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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Avaliação do equilíbrio oxidativo na gestação e perinatologia equina / Evaluation of oxidative balance in gestation and equine perinatology

Souza, Danilo França de 18 January 2017 (has links)
As Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio (EROs) conferem proteção aos seres vivos contra os contínuos ataques de microrganismos, além de serem responsáveis por diversos eventos fisiológicos. No entanto um desequilíbrio entre a produção das EROs e os agentes antioxidantes resulta diversos processos patológicos nos mais variados sistemas em seres humanos e em animais. Durante a gestação ocorrem alterações do metabolismo que podem levar a um aumento de subprodutos da oxidação. Assim como a gestação, o nascimento também impõe um período com alta demanda energética, alta tensão de oxigênio e, por consequência, determina um momento crítico na vida do neonato, por ser exigida uma rápida adaptação da condição hipóxica (intra útero) para hiperóxica (extra útero). Desta forma, o objetivo desta dissertação foi verificar o estado oxidativo das éguas no terço final da gestação, no periparto e no pós-parto levando em consideração o efeito da paridade, bem como a condição oxidativa de neonatos durante os primeiros sete dias de vida. Como indicadores de oxidação foram mensurados os níveis de TBARS e oxidação de proteína. Foi quantificado o ferro total e como parâmetros antioxidantes, foram medidas as atividades das enzimas GPx e SOD, e as concentrações de bilirrubina. Nos potros verificamos que a SOD não apresentou diferença significativa no periodo analisado. As concentrações de bilirrubina foram mais baixas no primeiro tempo avaliado, e tanto a bilirrubina total quanto a indireta elevaram-se às 12 horas e então caíram entre as 72h e 168h. Já a GPx demonstrou aumento da sua atividade nos tempos 12 e 72h quando comparada ao tempo 0h. Verificou-se altos níveis de TBARS no primeiro momento pós-nascimento, uma conseguinte diminuição às 12h seguida de estabilização nos demais tempos. Já a avaliação do período gestacional das éguas indicou um efeito de interação entre paridade e tempo gestacional apenas para o ferro total. SOD e oxidação proteica não apresentaram alterações significantes no período estudado. Tanto a GPx quanto as TBARS apresentaram efeito de tempo, com evidente alteração entre o parto, apresentando aumento e o pós-parto apresentando diminuição de atividade e das concentrações dessas variáveis. Concluímos que em potros, a peroxidação lipídica ao nascimento apresentou-se alta sugerindo um balanço pró-oxidativo durante tal período, o que poderia caracterizar um aumento nos níveis de EROs com finalidade de completar importantes eventos fisiológicos. Quanto a bilirrubina indireta e a GPx podemos sugerir que frente aos altos níveis da peroxidação lipídica houve um estímulo para ativação dos sistemas antioxidantes que envolvem essas biomoléculas e que as duas tenham agido concomitantemente visando equilibrar os níveis de EROs. Com relação às éguas, apontamos que a paridade não tem influencia sobre o estabelecimento da homeostase oxidativa em éguas e que no momento do parto as mesmas passam por um desbalanço oxidativo transiente. Ou seja, o desbalanço oxidativo faz parte tanto do momento do parto quanto da primeira semana de vida dos potros, possivelmente desempenhando um papel fisiológico em abas categorias. / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) produced protect living beings against the continuous attacks of microorganisms, as well as being responsible for several physiological events, so oxidative homeostasis is a premise. However, an imbalance between the production of ROS and the antioxidant agents causes several pathological processes in the most varied systems in humans and animals. During pregnancy it is suggested that alterations of the metabolism take place, consequently the increase of by-products of the oxidation during the gestational period. Like gestation, the birth also imposes a period with high energy demand, high oxygen tension and, consequently, it determines a critical moment in the life of the newborn because it is required a rapid adaptation of the same to the change of hypoxic condition (intra uterus) To hyperoxic (extra uterus). The aim of this dissertation was to verify the oxidative status of mares in the final third of gestation, peripartum and postpartum, taking into account the parity effect, as well as the oxidative condition of neonates during the first seven days of life. As oxidation indicators, the levels of TBARS and protein oxidation were measured. Total iron was quantified and as antioxidant parameters, activities of GPx and SOD enzymes, and bilirubin concentrations were measured. In the foals we verified that the SOD showed no significant difference in the analyzed time. Bilirubin concentrations were lower in the first time evaluated, and both total and indirect bilirubin increased at 12 hours and then fell between 72h and 168h. On the other hand, GPx showed an increase in its activity in times 12 and 72h when compared to time 0h. There were high levels of TBARS at the first post-birth moment, a consequent decrease at 12h, followed by stabilization at the other times. The results with mares indicated interaction effect between parity and gestational time only for total iron. SOD and protein oxidation did not present significant alterations in the studied period. Both GPx and TBARS presented a time effect, with an evident alteration between childbirth and postpartum, and there was an increase and decrease, respectively, in the activity and concentrations of these variables. We conclude that in foals, lipid peroxidation at birth was high suggesting a pro-oxidative balance during such period, which could characterize an increase in the levels of ROS in order to complete important physiological events. Regarding indirect bilirubin and GPx, we can suggest that in the face of the high levels of lipid peroxidation there was a stimulus for the activation of the antioxidant systems that involve these biomolecules and that the two have acted concomitantly in order to maintain the high levels of EROs at non detrimental levels. Regarding mares, we pointed out that parity has no influence on the establishment of oxidative homeostasis in mares and that at the time of delivery they undergo transient oxidative imbalance. That is, oxidative imbalance is part of both the calving moment and the first week of life of foals, possibly playing a physiological role in categories.
2

Avaliação do equilíbrio oxidativo na gestação e perinatologia equina / Evaluation of oxidative balance in gestation and equine perinatology

Danilo França de Souza 18 January 2017 (has links)
As Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio (EROs) conferem proteção aos seres vivos contra os contínuos ataques de microrganismos, além de serem responsáveis por diversos eventos fisiológicos. No entanto um desequilíbrio entre a produção das EROs e os agentes antioxidantes resulta diversos processos patológicos nos mais variados sistemas em seres humanos e em animais. Durante a gestação ocorrem alterações do metabolismo que podem levar a um aumento de subprodutos da oxidação. Assim como a gestação, o nascimento também impõe um período com alta demanda energética, alta tensão de oxigênio e, por consequência, determina um momento crítico na vida do neonato, por ser exigida uma rápida adaptação da condição hipóxica (intra útero) para hiperóxica (extra útero). Desta forma, o objetivo desta dissertação foi verificar o estado oxidativo das éguas no terço final da gestação, no periparto e no pós-parto levando em consideração o efeito da paridade, bem como a condição oxidativa de neonatos durante os primeiros sete dias de vida. Como indicadores de oxidação foram mensurados os níveis de TBARS e oxidação de proteína. Foi quantificado o ferro total e como parâmetros antioxidantes, foram medidas as atividades das enzimas GPx e SOD, e as concentrações de bilirrubina. Nos potros verificamos que a SOD não apresentou diferença significativa no periodo analisado. As concentrações de bilirrubina foram mais baixas no primeiro tempo avaliado, e tanto a bilirrubina total quanto a indireta elevaram-se às 12 horas e então caíram entre as 72h e 168h. Já a GPx demonstrou aumento da sua atividade nos tempos 12 e 72h quando comparada ao tempo 0h. Verificou-se altos níveis de TBARS no primeiro momento pós-nascimento, uma conseguinte diminuição às 12h seguida de estabilização nos demais tempos. Já a avaliação do período gestacional das éguas indicou um efeito de interação entre paridade e tempo gestacional apenas para o ferro total. SOD e oxidação proteica não apresentaram alterações significantes no período estudado. Tanto a GPx quanto as TBARS apresentaram efeito de tempo, com evidente alteração entre o parto, apresentando aumento e o pós-parto apresentando diminuição de atividade e das concentrações dessas variáveis. Concluímos que em potros, a peroxidação lipídica ao nascimento apresentou-se alta sugerindo um balanço pró-oxidativo durante tal período, o que poderia caracterizar um aumento nos níveis de EROs com finalidade de completar importantes eventos fisiológicos. Quanto a bilirrubina indireta e a GPx podemos sugerir que frente aos altos níveis da peroxidação lipídica houve um estímulo para ativação dos sistemas antioxidantes que envolvem essas biomoléculas e que as duas tenham agido concomitantemente visando equilibrar os níveis de EROs. Com relação às éguas, apontamos que a paridade não tem influencia sobre o estabelecimento da homeostase oxidativa em éguas e que no momento do parto as mesmas passam por um desbalanço oxidativo transiente. Ou seja, o desbalanço oxidativo faz parte tanto do momento do parto quanto da primeira semana de vida dos potros, possivelmente desempenhando um papel fisiológico em abas categorias. / Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) produced protect living beings against the continuous attacks of microorganisms, as well as being responsible for several physiological events, so oxidative homeostasis is a premise. However, an imbalance between the production of ROS and the antioxidant agents causes several pathological processes in the most varied systems in humans and animals. During pregnancy it is suggested that alterations of the metabolism take place, consequently the increase of by-products of the oxidation during the gestational period. Like gestation, the birth also imposes a period with high energy demand, high oxygen tension and, consequently, it determines a critical moment in the life of the newborn because it is required a rapid adaptation of the same to the change of hypoxic condition (intra uterus) To hyperoxic (extra uterus). The aim of this dissertation was to verify the oxidative status of mares in the final third of gestation, peripartum and postpartum, taking into account the parity effect, as well as the oxidative condition of neonates during the first seven days of life. As oxidation indicators, the levels of TBARS and protein oxidation were measured. Total iron was quantified and as antioxidant parameters, activities of GPx and SOD enzymes, and bilirubin concentrations were measured. In the foals we verified that the SOD showed no significant difference in the analyzed time. Bilirubin concentrations were lower in the first time evaluated, and both total and indirect bilirubin increased at 12 hours and then fell between 72h and 168h. On the other hand, GPx showed an increase in its activity in times 12 and 72h when compared to time 0h. There were high levels of TBARS at the first post-birth moment, a consequent decrease at 12h, followed by stabilization at the other times. The results with mares indicated interaction effect between parity and gestational time only for total iron. SOD and protein oxidation did not present significant alterations in the studied period. Both GPx and TBARS presented a time effect, with an evident alteration between childbirth and postpartum, and there was an increase and decrease, respectively, in the activity and concentrations of these variables. We conclude that in foals, lipid peroxidation at birth was high suggesting a pro-oxidative balance during such period, which could characterize an increase in the levels of ROS in order to complete important physiological events. Regarding indirect bilirubin and GPx, we can suggest that in the face of the high levels of lipid peroxidation there was a stimulus for the activation of the antioxidant systems that involve these biomolecules and that the two have acted concomitantly in order to maintain the high levels of EROs at non detrimental levels. Regarding mares, we pointed out that parity has no influence on the establishment of oxidative homeostasis in mares and that at the time of delivery they undergo transient oxidative imbalance. That is, oxidative imbalance is part of both the calving moment and the first week of life of foals, possibly playing a physiological role in categories.
3

Engineering of an enzyme cocktail for biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons based on known enzymatic pathways and metagenomic techniques

Baburam, Cindy 07 1900 (has links)
Ph. D. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Hydrocarbon pollution is becoming a growing environmental concern in South Africa and globally. This inadvertently supports the need to identify enzymes for their targeted degradation. The search for novel biocatalysts such as monooxygenases, alcohol dehydrogenases and aldehyde dehydrogenases, have relied on conventional culture-based techniques but this allows sourcing of the biomolecules from only 1-10 % of the microbial population leaving the majority of the biomolecules unaccounted for in 90-99 % of the microbial community. The implementation of a metagenomics approach, a culture-independent technique, ensures that more or less than 100 % of the microbial community is assessed. This increases the chance of finding novel enzymes with superior physico-chemical and catalytic traits. Hydrocarbon polluted soils present a rich environment with an adapted microbial diversity. It was thus extrapolated that it could be a potential source of novel monooxygenases, alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) involved in hydrocarbon degradation pathways. Therefore, the aim of the study was to extract metagenomic DNA from hydrocarbon contaminated soils and construct a metagenomic fosmid library and screen the library for monooxygenases, alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH). Accordingly, the fosmid library was constructed from metagenome of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Then the library was functionally screened using hexadecane, octadecene and cyclohexane as substrates and fifteen positive clones were selected. The fosmid constructs of the positive clones were sequenced using PacBio next generation sequencing platform. The sequences were de novo assembled and analysed using CLC Genomic Workbench. The open reading frames (ORF) of the contigs were identified by blasting the contigs against uniport database. Accordingly, four novel genes namely amo-vut1, aol-vut3, dhy-sc-vut5 and dhy-g-vut7 that showed close similarity with our target enzymes were further analysed in silico and codon-optimized as per Escherichia coli codon preference. The codon adjusted sequences were synthesised and cloned into pET30a(+) expression vector. However, it is worth noting that expression of amo-vut1 was not successful since it was later identified to be a multi-pass member protein, which made it insoluble despite the use of detergent to the effect. There is a need to meticulously genetically engineer amo-vut1 to remove the signal and other membrane-bound peptides while maintaining its activity. Yet the other three constructs were successfully transformed and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The enzymes were purified and characterized and cocktail for hydrolysis of hexanol was succesfully engineered based on AOL-VUT3, DHY-SC-VUT5 and DHY-G-VUT7. Therefore, novel enzymes were mined from metagenome of fossil-oil contaminated soil and effective hydrocarbon-degrading enzyme cocktails containing their combination were successfully engineered.

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