Machine learning and data-driven approaches have been widely applied to critical detection problems, but their performance is often hindered by data-related challenges. This dissertation seeks to address three key challenges: data imbalance, scarcity of high-quality labels, and excessive data processing requirements, through studies in healthcare and cybersecurity. We study healthcare problems with imbalanced clinical datasets that lead to performance disparities across prediction classes and demographic groups. We systematically evaluate these disparities and propose a Double Prioritized (DP) bias correction method that significantly improves the model performance for underrepresented groups and reduces biases. Cyber threats, such as ransomware and advanced persistent threats (APTs), have presented growing threats in recent years. Existing ransomware defenses often rely on black-box models trained on unverified traces, providing limited interpretability. To address the scarcity of reliably labeled training data, we experimentally profile runtime ransomware behaviors of real-world samples and identify core patterns, enabling explainable and trustworthy detection. For APT detection, the large size of system audit logs hinders real-time detection. We introduce Madeline, a lightweight system that efficiently processes voluminous logs with compact representations, overcoming real-time detection bottlenecks. These contributions provide deployable and effective solutions, offering insights for future research within and beyond the fields of healthcare and cybersecurity. / Doctor of Philosophy / Machine learning and data-driven methods have been widely used to solve important detection problems, but their effectiveness is often limited by challenges related to the data they rely on. This dissertation focuses on three key challenges: imbalanced data, a lack of high-quality information, and the need to process large amounts of data quickly. We address these issues through studies in healthcare and cybersecurity. Data from clinical studies is often unbalanced, with certain patient groups or outcomes being underrepresented. This imbalance leads to inconsistent prediction accuracies across groups. We address this by developing a method called Double Prioritized (DP) bias correction, which significantly improves the accuracy for minority groups and reduces biases. Cyber threats are becoming increasingly serious risks. One type of prevalent malware is ransomware, which encrypts the victim's data and demands payment for recovery. Current ransomware defenses often learn from unverified data and make decisions without clear explanations. To improve this, we analyze how real-world ransomware behaves, identifying patterns that allow for more explainable and reliable detection. Another type of threat is called advanced persistent threats (APTs), which aim to stay undetected in the victim's system for a long time and exfiltrate data gradually. For APT detection, the challenge lies in analyzing the vast amount of activity data the system generates, which slows down detection. We introduce detectionname, a system designed to process large logs efficiently, enabling fast and accurate threat detection. These contributions provide practical solutions to pressing problems in healthcare and cybersecurity and offer ideas for future improvements within and beyond these fields.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第25026号 / 地環博第248号 / 新制||地環||54(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 宇佐美 誠, 准教授 TRENCHER Gregory, 教授 竹内 憲司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

This study sets forth events surrounding a law suit filed by Red Lion Broadcasting Co. against the Federal Communications Commission and the Democratic National Committee in 1965. The study found these events were major factors in the decision by John M. Norris, president and owner of Red Lion, to pursue his objection to the FCC's Fairness Doctrine to the U.S. Supreme Court, resulting in the court's landmark decision in Red Lion vs. FCC (1969). Research methodology combined techniques of historical research and case study. On-site research of company records, personal letters and records are included as primary sources.

This work deals with the different concepts of justice that are presented by works of John Rawls and Robert Nozick. Seeing that they are liberal authors, the first chapter is devoted to liberalism and its forms. Rawls is presented as a supporter of modern liberalism and Nozick is presented as a representative of classical liberalism, concretely libertarianism. The second chapter discusses how both authors describe natural state. The third chapter is devoted to it how Rawls and Nozick talk about conception of liberty. The following chapter describes and compares their theories of justice: justice as fairness and justice as entitlement. The fifth chapter deals with the final reflection on the theories of both authors. There are presented various reactions and interpretations of the mentioned theories. At the same time, there is shown considerable asset of Rawls?s Theory of Justice and Nozick?s Anarchy, State and Utopia which both influenced political-philosophical discussion.

This study deals with the employee fairness perceptions of their performance management system in a South African organisation. The concept of justice, with particular reference to procedural, distributive and interactional justice, is used as a guide in assessing employee perceptions of fairness of the organisations’ performance management system. A qualitative approach was used to gain an in-depth understanding of employee perceptions of fairness based on their personal experiences of the organisation’s performance management system. Data was obtained through extensive semi structured interviews with 20 employees who had been with the organisation and participated in the performance management system for 5 or more years. All interviews were transcribed and assessed using a thematic analysis. The overall findings show that there are negative fairness perceptions of the performance management system as assessed according to the three organisational justice factors of procedural, distributive and interactional justice. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology) / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

近十年來，由於無線網路的普及與人們對於即時服務的需求提高，導致人們迫切需要更好的服務品質，WiMAX是其中最被看好的一種無線網路傳輸技術。但在WiMAX無線網路中，標準的規格中並未規範connection admission control (CAC)、bandwidth request (BR)、bandwidth allocation、scheduling等機制，在本篇論文中，我們將上述機制設計並實作於MAC layer中。 本論文首先探討在設計connection admission control、bandwidth request、bandwidth allocation、scheduling會遇到的相關參數及相關議題。並進一步提出一個有效的方法以改善目前大部分設計在bandwidth allocation的公平性 (Fairness)及contention bandwidth request等效率差的問題。我們將設計一個MAC Layer co-function，稱之為Dynamic Polling Interval function (DPI function)。利用DPI function設計no contention bandwidth request改善傳統 contention bandwidth request的效率，以及利用DPI function的特性改善bandwidth allocation以及scheduling的公平性。最後我們將利用網路模擬器NS-2 (Network Simulater version 2)與測試實驗架構作不同效能的驗證比較並評估所提方法的有效性。 / Over the past decade, wireless network access and real-time services have become more popular than ever. People are eager to have better quality of service. Among all, WiMAX is one of the best wireless communication technigues . However, WiMAX standard does not specify those mechanisms of connection admision control (CAC)、bandwidth request (BR)、bandwidth allocation and scheduling . In this thesis, we propose the above mechanisms and imcorporate them as MAC layer functions. First, we discuss those related parameters and issues when designing connection admision control、bandwidth request、bandwidth allocation and scheduling. Second, we propose an efficient method to improve the fairness of bandwidth allocation and efficiency of contention bandwidth request. We design a MAC layer co-function called dynamic polling interval function (DPI function). We use the DPI function to design a no contention bandwidth request method to improve the efficiency of traditional bandwidth request method and use the features of DPI function to improve the fairness of bandwidth allocation and scheduling. At last , we use NS-2 (Network Simulator version 2) as our network simulator and compare the result of simulations to prove the efficiency of our proposed methods.

L'Homme attache de l'importance à l'équité et est prêt à aller jusqu'à subir des pertes financières pour la défense de l'équité. Cet attachement coûteux à l'équité constitue un paradoxe pour les théories de l'évolution. Récemment, certains auteurs ont proposé de voir le sens de l'équité comme une adaptation psychologique évoluée pour résoudre le problème du partage des coûts et bénéfices de la coopération. Quand il est possible de choisir avec qui coopérer, partager les coûts et bénéfices d'une manière impartiale aide à être choisi comme partenaire social et procure des bénéfices directs en terme de valeur sélective. Dans cette théorie, le choix du partenaire est donc le mécanisme central permettant l'évolution du sens de l'équité. Ici, nous proposons une étude interdisciplinaire de l'équité pour mettre cette théorie à l'épreuve. Après une revue des théories en compétition pour expliquer l'équité (Article 1, en cours de revue), nous développons des modèles de théorie des jeux et des simulations individu-centrées pour savoir si le choix du partenaire permet d'expliquer deux éléments-clés de l'équité: le refus de profiter de sa force pour exploiter les plus faibles (Article 2, Evolution), et l'attrait des distributions dans lesquelles la rétribution est proportionnelle à la contribution (Article 3, en cours de revue). Nous montrons que le choix du partenaire permet d'expliquer ces deux caractéristiques. Nous produisons également des simulations plus réalistes et prenant mieux en compte les mécanismes d'évolution en essayant de faire évoluer des robots qui se comportent de manière équitable. Nous testons ensuite la théorie de façon empirique, et montrons que le choix du partenaire crée des distributions équitables dans une expérience comportementale (Article 4, Proceedings of the Royal Society B). Nous développons un jeu vidéo collaboratif pour estimer l'importance de la variabilité interculturelle de l'équité dans des situations de justice distributive, et présentons des résultats obtenus sur un échantillon de sujets occidentaux (Article 5, en préparation). Nous passons en revue les expériences cherchant de l'équité chez les animaux non-humains, et discutons pourquoi un sens de l'équité aurait eu plus de chances de se développer chez l'Homme que dans une autre espèce, alors que le choix du partenaire est loin d'être un mécanisme évolutionnaire restreint à l'Homme. Enfin, nous discutons trois malentendus classiques sur la théorie du choix du partenaire et identifions des directions de recherche intéressantes pour le futur. / Humans care about fairness and are ready to suffer financial losses for the sake of it. The existence of such costly preferences for fairness constitutes an evolutionary puzzle. Recently, some authors have argued that human fairness can be understood as a psychological adaptation evolved to solve the problem of sharing the costs and benefits of cooperation. When people can choose with whom they want to cooperate, sharing the costs and benefits in an impartial way helps to be chosen as a partner and brings direct fitness benefits. In this theory, partner choice is thus the central mechanism allowing the evolution of fairness. Here, we offer an interdisciplinary study of fairness to put this theory to the test. After a review of competing theories (Paper 1, in review), we build game-theoretical models and agent-based simulations to investigate whether partner choice can explain two key aspects of human fairness: the wrongness to take advantage of one's strength to exploit weaker people (Paper 2, Evolution), and the appeal of distributions where the reward is proportional to the contribution (Paper 3, in review). We show that partner choice succeeds at explaining these two characteristics. We also go towards more realistic and mechanism-oriented simulations by trying to evolve fair robots controlled by simple neural networks. We then test the theory empirically, and show that partner choice creates fairness in a behavioral experiment (Paper 4, Proceedings of the Royal Society B). We develop a collaborative video game to assess the cross-cultural variation of fairness in distributive situations, and present results coming from a Western sample (Paper 5, in preparation). We review the experiments looking for fairness in non-human animals, and discuss why fairness would have been more prone to evolve in humans than in any other species, despite partner choice being an evolutionary mechanism far from restricted to the human species. Finally, we discuss three common misunderstandings about the partner choice theory and identify interesting directions for future research.

"Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Droit (LL.D.) et à la Faculté de Droit et de Sciences Politiques de l'Université de Nantes en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur" / From its inception, intermodal transport of goods has served trade, shippers and carriers, radically increasing transactions of goods worldwide. Multimodal carrier liability rules, however, have not evolved with the same rhythm and remain fragmented cross-modally and cross-country. This is also the case of the U.S. and Canada. The need to seek uniformity of applicable rules in these two countries led us to the comparative analysis of unimodal (landocean) rules in these two countries. Guided by past failed initiatives (1980 United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport), the European intermodal reality, transport deregulation, pragmatism, fairness in the relation between the carrier and the shipper and Law & Economics principles, we used harmonization, codification and contractualism in advancing our suggestions on uniform multimodal carrier liability rules. / Dès sa naissance, Ie transport intermodal a servi le commerce, les chargeurs et les transporteurs, augmentant de façon importante le transport des marchandises au niveau mondial. Pourtant, les règles de responsabilité du transporteur multimodal n'ont pas evolué au meme rythme et restent fragmentées à travers les modes et les pays. C'est aussi Ie cas des États-Unis et du Canada. Le besoin de chercher l'uniformité des règles applicables nous a conduit à l'étude comparée des règles unimodales (terrestres-maritimes) dans ces deux pays. Guidés par l'échec des initiatives passées (Convention de Nations Unies sur Ie Transport Multimodal International des Marchandises, 1980), la réalité intermodale europeenne, la déréglementation du transport, Ie pragmatisme, la justice dans Ie rapport entre le transporteur et le chargeur et l'analyse économique de droit, nous avons utilisé l'harmonisation, la codification et le contractualisme en vue d'avancer nos suggestions sur des règles de responsabilité uniformes du transporteur multimodal.

Title of thesis is "Social aspects of taxes." The main objective of this study is to characterize the various social aspects that can be found in the Czech legal system. The work is divided into several parts. The first part contains the definition of basic concepts such as social aspect, tax and its functions, the main attention is paid to the redistributive function of taxation together with an explanation of what causes uneven distribution of income. The first part includes the description of the rates, particularly progressive tax rate. The first part is completed by a definition of a flat tax. The second part deals with the tax principles of legality, efficiency, and different views on tax fairness and its two main principles, the principle of utility and welfare. The second part also concludes chapter devoted to the description of a reasonable tax rate. The third part describes the various types of social aspects, ie. exemption from tax object, full and partial exemptions, standard and non-standard deductions and tax credits. A brief overview of taxes that constitutes the tax system in the Czech Republic is ranked at the end of the third parts. The last part of my work deals with social aspects, which can be found in taxes. The thesis is completed by a summary of the social aspects and outline...

The work focuses on analyzing the concept of justice as fairness in the political and moral philosophy. Mapping the development of opinion on the fairness of the ancient world, which will deal mainly with access to justice in Platon and Aristoteles. Particular attention will be paid to the concept of justice in the social contract T. Hobbes, J. Locke, J. J. Rousseau and I. Kant. The core work will consist of an analysis of John Rawls's theory of justice as fairness and approach to social justice by Friedrich August von Hayek. Keywords: theory of justice, social contract, social fairness, civil society, morality