Thesis advisor: James A. Russell / The claim that certain emotions are universally recognized from facial expressions is based primarily on the study of expressions that were posed. The current study was of spontaneous facial expressions shown by aborigines in Papua New Guinea (Ekman, 1980) -- 18 faces claimed to convey one (or, in the case of blends, two) basic emotions and four faces claimed to show other universal feelings. For each face, ten samples of observers-- South Koreans speaking Korean (n=66), Spaniards speaking Spanish (n=54), Israelis speaking Hebrew (n=60), Chinese speaking English (n=83), Chinese speaking Cantonese (n=64), Japanese speaking English (n=71), Japanese speaking Japanese (n=72), Indians speaking English (n=65), Indians speaking Kannada (n=62), and Indians speaking Hindi (n=120)--rated the degree to which each of the 12 predicted emotions or feelings was conveyed. The modal choice across all ten samples of observers was the predicted label for only 2 (of the 22) faces, predicted to convey exclusively happiness. Observers endorsed the predicted emotion or feeling moderately often (mean=56%), but also denied it moderately often (mean=44%). They also endorsed more than one (or, for blends, two) label(s) in each face - on average, 1.8 of basic emotions and 3.7 of other feelings. There were both similarities and differences across culture and language, but the emotional meaning of a facial expression is not well captured by the predicted label(s) or, indeed, by any single label. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Psychology.

A face é a parte do corpo que mais sintetiza o ser humano e, para que seja entendida, vem sendo alvo de estudos dos mais diversos campos da ciência, incluindo a área da Identificação Facial Forense. A ciência responsável pelo estudo da face e de suas relações, denominada Cefalometria, apesar de exaustivamente estudada para o emprego clínico e radiográfico, principalmente por profissionais da Odontologia, ainda não foi padronizada e validada para o seu emprego em análises faciais sobre imagens e/ou fotografias. Em virtude do crescimento da produção tecnológica e automatizada da era em que vivemos, onde aparelhos com câmeras fotográficas acopladas fazem parte da vida corriqueira da grande maioria da população mundial, é necessário o desenvolvimento de metodologias que confirmem a objetividade, reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade de suas análises, principalmente para as áreas que exigem precisão e rigor técnico-científico, como a perícia criminal. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo propor uma metodologia de normatização na determinação de pontos cefalométricos para exames faciais exclusivamente baseados em imagens em norma frontal e definir quais são os pontos cefalométricos que apresentam maior e menor variabilidade de aferição, para possível aplicação na identificação humana. A parte experimental do estudo foi delineada em duas etapas: na primeira fase, foi utilizado o método convencional (cefalométrico clássico) para a descrição dos pontos anatômicos de referência; na segunda, o método fotoantropométrico proposto. Ambas as fases foram analisadas por cinco examinadores, os quais marcaram 16 pontos na topografia facial de 18 imagens, aleatoriamente escolhidas de um banco de imagens. Para todas as análises, foi utilizado um software desenvolvido pelo Serviço de 13 Perícias em Audiovisual e Eletrônicos do Instituto Nacional de Criminalística da Polícia Federal, denominado de SMVFace. Pode-se observar que houve uma grande redução da variabilidade dos pontos anatômicos após a adoção da descrição fotoantropométrica, principalmente para os pontos Alar, Endocanthion, Glabela, Gônio, Irídio Medial, Labial Superior e Zígio. Contrariamente, um ligeiro aumento na variabilidade dos pontos Chelion, Labial Inferior e Gnátio foi observado. Apesar do aumento na variabilidade desses pontos, a maioria das marcações foi realizada abaixo do erro aceitável preconizado por alguns estudos. Esses resultados demonstraram que, apesar de algumas limitações, a utilização da descrição fotoantropométrica proposta foi determinante para alcançar uma maior precisão das marcações dos pontos anatômicos de referência de forma geral / Face is the body part that most synthesizes the human being and, to be understood, has been targeted from different branches of science, including the Forensic Facial Identification area. The Cephalometry, science responsible for facial studies and their relationships, although extensively studied for clinical and radiographic employment, especially by dental professionals, it has not been standardized and validated yet for its use in facial images and/or photo analysis. Due to the growth of technology and automated production of the era in which we live, where camera-coupled devices are part of vast majority ordinary life of world population, methodologies development is necessary to confirm the objectivity, reproducibility and reliability of their analyzes, especially for areas that require precision and technical/scientific rigor as criminal expertise. In this sense, this research aimed to propose a standardization method in determining cephalometric points exclusively based on frontal view facial images and determine which points have higher and lower variability of measurement, for possible use in human identification. The experimental part of the study was drawn in two stages. In the first phase, the conventional method (classic cephalometry) was used to describe the reference anatomical points and, in the second, the proposed photoanthropometric method was used. Both phases were analyzed by five examiners who scored 16 points in facial topography of 18 images randomly chosen from an image database. For all analyzes, a software developed by the Expertise Service in Audiovisual and Electronics of the National Institute of Criminology, Federal Police, called SMVFace, was used. It could be observed that there was a large variability reduction of anatomical points after the photoanthropometry description adoption, especially for 15 Alar, Endocanthion, Glabella, Gonion, Iridium Medial, Upper Lip and Zigion points. In contrast, a slight variability increase of Chelion, Lower Lip and Gnathion points was observed. Despite the increased variability of these points, most markings are performed below the acceptable error advocated by some studies. These results demonstrate that, although some limitations, the use of the proposed photoanthropometric description was crucial to achieve greater accuracy of anatomical landmarks determination in general

INTRODUÇÃO: A paralisia facial periférica idiopática apresenta uma variabilidade clínica de sinais e sintomas que dificultam a realização de uma avaliação objetiva e precisa, com influência no estabelecimento de prognóstico. A eletromiografia de superfície é um exame não invasivo e indolor que permite o estudo da atividade elétrica muscular. Visando compreender quais os efeitos da paralisia facial na atividade elétrica muscular durante o tempo de instalação da doença, o objetivo deste estudo foi utilizar a eletromiografia de superfície para captar a resposta elétrica de músculos da face durante a avaliação clínica do sorriso e correlacionar as respostas musculares com o tempo de instalação da paralisia facial. MÉTODOS: Participaram 140 adultos divididos em três grupos: Grupo I - 35 participantes com paralisia facial periférica com instalação de até 3 meses; Grupo II - 35 participantes com paralisia facial periférica com instalação entre 3 a 6 meses; Grupo III - 70 controles saudáveis. Todos foram submetidos à avaliação que consistiu na aplicação de uma escala clínica para avaliação da mímica facial e da realização do exame de eletromiografia de superfície em região de músculos zigomático e risório. RESULTADOS: Há evidências que os grupos com paralisia facial, independentemente do tempo de início da doença, se diferenciaram significativamente do grupo de indivíduos saudáveis quanto a atividade muscular captada durante o repouso e no sorriso voluntário para ambas as regiões musculares testadas. Os grupos com paralisia facial não se diferenciaram significativamente quando considerada a ativação muscular para nenhuma das avaliações realizadas. O grupo com maior tempo de paralisia facial, apresentou ativação muscular mais assimétrica durante o sorriso voluntário se comparado aos demais grupos. A assimetria muscular foi mais evidente se considerado o funcionamento do músculo risório. CONCLUSÃO: A compatibilização da análise dos dados indica que a avaliação muscular da face por meio da eletromiografia de superfície é reprodutível e é capaz de diferenciar indivíduos com e sem comprometimento muscular / INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic facial palsy presents a clinical variability of signs and symptoms, wich turns difficult to perform an objective and accurate assessment, and influences the prognosis. Surface electromyography is a noninvasive and painless test that allows the study of muscle electrical activity. The purpose of this study was to assess, through surface electromyography, the activity of the risorius and zygomaticus muscles, during the production of voluntary smiles and to compare these data between two groups of individuals with different onset times of peripheral facial palsy. METHODS: 140 adults divided into three groups: Group 1 - 35 individuals with Peripheral Facial Palsy onset time between 0 and 3 months; Group 2 - 35 individuals with Peripheral Facial Palsy onset time between 3 and 6 months; Control Group - 70 healthy controls. All of the participants were submitted to the following assessments: clinical protocol for the assessment of facial mimic and surface electromyography of the risorius and zygomaticus muscles. RESULTS: the results suggest that the groups of individuals with Peripheral Facial Palsy differed from the control group considering muscle activity during rest and during the production of voluntary smiles, regardless of the onset time of the disease. The groups with Peripheral Facial Palsy did not differ between themselves in any of the tested situations. The group with Peripheral Facial Palsy with longer onset time presented greater muscle activation asymmetry during the production of the voluntary smiles when compared to the other two groups. Muscle asymmetry was more evident when considering the results for the risorius muscle. CONCLUSION: A compatibilização da análise dos dados indica que a avaliação muscular da face por meio da eletromiografia de superfície é reprodutível e é capaz de diferenciar indivíduos com e sem comprometimento muscular

Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-30T00:31:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-07-30 / The high prevalence of orofacial pain in the world population generates great suffering and incapacity, causing high costs for the public health. Existing drug therapies have poor efficacy and undesirable side effects. Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene with several biological activities described in the literature, but not yet explored in orofacial antinociception in zebrafish. It was then proposed to evaluate the orofacial antinociceptive effect of oleanolic acid in adult zebrafish. Initially, experiments were performed to correlate models of orofacial nociception in zebrafish adults and mice. Then, acute nociception was induced by formalin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, acid saline or glutamate (cutaneous models) or hypertonic saline (corneal model) in adult zebrafish (0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 mg / mL; oral; n = 6 / group). In all experiments Naive groups (n = 6).In another set of experiments, the animals were pretreated with naloxone, L-NAME, methylene blue, ketamine, camphor, HC-030031, mefenamic acid, ruthenium red or amiloride to investigate the mechanism of antinociception of oleanolic acid.Involvement of the afferent fibers was also investigated using adult zebrafish desensitized by repeated administration of capsaicin. It was performed molecular docking between the oleanolic acid and the TRPV1 channel.The motor activity of adult zebrafish treated with oleanolic acid was evaluated in the open field test. Finally, the orofacial antinociceptive effect of oleanolic acid (1.0, 3.0 or 10mg / kg, oral) was verified in the capsaicin test in mice (n = 6 / group). Pre-treatment with oleanolic acid significantly reduced the nociceptive behavior associated with acute pain in mice and adult zebrafish. Antinociception was effectively inhibited by ruthenium red and induced by desensitization with capsaicin. The presence of TRPV1 receptor transcripts was confirmed by RT-PCR in brain tissue of zebrafish. In accordance with the in vivo experiments, molecular docking studies indicated that oleanolic acid may interact with TRPV1. The results confirm the use of adult zebrafish as an animal model for the study of orofacial pain and the pharmacological relevance of oleanolic acid as an inhibitor of TRPV1 channel-mediated orofacial nociception. Key words: Oleanolic acid; Orofacial pain; Adult Zebrafish; TRPV1. / A alta prevalência da dor orofacial na população mundial gera grande sofrimento e incapacidade, acarretando altos custos para saúde pública. As terapêuticas medicamentosas existentes têm pouca eficácia e efeitos colaterais indesejáveis. O ácido oleanólico é um triterpeno pentacíclico com diversas atividades biológicas descritas na literatura, mas ainda não explorado na antinocicepção orofacial em zebrafish. Foi então proposto como objetivo avaliar o efeito antinociceptivo orofacial do ácido oleanólico em zebrafish adulto. Inicialmente, foram realizados experimentos para correlacionar modelos de nocicepção orofacial em zebrafish adultos e camundongos. Em seguida, a nocicepção aguda foi induzida por formalina, capsaicina, cinamaldeído, salina ácida ou glutamato (modelos cutâneos) ou salina hipertônica (modelo corneal) em zebrafish adulto (0,1; 0,3 ou 1,0 mg/mL; via oral; n=6/grupo). Em todos os experimentos foram incluídos grupos Naive (n=6). Em outro conjunto de experimentos, os animais foram pré-tratados com naloxona, L-NAME, azul de metileno, cetamina, cânfora, HC- 030031, ácido mefenâmico, vermelho de rutênio ou amilorida para investigar o mecanismo de antinocicepção do ácido oleanólico. O envolvimento das fibras C aferentes também foi investigado utilizando zebrafish adultos dessensibilizados pela administração repetida de capsaicina. Foi realizando docking molecular entre o ácido oleanólico e o canal TRPV1. A atividade motora dos zebrafish adulto tratados com ácido oleanólico foi avaliada no teste de campo aberto. Por fim, verificou-se o efeito antinociceptivo orofacial do ácido oleanólico (1,0; 3,0 ou 10mg/Kg; via oral) no teste da capsaicina em camundongos (n=6/grupo). O pré-tratamento com ácido oleanólico reduziu significativamente o comportamento nociceptivo associado a dor aguda em camundongos e zebrafish adulto. A antinocicepção foi efetivamente inibida pelo vermelho de rutênio e induzida pela dessensibilização com capsaicina. A presença de transcritos de receptores TRPV1 foi confirmada por RT-PCR em tecido cerebral de zebrafish. Em conformidade com os experimentos in vivo, os estudos de docking molecular indicaram que o ácido oleanólico pode interagir com o TRPV1. Os resultados confirmam a utilização do zebrafish adulto como modelo animal para o estudo da dor orofacial e a relevância farmacológica do ácido oleanólico como inibidor da nocicepção orofacial mediada pelo canal TRPV1. Palavras-chaves: Ácido oleanólico; Dor orofacial; Zebrafish adulto; TRPV1.

Forensic facial reconstruction can assist identification by reconstructing a face of the unknown person with the aim of its recognition by his/her family or friends. In the facial reconstruction approach adopted in this study, a 3D average face template was digitally warped onto a 3D scanned skull image. This study was carried out entirely on an Egyptian population, and was the first of its kind. Aims: This study aimed to demonstrate that 3D facial reconstructions using the novel methodology described could show significant resemblance to the faces corresponding to the persons in question when they were alive. Moreover, using techniques previously validated for facial reconstruction, the aim was to compare them to the method developed, and to assess approaches used to determine the accuracy of 3D facial reconstructions. Methods: Initially, a pilot study was conducted using a database of laser scanned skulls and faces. The faces were reconstructed using an average facial template generated by merging a number of faces of similar population, sex, and age. The applicability, as well as the main components of the facial reconstruction method, the single and average facial templates, and the facial soft tissue thickness measurements, were investigated. Furthermore, in the main study, the faces of computed tomography (CT) scanned heads of an Egyptian population were reconstructed using average facial templates. The accuracy of the reconstructed faces was assessed subjectively by face pool, and face resemblance tests, and objectively by measuring the surface distances between the real and reconstructed faces. In addition, a number of novel subjective and objective assessment methods were developed. These included assessment of individual facial regions using subjective resemblance scores, and objective surface distance comparisons. A new objective method, craniofacial anthropometry, was developed by taking and comparing direct measurements from the skull, and comparing the measurements from the real and reconstructed faces. The studied cases were ranked according to all subjective, and objective, tests, and statistically correlated. Results and Conclusions: The average facial templates showed a higher identification rate than the single face templates. The approach of facial reconstruction used in this thesis showed a comparable accuracy to many other facial reconstruction methods, yet was superior in terms of its applicability, transferability, and ease of use. In the face pool tests, the younger assessors were able to correctly identify the reconstructed faces better than older assessors. Furthermore, the identification rate by the forensic anthropology experts was higher than the non-experts. The former group showed the highest agreement between the observers in giving the resemblance scores. Although there was a significant rank correlation between the subjective and objective assessment tests, the subjective tests are influenced by the assessors' subjective characteristics (e.g., age, professional experience), thus making objective assessment more reliable. However, in situations where subjective tests are used, it is better to use the face resemblance tests and consult forensic anthropologists. Also, Craniofacial Anthropometry, particularly the craniofacial angles, can successfully indicate the accuracy of the facial reconstructions. Importantly, this study shows that certain facial regions, particularly the cheek and the jaw, are more reliable than other areas in the subjective and objective assessment of the facial reconstruction.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Departamento de Processos Psicológicos Básicos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências do Comportamento, 2018. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). / Movimentos faciais do próprio observador ou ausência deles podem servir como pistas para interpretar estados emocionais de pessoas observadas. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a capacidade de reconhecimento de expressões emocionais enquanto o observador tensiona a própria face ou imita a face-alvo. O experimento foi realizado com dois grupos (Imitação e Ruído), cada um com 30 participantes. Foi apresentada ao participante uma tarefa de reconhecimento de expressão emocional em face. Dependendo do grupo que foi alocado, o participante imitou (grupo imitação) a face-alvo ou tencionou a própria face (grupo ruído) durante 10 segundos, antes de responder qual emoção foi apresentada. A hipótese central deste experimento foi a de que indivíduos que tensionam sua própria face ou imitam a expressão da emoção facial possuem menor ou maior probabilidade de acertos na execução de tarefas de reconhecimento de expressões emocionais em faces respectivamente. Os resultados apresentaram diferenças significativas quando comparadas as tarefas de tensionar ou imitar a face-alvo, sugerindo que a alteração da própria face do observador pode influenciar durante o desempenho de uma tarefa de reconhecimento de emoção em faces. / Facial movements of the observer or absence of them can serve as clues to interpret the emotional state of observed persons. The aim of this work was to analyze the capacity of recognition of emotional expressions while the observer tensions his own face or imitates the target face. The experiment was performed with two groups (imitation and noise), each with 30 participants. It was presented to the participant a task of recognition of facial emotional expression, depending on the group that was allocated, the participant imitated the target face (imitation) or tensioned his own face (noise group) for 10 seconds, before answering which emotion was presented. The central hypothesis of this experiment is that individuals who stress their own face or imitate facial emotional expression have a lower or greater probability of success in performing tasks of recognition of emotional expressions on faces respectively. The results presented significant differences when comparing the tasks of tensioning or imitating the target face, suggesting that the alteration of the observer's own face may influence during the performance of a task of emotion recognition on faces.

This thesis is divided into four Phases. The aim of each phase is to identify facial creases useful in human identification.In Phase 1, creases were analysed on peri- and post-embalmed cadavers in CAHID to establish whether or not there is any change to crease with facial bloating. Embalming was chosen to simulate effects seen on a bloated face during decomposition. The results suggested that creases are quite resilient and changes were only detected relating to creases located on the periphery of the face, particularly at areas where the skin is thick, such as at the cheek region. Two new creases not classified in literature were identified on the face; these creases were called vertical superciliary arch lines and the lateral nose crease. Manifestations of these creases were also seen on faces in Phase 2 and 3 of the research. Phase 2 focused on the application of facial creases for the identification of living individuals. Volunteers were obtained from the University of Aberdeen and University of Dundee. Phase 2 was divided further into Phase 2a and Phase 2b. Phase 2a focused on matching creases from video and photograph sources while Phase 2b focused on matching creases from 3D surface scans to face photographs. A higher match rate was obtained for Phase 2a, where the shadows of the creases on two different sources were similar, as compared to the 3D to 2D analysis in Phase 2b. A Bayesian conclusion scale was utilised to categorise the conclusion.Research in Phase 3 focused on establishing facial crease correlation with skull morphology. Material for the research was obtained from William Bass skeletal collection at the University of Tennessee which provided ante-mortem face photographs with related 3D skull surface scans. Superimposition of the creases on the face photographs with the skulls was conducted to enable the visual analysis of the crease location. The qualitative analysis indicated that the infraorbital crease follows the outline of the orbits in 52% of the total subjects. No correlation was obtained between the nasolabial fold (NLF) and the bony surface inferior to the location of the crease. However, the depth of the selected skeletal region indicated the NLF was detected in 95% of the subjects. Quantitative analysis was carried out with the aid of geometric morphometrics (GMM) to analyse the maxilla morphology to establish whether the morphology indicated crease morphology. Geometric morphometric analysis indicated that people with a strong NLF had a long and narrow maxillary region.The conclusions obtained in Phase 3 were tested through a blind study in Phase 4. Analyses of the NLF and infraorbital crease were conducted on the Helmer skull collection available in CAHID. Ten skulls were provided to the researcher for analysis without related ante-mortem photographs. Once analyses were completed, the ante-mortem photographs were supplied and conclusions were obtained by comparing the crease reconstruction to the face photograph. Correct reconstruction was obtained in six of the ten specimens (60%). One case was inconclusive due to poor photograph quality though the location of the crease region appeared to be correct. The three inaccurate results showed an overestimation of the NLF strength, though the location of the crease manifestation was correct.

How to efficiently and relistically generate 3D human face models is a very interesting and difficult problem in computer graphics. animated face models are essential to computer games, films making, online chat, virtual presence, video conferencing, etc. As the progress of computer technology, people request for more and more multimedia effects. Therefore, construct 3D human face models and facial animation are enthusiastically investigated in recent years. There are many kinds of method that used to construct 3D human face models. Such as laser scanners and computer graphics. So far, the most popular commercially available tools have utilized laser scanners. But it is not able to trace moving object. We bring up a technique that construct 3D human face model based on real image sequence. The full procedure can be divided into 4 parts. In the first step we use two cameras take picture con human face simultaneously. By the distance within two cameras we can calculate the depth of human face and build up a 3D face model. The second step is aimed at one image sequence which is taken by the same camera. By comparing the feature poins on previous image afterward image we can get the motion vector of human face. Now we can construct a template of animated 3D face model. After that we can map any kind of 2D new character image into the template, then build new character's animation. The full procedure is automatic. We can construct exquisite human facial animation easily.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-61).

Thesis (M.A.)--Humboldt State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-66). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.