interleukin and CFH genes, involving in the T-cell response and complement system respectively. (2) CFB, as a competitor of CFH, involved in the alternative pathway of complement cascade together. (3) Investigation of C1INH (SERPING1) in uveitis, with a view to elucidating the involvement of the classic pathway of complement cascade in uveitis development. (4) Evaluation of C3 and C5 genes in uveitis, due to their respective role of center component and downstream factor in the complement cascade. / Study 2: Genetic variations in the CFH, KIAA1109 and IL27 genes were examined. Our results showed an association between AU and CFH polymorphisms (rs800292 and rs1065489). The frequency of the CFH-rs800292 184G allele and GG homozygosity was higher in female patients than in controls. CFH-rs1065489 TT genotype was identified as a clinical marker associated with higher uveitis recurrence frequency. Interactions with HLA-B27 status in AU patients and different gender susceptibility were observed. In the second part of this study, these three candidate genes were examined in the other uveitic entity, NIPU, in our study cohort. CFH gene polymorphisms (rs1065489 and rs800292) were associated with NIPU patients. Specific association between KIAA1109-rs4505848 polymorphism and Behçet’s disease was identified. There was also gender specific genetic difference. The dominant genotype of KIAA1109-rs4505848 in male NIPU patients was significantly more frequent than in male controls (GG/AG vs. AA). / Study 3: CFB, a competitor of CFH and participated in the same complement alternative pathway, was investigated. SNP rs1048709 in the C2/CFB region was associated with AU, and this genetic influence was affected by HLA-B27 status. Furthermore, one haplotype block across CFB (AATA) significantly predisposed AU with an increased risk of 1.97 (95% CI: 1.41-2.76; Pcorr=0.0005). Joint effects of CFB-rs1048709 with (CFH-rs800292 and CFH-rs1065489) were identified to be at a risk of 7.48 and 7.0 respectively. In addition, patients carrying rs1048709 (AG) were predicted to develop a higher degree of anterior chamber cells and higher proportion of keratic precipitate (KP) during AU course. For NIPU, association with CFB was detected for a different SNP, rs4151657, in female patients only. / Studies 4, 5, and 6: Three candidate genes (SERPING1, C3 and C5) across the complement cascade were orderly evaluated in the whole study cohort of AU, NIPU and controls. They did not show any significant associations with both two uveitis entities, although multiple in-depth analyses have been performed. / Collectively, our results provide evidence for the involvement of the complement system in the disease pathogenesis of uveitis. CFH and CFB, involved in the complement alternative pathway, are identified as genetic risk factors for uveitis. Other complement pathway genes, SERPING1 (C1INH), C3 and C5, as well as IL2_21 region and IL27 involving in the T-cell response, confer either no or limited risk for the development of uveitis. Future genetic and immunologic investigations in uveitis should therefore be focused on the complement system and the alternative pathway. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Yang, Mingming. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-163). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title page --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / 摘要 --- p.vii / Acknowledgement --- p.x / Table of Contents --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xvi / List of Figures --- p.xx / Abbreviations --- p.xxi / Publications and Conference Presentation --- p.xxiv / Awards Received --- p.xxvii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Uveitis-one of the most challenging dilemmas in ophthalmology --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Classification of uveitis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Clinical characteristics of uveitis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Epidemiology of uveitis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Etiology of uveitis --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Current management of uveitis and future perspectives --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Descriptive Complexity of Uveitis --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- Uveitis Genetics Research Strategies --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Candidate gene association study --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- The identification of new genes --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4 --- Statistical Genetics for Uveitis --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Univariate analysis --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Linkage disequilibrium --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Haplotype analysis --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Multivariable analysis --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Objectives --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- General Materials and Methods --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- Overall Study Design --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research Ethics --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study Subjects Recruitment --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4 --- Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Anterior uveitis (AU) --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Non-infectious intermediate and posterior uveitis (NIPU) --- p.25 / Chapter 3.5 --- General Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Total genomic DNA extraction in study subjects --- p.26 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Taqman SNP genotyping --- p.27 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) --- p.27 / Chapter 3.6 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.28 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test --- p.28 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Individual SNP association analysis --- p.28 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Pairwise linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis --- p.30 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- Gene-gene interaction analysis --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Investigation into Genetic Determinants of Uveitis --- p.32 / Chapter 4.1 --- A Critical Review on The Roles of Genetic Factors in Uveitis --- p.32 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Interleukin (IL) genes --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Chemokine and chemokine receptor genes --- p.37 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) genes --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Other genes implicated in susceptibility to uveitis --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Complement system --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1.7 --- Conclusions and directions --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Interleukin and CFH Polymorphisms in Uveitis --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Study subjects --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- SNP selection and genotyping --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Association of interleukin and CFH polymorphisms with AU --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Association between SNPs and AU --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Association between SNPs and AU stratified by gender --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Association between SNPs and AU stratified by HLA-B27 status --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.5.4 --- Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Association of interleukin and CFH polymorphisms with NIPU --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.6.1 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.6.2 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU stratified by subtypes --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.6.3 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU stratified by gender --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Discussion --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.7.1 --- Association of interleukin and CFH polymorphisms with AU --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.7.2 --- Association of interleukin and CFH polymorphisms with NIPU --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3 --- C2/CFB Polymorphisms in Uveitis --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Study subjects --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- SNP selection and genotyping --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Association of C2/CFB polymorphisms with AU --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.5.1 --- Association between SNPs and AU --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.5.2 --- Association between SNPs and AU stratified by HLA-B27 status --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.5.3 --- Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype association analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.5.4 --- Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.5.5 --- Joint-effect analysis between CFH and CFB in AU --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Association of C2/CFB polymorphisms with NIPU --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.6.1 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.6.2 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU stratified by subtypes --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.6.3 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU stratified by gender --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.6.4 --- Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype association analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Discussion --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.7.1 --- Association of C2/CFB polymorphisms with AU --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.7.2 --- Association of C2/CFB polymorphisms with NIPU --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4 --- SERPING1 Gene Polymorphisms in Uveitis --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Study subjects --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- SNP selection and genotyping --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Association of SERPING1 polymorphisms with AU --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4.5.1 --- Association between SNPs and AU --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4.5.2 --- Association between SNPs and AU stratified by gender --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4.5.3 --- Association between SNPs and AU stratified by HLA-B27 status --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4.5.4 --- Association between SNPs and AU stratified by clinical features --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Association of SERPING1 polymorphisms with NIPU --- p.96 / Chapter 4.4.6.1 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.6.2 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU stratified by subtypes --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.6.3 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU stratified by gender --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Discussion --- p.98 / Chapter 4.5 --- C3 Gene Polymorphisms in Uveitis --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Introduction --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Study subjects --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- SNP selection and genotyping --- p.110 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.110 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Association of C3 polymorphisms with AU --- p.110 / Chapter 4.5.5.1 --- Association between SNPs and AU --- p.110 / Chapter 4.5.5.2 --- Association between SNPs and AU stratified by gender --- p.111 / Chapter 4.5.5.3 --- Association between SNPs and AU stratified by HLA-B27 status --- p.111 / Chapter 4.5.5.4 --- Association between SNPs and AU stratified by clinical features --- p.111 / Chapter 4.5.6 --- Association of C3 polymorphisms with NIPU --- p.111 / Chapter 4.5.6.1 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU --- p.111 / Chapter 4.5.6.2 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU stratified by subtypes and gender --- p.112 / Chapter 4.5.7 --- Discussion --- p.112 / Chapter 4.6 --- C5 Gene Polymorphisms in Uveitis --- p.126 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Introduction --- p.126 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Study subjects --- p.126 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- SNP selection and genotyping --- p.127 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.127 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- Association of C5 polymorphisms with AU --- p.127 / Chapter 4.6.5.1 --- Association between SNPs and AU --- p.127 / Chapter 4.6.5.2 --- Association between SNPs and AU stratified by gender --- p.128 / Chapter 4.6.5.3 --- Association between SNPs and AU stratified by HLA-B27 status and clinical features --- p.128 / Chapter 4.6.6 --- Association of C5 polymorphisms with NIPU --- p.128 / Chapter 4.6.6.1 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU --- p.128 / Chapter 4.6.6.2 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU stratified by subtypes --- p.129 / Chapter 4.6.6.3 --- Association between SNPs and NIPU stratified by gender --- p.129 / Chapter 4.6.7 --- Discussion --- p.129 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and Future Perspectives --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1 --- General Conclusion --- p.143 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future Research in Uveitis Molecular Genetics --- p.144 / REFERENCES --- p.148

A imunodeficiência comum variável (ICV) é uma imunodeficiência predominantemente humoral, com prejuízo na produção de imunoglobulinas. A maioria dos pacientes apresenta infecções recorrentes. No entanto, os pacientes com ICV podem apresentar comorbidades não infecciosas, dentre elas, alterações oftalmológicas. Manifestações oftalmológicas são muito pouco conhecidas em pacientes com ICV, porém alguns relatos de casos já foram descritos na literatura. Este trabalho teve como objetivos realizar avaliação oftalmológica completa dos pacientes com ICV dos ambulatórios de Imunologia do Hospital das Clínicas, procurando correlacionar as manifestações oftalmológicas encontradas com processos infecciosos e inflamatórios. Foram avaliados 16 pacientes, com idades entre 10 e 50 anos, dos quais seis apresentaram alterações oftalmológicas (três pacientes com síndrome do olho seco, um paciente com estrabismo, um paciente com pterígio e um paciente com retinopatia hipertensiva e espessamento da parede arteriolar). Entretanto, pterígio e estrabismo foram considerados alterações casuais, não sendo associados à ICV. Dois pacientes com olho seco fizeram avaliação da lágrima, com a finalidade de diagnóstico precoce de possível síndrome de Sjögren, mas a avaliação foi normal. Desta forma, são necessários mais estudos e com maior número de pacientes com finalidade de estabelecer marcadores laboratoriais preditivos para lesões oftalmológicas / The common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a predominantly humoral immunodeficiency, with impairment in the production of immunoglobulins. Most patients have recurrent infections. However, patients with CVID may have noninfectious comorbidities, including ophthalmological changes. Ophthalmologic manifestations are very little known in patients with CVID, but some case reports have already been described in the literature. The aim of this study was to perform a complete ophthalmologic evaluation of patients with CVID who are seeing in the Immunology Ambulatory of the Hospital das Clínicas, seeking to correlate the ophthalmological manifestations found with infectious and inflammatory processes. Sixteen patients were evaluated, between the ages of 10 and 50 years, six of which presented alterations (three patients with dry eye syndrome, one patient with strabismus, one patient with pterygium and one patient with hypertensive retinopathy and arteriolar wall thickening). However, pterygium and strabismus were considered casual alterations and were not associated with CVID. Two patients with dry eye made a tear evaluation, in view of the early diagnosis of Sjögren\'s Syndrome, but it was normal. Thus, additional studies with a larger patient sample are necessary to establish predictive laboratory markers for ophthalmological injuries

A imunodeficiência comum variável (ICV) é uma imunodeficiência predominantemente humoral, com prejuízo na produção de imunoglobulinas. A maioria dos pacientes apresenta infecções recorrentes. No entanto, os pacientes com ICV podem apresentar comorbidades não infecciosas, dentre elas, alterações oftalmológicas. Manifestações oftalmológicas são muito pouco conhecidas em pacientes com ICV, porém alguns relatos de casos já foram descritos na literatura. Este trabalho teve como objetivos realizar avaliação oftalmológica completa dos pacientes com ICV dos ambulatórios de Imunologia do Hospital das Clínicas, procurando correlacionar as manifestações oftalmológicas encontradas com processos infecciosos e inflamatórios. Foram avaliados 16 pacientes, com idades entre 10 e 50 anos, dos quais seis apresentaram alterações oftalmológicas (três pacientes com síndrome do olho seco, um paciente com estrabismo, um paciente com pterígio e um paciente com retinopatia hipertensiva e espessamento da parede arteriolar). Entretanto, pterígio e estrabismo foram considerados alterações casuais, não sendo associados à ICV. Dois pacientes com olho seco fizeram avaliação da lágrima, com a finalidade de diagnóstico precoce de possível síndrome de Sjögren, mas a avaliação foi normal. Desta forma, são necessários mais estudos e com maior número de pacientes com finalidade de estabelecer marcadores laboratoriais preditivos para lesões oftalmológicas / The common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a predominantly humoral immunodeficiency, with impairment in the production of immunoglobulins. Most patients have recurrent infections. However, patients with CVID may have noninfectious comorbidities, including ophthalmological changes. Ophthalmologic manifestations are very little known in patients with CVID, but some case reports have already been described in the literature. The aim of this study was to perform a complete ophthalmologic evaluation of patients with CVID who are seeing in the Immunology Ambulatory of the Hospital das Clínicas, seeking to correlate the ophthalmological manifestations found with infectious and inflammatory processes. Sixteen patients were evaluated, between the ages of 10 and 50 years, six of which presented alterations (three patients with dry eye syndrome, one patient with strabismus, one patient with pterygium and one patient with hypertensive retinopathy and arteriolar wall thickening). However, pterygium and strabismus were considered casual alterations and were not associated with CVID. Two patients with dry eye made a tear evaluation, in view of the early diagnosis of Sjögren\'s Syndrome, but it was normal. Thus, additional studies with a larger patient sample are necessary to establish predictive laboratory markers for ophthalmological injuries

Introdução: A esclerodermia é rara doença do tecido conectivo que se manifesta através da esclerose cutânea e variável acometimento sistêmico. Duas categorias de esclerodermia são conhecidas: esclerose sistêmica, caracterizada por esclerose cutânea e acometimento visceral e a esclerodermia localizada ou morfeia que classicamente apresenta evolução benigna e autolimitada, confinada a pele e/ou tecidos subjacentes. Estudos recentes demonstram que a forma localizada possa eventualmente apresentar acometimento de órgãos internos e morbidade variável. Objetivo: Neste estudo objetivamos determinar as características demográficas, a prevalência de manifestações sistêmicas e alterações laboratoriais, bem como a associação com doenças autoimunes, em pacientes com esclerodermia da face. Métodos: Pacientes com esclerodermia localizada, incluindo os casos de esclerodermia em golpe de sabre, síndrome de Parry-Romberg e morfeia em placas com acometimento facial, foram avaliados e submetidos à investigação neurológica, incluindo exame clínico neurológico e ressonância magnética de crânio, e avaliação oftalmológica. Após 3 anos, o subgrupo de pacientes disponível para seguimento foi ressubmetido à ressonância magnética. Resultados: Foram estudados 34 pacientes com esclerodermia localizada da face. Deste total, 64,7% apresentavam uma ou mais manifestações extracutâneas, sendo cefaleia a queixa mais frequente, encontrada em 61,8% dos pacientes. Dos 23 pacientes submetidos à avaliação neurológica, 56,5% apresentaram alterações neurológicas possivelmente associadas à esclerodermia. Alterações à ressonância magnética foram observadas em 50% dos casos. O achado mais frequente foi a presença de lesões parenquimatosas com alteração de sinal em 50% dos pacientes. Dos pacientes que apresentavam alteração neurológica, 80% também apresentavam alguma alteração à ressonância magnética. Doze pacientes foram ressubmetidos a novo exame após 3 anos. Em todos os pacientes os achados de imagem se mantiveram inalterados. Durante esse intervalo de 3 anos, 25% dos pacientes apresentaram sinais de atividade da esclerodermia. Quanto à avaliação oftalmológica, 67,9% dos pacientes avaliados apresentaram alteração, sendo os achados mais frequentes a ocorrência de alterações orbiculares da esclerodermia (20,6%) e xeroftalmia (10,7%). Conclusão: Pacientes com esclerodermia localizada da face apresentam alta prevalência de alterações neurológicas e oftalmológicas. Baseado nestes achados, sugerimos que todos os casos de esclerodermia localizada da face devam ser detalhadamente examinados quanto à presença de alterações sistêmicas / Introduction: Scleroderma is a rare connective tissue disease that manifests as skin sclerosis and variable systemic involvement. Two categories of scleroderma are known: systemic sclerosis, characterized by cutaneous sclerosis and visceral involvement and localized scleroderma or morphea which classically presents benign evolution and selflimited, confined to the skin and / or underlying tissue. Recent studies show that the localized form may possibly course with involvement of internal organs and variable morbidity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics, the prevalence of systemic manifestations and laboratory findings, as well as the association with autoimmune diseases, in patients with scleroderma of the face. Methods: Patients with localized scleroderma, including cases of scleroderma en coup de sabre, Parry-Romberg syndrome and morphea plaque with facial involvement were evaluated and underwent neurological examination, including neurologic examination and magnetic resonance imaging, and ophthalmology evaluation. After 3 years, the subgroup of patients available for follow-up was subjected again to MRI. Results: We studied 34 patients with localized scleroderma of the face. Of this total, 64,7% had one or more extracutaneous manifestation, headache being the most frequent complaint found in 61,8% of patients. Of the 23 patients undergoing neurological evaluation, 56,5% had neurological changes possibly associated with scleroderma. MRI changes were observed in 50% of cases. The most frequent was the presence of parenchymal lesions with signal alteration in 50% of patients. Of the patients who had neurological deficits, 80% also had a change to MRI. Twelve patients were subjected again to another MRI scan after 3 years. In all patients, imaging findings were unchanged. During this interval of 3 years, 25% of patients showed signs of activity of scleroderma. As for ophthalmologic evaluation, 67,9% of patients showed abnormalities, with the most frequent findings being the occurrence of orbicular changes of scleroderma (20.6%) and xerophthalmia (10.7%). Conclusion: Patients with localized scleroderma face have a high prevalence of neurological and ophthalmological changes. Based on these findings, we suggest that all cases of localized scleroderma of the face should be thoroughly examined for the presence of systemic changes

Introdução: A esclerodermia é rara doença do tecido conectivo que se manifesta através da esclerose cutânea e variável acometimento sistêmico. Duas categorias de esclerodermia são conhecidas: esclerose sistêmica, caracterizada por esclerose cutânea e acometimento visceral e a esclerodermia localizada ou morfeia que classicamente apresenta evolução benigna e autolimitada, confinada a pele e/ou tecidos subjacentes. Estudos recentes demonstram que a forma localizada possa eventualmente apresentar acometimento de órgãos internos e morbidade variável. Objetivo: Neste estudo objetivamos determinar as características demográficas, a prevalência de manifestações sistêmicas e alterações laboratoriais, bem como a associação com doenças autoimunes, em pacientes com esclerodermia da face. Métodos: Pacientes com esclerodermia localizada, incluindo os casos de esclerodermia em golpe de sabre, síndrome de Parry-Romberg e morfeia em placas com acometimento facial, foram avaliados e submetidos à investigação neurológica, incluindo exame clínico neurológico e ressonância magnética de crânio, e avaliação oftalmológica. Após 3 anos, o subgrupo de pacientes disponível para seguimento foi ressubmetido à ressonância magnética. Resultados: Foram estudados 34 pacientes com esclerodermia localizada da face. Deste total, 64,7% apresentavam uma ou mais manifestações extracutâneas, sendo cefaleia a queixa mais frequente, encontrada em 61,8% dos pacientes. Dos 23 pacientes submetidos à avaliação neurológica, 56,5% apresentaram alterações neurológicas possivelmente associadas à esclerodermia. Alterações à ressonância magnética foram observadas em 50% dos casos. O achado mais frequente foi a presença de lesões parenquimatosas com alteração de sinal em 50% dos pacientes. Dos pacientes que apresentavam alteração neurológica, 80% também apresentavam alguma alteração à ressonância magnética. Doze pacientes foram ressubmetidos a novo exame após 3 anos. Em todos os pacientes os achados de imagem se mantiveram inalterados. Durante esse intervalo de 3 anos, 25% dos pacientes apresentaram sinais de atividade da esclerodermia. Quanto à avaliação oftalmológica, 67,9% dos pacientes avaliados apresentaram alteração, sendo os achados mais frequentes a ocorrência de alterações orbiculares da esclerodermia (20,6%) e xeroftalmia (10,7%). Conclusão: Pacientes com esclerodermia localizada da face apresentam alta prevalência de alterações neurológicas e oftalmológicas. Baseado nestes achados, sugerimos que todos os casos de esclerodermia localizada da face devam ser detalhadamente examinados quanto à presença de alterações sistêmicas / Introduction: Scleroderma is a rare connective tissue disease that manifests as skin sclerosis and variable systemic involvement. Two categories of scleroderma are known: systemic sclerosis, characterized by cutaneous sclerosis and visceral involvement and localized scleroderma or morphea which classically presents benign evolution and selflimited, confined to the skin and / or underlying tissue. Recent studies show that the localized form may possibly course with involvement of internal organs and variable morbidity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics, the prevalence of systemic manifestations and laboratory findings, as well as the association with autoimmune diseases, in patients with scleroderma of the face. Methods: Patients with localized scleroderma, including cases of scleroderma en coup de sabre, Parry-Romberg syndrome and morphea plaque with facial involvement were evaluated and underwent neurological examination, including neurologic examination and magnetic resonance imaging, and ophthalmology evaluation. After 3 years, the subgroup of patients available for follow-up was subjected again to MRI. Results: We studied 34 patients with localized scleroderma of the face. Of this total, 64,7% had one or more extracutaneous manifestation, headache being the most frequent complaint found in 61,8% of patients. Of the 23 patients undergoing neurological evaluation, 56,5% had neurological changes possibly associated with scleroderma. MRI changes were observed in 50% of cases. The most frequent was the presence of parenchymal lesions with signal alteration in 50% of patients. Of the patients who had neurological deficits, 80% also had a change to MRI. Twelve patients were subjected again to another MRI scan after 3 years. In all patients, imaging findings were unchanged. During this interval of 3 years, 25% of patients showed signs of activity of scleroderma. As for ophthalmologic evaluation, 67,9% of patients showed abnormalities, with the most frequent findings being the occurrence of orbicular changes of scleroderma (20.6%) and xerophthalmia (10.7%). Conclusion: Patients with localized scleroderma face have a high prevalence of neurological and ophthalmological changes. Based on these findings, we suggest that all cases of localized scleroderma of the face should be thoroughly examined for the presence of systemic changes