Yes / Dye-functionalized polymers have been extensively studied to understand polymer chain dynamics, intra or inter-molecular association and conformational changes as well as in practical applications such as signal amplification in diagnostic tests and light-harvesting antennas. In this work, the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) of dye-functionalized poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) was studied to evaluate the effect of dye positioning and polymer chain length on the FRET efficiency. Therefore, both α (initiating terminus)- or ω (terminal chain end)-fluorophore single labeled and dual α,ω-fluorescent dye labeled PEtOx were prepared via cationic ring opening polymerization (CROP) using 1-(bromomethyl)pyrene as the initiator and/or 1-pyrenebutyric acid or coumarin 343 as the terminating agent, yielding well-defined PEtOx with high labeling efficiency (over 91%). Fluorescence studies revealed that intramolecular FRET is most efficient for heterotelechelic PEtOx containing both pyrene and coumarin 343 fluorophores as chain ends, as expected. A strong dependence of the energy transfer on the chain length was found for these dual labeled polymers. The polymers were tested in both dilute organic (chloroform) and aqueous media revealing a higher FRET efficiency in water due to the enhanced emissive properties of pyrene. The application of dual labeled polymers as fluorescent probes for temperature sensing was demonstrated based on the lower critical solution temperature behavior of the PEtOx. Furthermore, these polymers could be successfully processed into fibers and thin films. Importantly, the fluorescence properties were retained in the solid state without decreasing the FRET efficiency, thus opening future possibilities for application of these materials in solar cells and/or sensors.

To determine whether Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements can provide quantitative distance information in single-molecule fluorescence experiments on polypeptides, we measured FRET efficiency distributions for donor and acceptor dyes attached to the ends of freely diffusing polyproline molecules of various lengths. The observed mean FRET efficiencies agree with those determined from ensemble lifetime measurements but differ considerably from the values expected from Förster theory, with polyproline treated as a rigid rod. At donor–acceptor distances much less than the Förster radius R0, the observed efficiencies are lower than predicted, whereas at distances comparable to and greater than R0, they are much higher. Two possible contributions to the former are incomplete orientational averaging during the donor lifetime and, because of the large size of the dyes, breakdown of the point-dipole approximation assumed in Förster theory. End-to-end distance distributions and correlation times obtained from Langevin molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the differences for the longer polyproline peptides can be explained by chain bending, which considerably shortens the donor–acceptor distances.

付記する学位プログラム名: 充実した健康長寿社会を築く総合医療開発リーダー育成プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23106号 / 医博第4733号 / 新制||医||1050(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 小柳 義夫, 教授 松田 道行, 教授 朝長 啓造 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Rewritable photochrome-based 3D optical data storage requires photochromic molecules with high two-photon absorption (2PA) cross sections. Currently, the low value of two-photon absorption cross sections of existing photochromes makes them unsuitable for practical application in 3D data storage. Worldwide attempts to increase the cross section of photochromic molecules by altering the chemical structure have yielded poor results. In this work, two ways to increase the two-photon absorption cross sections of photochromes were investigated. In the first method, partial success demonstrated by extending the conjugation of a photochromic molecule, a high two-photon absorption cross section of the closed form isomer and high photoconversion to the closed form were realized. At the same time, a decrease in photoswitching quantum yield and low photoconversion to open form was observed. A discussion is provided to explain the results, suggesting that the proposed method of extending the conjugation may not solve the problem. For this reason a new method for effective two-photon absorption cross section enhancement of photochromes was proposed. As a proof of principle, a new two-photon absorbing dye with a hydrogen bonding moiety was synthesized and used for the formation of supramolecular structures with a photochromic compound. Theoretical reasoning and experimental demonstration of energy transfer from the dye to the photochrome under one and two-photon excitation confirmed the practical value of the method. The effects of a 2PA dye on the photochromic properties of a diarylethene were investigated using a model compound to simplify data analysis. Formation of supramolecular structures was revealed using ¹H NMR spectroscopic methods. The model compound, having the same hydrogen bonding moiety as 2PA dye, has been demonstrated to bind with photochrome molecules at very low concentrations. Photochromic properties of 2,3-bis(2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl)maleimide, including conversions at the photostationary state, extinction coefficients, photoisomerization reaction rates and quantum yields, were shown to be affected by hydrogen bonding with the model compound - 2,6-bis-(acetamido)pyridine. The extent of this change was determined and discussed, demonstrating a balanced supramolecular strategy to modulate photochemical and photophysical properties of this important class of photochromic material.

Within the emerging methods of controlled free radical polymerization, the Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) process has been recently established as a powerful technique to synthesize standard polymers with controlled characteristics (narrow polydispersity and predictable molar masses). This method is now employed to synthesize well-defined, reactive precursor polymers that are subsequently converted into speciality polymers such as fluorescent-labeled polycations. Those are suitable for Electrostatic Self-Assembly (ESA). The observation of the Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) in such films is established, contributing to the understanding of the self-organization during thin film growth. The RAFT process using Benzyl Dithiobenzoate (BDTB) is shown to enable the control of the free radical polymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC). The high tolerance of the method to functional groups allows the preparation of such reactive polymers with narrow polydispersities and predictable molar masses. The well-defined precursors are easily converted, for instance, to polycations. Also they are easily functionalized by fluorophores, here derived from coumarin and perylene. The fluorophores, as pendent side chains, served as label to investigate the alternating deposition process, while the influence of molecular variations on the self-assembly can be systematized. Furthermore, when using complementary fluorophores, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) studies in organized media become possible. The alternating deposition cycles are followed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and X-Ray reflectivity. Regular growth is observed for three complementarily labeled polycations. Noteworthy, fluorescence and UV-Vis studies reveal the formation of large fluorescent dye aggregates for one coumarin and for the perylene derivative in the ESA multilayers. When these polycations are used in mixed thin films, Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between fluorophores is observed. The non-radiative nature of the different energy transfer was confirmed by fluorescence decay time measurements/ Parmi les récentes méthodes pour contrôler la polymérisation radicalaire, le procédé RAFT (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer) a été récemment établi et s'impose comme une méthode performante pour la synthèse de polymères standards possédant des caractéristiques contrôlées (faibles polydispersités et masses molaires prédictibles). Cette méthode est désormais utilisée pour la synthèse de précurseurs réactifs bien définis qui sont par la suite convertis en polymères spécialisés, par exemple en polycations marqués a l'aide de sondes fluorescentes. Ces polycations peuvent être ensuite auto-assemblés électrostatiquement afin d'élaborer des films minces. Le phénomène de transfert de fluorescence (Förster Resonance Energy Transfer –FRET-) dans de tels films a été établi, contribuant par là-même à une meilleure compréhension du phénomène d'auto-organisation durant la croissance des films. Le procédé RAFT, utilisant le dithiobenzoate de benzyle (BDTB), a démontré sa capacité à contrôler la polymérisation radicalaire du chlorométhlstyrène (VBC). La tolérance de cette méthode vis à vis des groupes fonctionnels permet la synthèse de polymères réactifs possédant de faibles polydispersités et des masses molaires prédictibles. Les précurseurs ainsi définis sont facilement convertis, en polycations par exemple. Ils sont tout aussi facilement fonctionnalisés par des fluorophores dérivés de la coumarine ou du pérylène. Les fluorophores en tant que chaînes pendantes servent de marqueurs pour étudier le processus de dépôts alternés, alors que l'influence des variations au niveau moléculaire peut être systématisée. De plus, en utilisant des fluorophores complémentaires, il devient possible de mener des études sur le transfert de fluorescence (FRET) au sein de milieux organisés. Les cycles de dépôts alternés ont été suivis par spectroscopie UV-Vis, éllipsométrie et reflexion des rayons X. Une croissance régulière est observée dans le cas des trois polycations marqués. Il convient de noter que les études UV-Vis et de fluorescence révèlent la formation de larges aggrégats de fluorophores au sein des multicouches, dans le cas d'une coumarine et du dérivé de pérylène. Lorsque les polycations complémentaires sont utilisés dans des films minces mixtes, le FRET est observé. La nature radiative ou non-radiative du processus de transfert d'énergie a été confirmée par des mesures de déclin de fluorescence.

Les biomarqueurs à base d’acides nucléiques, qui sont impliqués dans le contrôle de l'expression génétique, sont spécifiques de nombreux types de cancers. Les applications basées sur le transfert d'énergie par résonance de Förster (FRET) sont parmi les plus prometteuses pour la biodétection d’acides nucléiques. Comme la détection simultanée de plusieurs acides nucléiques est très demandée et que le multiplexage spectral est limité par des interférences (optical crosstalk), le multiplexage temporel est utilisé ici pour ajouter de nouvelles possibilités de multiples détections simultanées. La thèse porte sur le développement de systèmes comprenant différentes distances entre molécules donneuses et acceptrices de FRET (Terbium vers fluorophores) pour créer des signaux d'intensité spécifiques correspondant à différentes séquences d'acides nucléiques. Les distances Tb-to-dye peuvent être arrangées en positionnant spécifiquement le donneur Tb sur des molécules d’ADN de différentes longueurs. Les technologies d'amplification d’acides nucléiques, telles que la réaction d'hybridation en chaîne (HCR) et l’amplification circulaire de l’ADN (RCA), ont été utilisées pour obtenir simplicité, rapidité, sélectivité et sensibilité dans la détection d’acides nucléiques. Le multiplexage temporel du signal de FRET a également été combiné avec le multiplexage spectral (couleur) pour le démultiplier. De plus, la possibilité d'un multiplexage temporel à base de nanoparticules a été démontrée. / Nucleic acid biomarkers, which involve in gene expression control, are found specific for many kinds of cancers. Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) based applications are one of the most promising for nucleic acid biosensing. As parallel detection of multiple nucleic acids is highly demanded and spectral multiplexing is limited by optical crosstalk, temporal multiplexing is used for opening another dimension of the multiplexing. The thesis focuses on developing different Tb-to-dye FRET distances to create specific intensity signals corresponding to different nucleic acid sequences. The Tb-dye distances can be tuned by specific location of the Tb donor using different lengths of DNA. Amplification technologies, such as hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and rolling circle amplification (RCA), are used to achieve simplicity, rapidity, selectivity, and sensitivity of nucleic acid detection. Temporal multiplexing FRET was also combined with spectral (color) multiplexing for higher order multiplexed detection. Moreover, a single Tb-QD FRET modeling demonstrated the possibility of nanoparticle-based temporal multiplexing.

No description available.

Die Herzinsuffizienz ist trotz zahlreicher Therapiemöglichkeiten immer noch eine der häufigsten chronischen Erkrankung und Todesursachen in westlichen Industrienationen. Eine zentrale Rolle in der Regulation der effizienten Herzkontraktion nimmt die zyklisches Adenosin-3’,5’-monophophat(cAMP)-Signalkaskade ein, wobei Veränderungen in der Kompartimentierung des sekundären Botenstoffes bisher nicht vollständig verstanden sind. Ziel dieser Studie war es deshalb Regulationsmechanismen des lokalen cAMP-Pools der Mikrodomäne der ATP-abhängigen Calciumpumpe 2a des sarkoplasmatischen und endoplasmatischen Retikulums (SERCA2a) in kardialen Mausmyozyten unter den pathologischen Rahmenbedingungen der Herzinsuffizienz zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurde ein post-Myokardinfarkt Mausmodell an einer transgene Mauslinie verwendet, die einen cAMP-abhängigen auf Förster-Resonanz-Energietransfer(FRET)-basierenden Biosensor, lokalisiert in der SERCA2a-Mikrodomäne, in vivo exprimiert. Mit Hilfe von Echtzeit-FRET-Messungen an frisch isolierten, lebenden Kardiomyozyten wurden die Beiträge der am Herzen relevanten Phosphodiesterase(PDE)-Familien zur Begrenzung des lokalen cAMP-Pools in der SERCA2a-Domäne 12 Wochen nach Myokardinfarkt gemessen und mit einer Kontrollgruppe (Sham) verglichen. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass in der Mikrodomäne sowohl unter Ruhebedingungen, als auch nach β-adrenerger Vorstimulation, eine signifikante Aktivitätsminderung der PDE4, verglichen mit der Sham-Gruppe, nachweisbar ist. Da dies mit Veränderungen im lokalen cAMP-Pool der die SERCA2a reguliert einhergeht, bietet diese Studie also eine interessante Grundlage für die weitere Untersuchung der im Krankheitsfall auftretenden Funktionsabweichungen.

The global lighting source energy consumption accounts for about 22% of the total electricity generated. New high-efficiency solid-state light sources are needed to reduce the ever increasing demand for energy. Single-phased emitter-based composed of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) nanocrystals and fluorescent dyes can potentially revolutionize the typical composition of phosphors, the processing technology founded on the binding of dye acceptors on the surface of nanocrystals, and the configurations of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and electroluminescence devices. The hybrid white-light-emitting nanomaterial is based on the expanded spectral range of the donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission originated from the γ-gallium oxide nanocrystals via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the surface-anchored fluorescent dyes. The emission of the nanocrystals and the sensitized emission of the chromophore act in sync as an internal relaxation upon the excitation of the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals. It extends the lifetime of the secondary fluorescent dye chromophore and the internal relaxation within this hybrid complex act as a sign for a quasi single chromophore. The model system of white-light-emitting nanostructure system developed based on this technology is the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals-Rhodamine B lactone (RBL) hybrid complex. The sufficient energy transfer efficiency of 31.51% within this system allowed for the generation of white-light emission with the CIE coordinates of (0.3328, 0.3380) at 5483 K. The relative electronic energy differences of the individual components within the hybrid systems based on theoretical computation suggested that the luminance of the nanocomposite comprised of RBL is dominantly mediated by FRET. The production of white-light-emitting diode (WLED) based on this technology have been demonstrated by solution deposition of the hybrid nanomaterials to the commercially available ultraviolet (UV) LED due to the versatility and chemical compatibility of the developed phosphors.

The global lighting source energy consumption accounts for about 22% of the total electricity generated. New high-efficiency solid-state light sources are needed to reduce the ever increasing demand for energy. Single-phased emitter-based composed of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) nanocrystals and fluorescent dyes can potentially revolutionize the typical composition of phosphors, the processing technology founded on the binding of dye acceptors on the surface of nanocrystals, and the configurations of the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and electroluminescence devices. The hybrid white-light-emitting nanomaterial is based on the expanded spectral range of the donor-acceptor pair (DAP) emission originated from the γ-gallium oxide nanocrystals via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to the surface-anchored fluorescent dyes. The emission of the nanocrystals and the sensitized emission of the chromophore act in sync as an internal relaxation upon the excitation of the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals. It extends the lifetime of the secondary fluorescent dye chromophore and the internal relaxation within this hybrid complex act as a sign for a quasi single chromophore. The model system of white-light-emitting nanostructure system developed based on this technology is the γ–gallium oxide nanocrystals-Rhodamine B lactone (RBL) hybrid complex. The sufficient energy transfer efficiency of 31.51% within this system allowed for the generation of white-light emission with the CIE coordinates of (0.3328, 0.3380) at 5483 K. The relative electronic energy differences of the individual components within the hybrid systems based on theoretical computation suggested that the luminance of the nanocomposite comprised of RBL is dominantly mediated by FRET. The production of white-light-emitting diode (WLED) based on this technology have been demonstrated by solution deposition of the hybrid nanomaterials to the commercially available ultraviolet (UV) LED due to the versatility and chemical compatibility of the developed phosphors.