Between 1949 and 1955 the supreme authority in the newly established Federal Republic of Germany did not lie in the hands of the elected representatives, but in the hands of the representatives of the three Western Occupying Powers, the Allied High Commissioners. Surprisingly quickly the character and the role of the Allied High Commission changed and it devolved more and more of its power to the German Government. This thesis recounts the history of the Allied High Commission from the perspective of the British High Commissioner. Three men consecutively held this position: Sir Brian Robertson, Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, and Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar. They were three very different men, who had different perceptions of their role, different tasks to accomplish, and different degrees of influence on events in Germany and British policy on Germany. The three men are given epithets, which either describe their perception of their role as British High Commissioner in Germany or the role itself, and which serve as themes for the three main parts of the thesis. Sir Brian Robertson was called a "Benevolent and Sympathetic Viceroy" by his biographer, which not only describes Robertson's own perception of his role in Germany, but also is the best indication of the vast powers of the Allied High Commissioners at the beginning. His successor, Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, was charged with negotiating the end of the Allied High Commission and for this act of self-eradication is given the epithet "The Negotiator". If it had not been for the French delay of the ratification of the 1952 treaties, Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar would have been the first British Ambassador to Germany. Instead he held the title fo British High Commissioner for his first two years in Germany, although for all intents and purposes he was an "Ambassador in Waiting".

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Simultaneous testing of multiple null hypotheses has now become an integral part of statistical analysis of data arising from modern scientific investigations. Often the test statistics in such multiple testing problem are correlated. The research in this dissertation is motivated by the scope of improving or extending existing methods to incorporate correlation in the data. Sarkar (2008) proposes controlling the pairwise false discovery rate (Pairwise-FDR), which inherently takes into account the dependence among the p-values, thereby making it a more robust, less conservative and more powerful under dependence than the usual notion of FDR. In this dissertation, we further investigate the performance of Pairwise-FDR under a dependent mixture model. In particular, we consider a step-up method to control the Pairwise-FDR under this model assuming that the correlation between any two p-values is the same (exchangeable). We also suggest improving this method by incorporating an estimate of the number of pairs of true null hypotheses developed under this model. Efron (2007, Journal of the American Statistical Association 102, 93-103) proposed a novel approach to incorporate dependence among the null p-values into a multiple testing method controlling false discoveries. In this dissertation, we try to investigate the scope of utilizing this approach by proposing alternative versions of adaptive Bonferroni and BH methods which estimates the number of true null hypotheses from the empirical null distribution introduced by Efron. These newer adaptive procedures have been numerically shown to perform better than existing adaptive Bonferroni or BH methods within a wider range of dependence. A gene expression microarray data set has been used to highlight the difference in results obtained upon applying the proposed and other adaptive BH methods. Another approach to address the presence of correlation is motivated by the scope of utilizing the dependence structure of the data towards further improving some multiple testing methods while maintaining control of some error rate. The dependence structure of the data is incorporated using pairwise weights. In this dissertation we propose a weighted version of the pairwise FDR (Sarkar, 2008) using pairwise weights and a method controlling the weighted pairwise- FDR. We give a discussion on the application of such weighted procedure and suggest some weighting schemes that generates pairwise weights. / Statistics

This thesis examines the idea of economic rights and their place in American political history. The American constitutional understanding of rights has historically not included positive economic rights and has focused on negative political liberties. Chapter One is a discussion of what economic rights are in a broad sense. Then in Chapter Two I focus on Roosevelt. In his 1944 State of the Union Address, he proposed a “Second Bill of Rights” for America that was a list of economic rights. I use that speech and some of FDR’s other writings to understand economic rights as they were seen at their height in the American context. Chapter Three is a look at various methods of implementing economic rights, and it includes some comparative elements that demonstrate how economic rights have been put into force internationally. I conclude with a brief proposal for a modern economic bill of rights and a reflection on their enduring importance.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1963. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-178).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:59:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5125_1.pdf: 944608 bytes, checksum: b3965877c4e7cb64788c8157f6ca6838 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / A verificação de modelos formais gerados a partir de programas concorrentes tem sido bem aceita na indústria e na academia durante a fase de testes. A busca por qualidade de software tem motivado este uso, principalmente pelo fato de que testar programas concorrentes não é uma tarefa trivial e é suscetível a erros. Os modelos são descritos através de linguagem de especificação formal para sistemas concorrentes como, por exemplo, CSP. Esta linguagem possui padrões para a descrição de interação entre sistemas concorrentes. Ela é baseada na troca de mensagens entre os componentes do sistema especificado, os processos. Cada processo é descrito através de eventos e operadores. Eventos representam as possíveis ações do usuário para com o processo ou com o ambiente (O ambiente representa o conjunto de todos os eventos visíveis aos usuários do sistema, assim como tudo o que possa interagir com os processos envolvidos no sistema { outros processos ou usuários). A biblioteca JCSP é uma biblioteca Java que possui construtores baseados em CSP. Ela provê um bom nível de abstração para a escrita de programas concorrentes sem precisarmos utilizar a estrutura de semáforos que Java oferece. Neste trabalho propomos um mapeamento entre JCSP e CSP com o intuito de estudarmos as propriedades do modelo formal gerado. Utilizamos o famoso exemplo do Jantar dos Filósofos para demonstrar a aplicação das regras, bem como suas particularidades. Propomos como estudo de caso uma modelagem para uma rede de celulares. Neste estudo apresentamos a derivação de processo regra a regra a partir de JCSP. Então analisamos o modelo gerado com o uso de FDR, um verificador de modelos para especificações concorrentes, com o objetivo de estudarmos suas propriedades clássicas (detecção de deadlocks, livelocks e não-determinismo) ou específicas da aplicação. Como principais contribuições deste trabalho podemos destacar o mapeamento de comandos Java/JCSP que possuem um maior grau de complexidade durante o mapeamento (while, atribuição, composição sequencial de comandos), visto que CSP não oferece o conceito de passagem de estado entre os comandos, como as linguagens de programação o fazem. Também podemos mencionar os construtores JCSP que não são mapeados diretamente para CSP (Alternative)

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VASCONCELOS, Henrique Souza. Automação de sistema de irrigação em malha fechada utilizando rede sem fio de sensores capacitivos de umidade do solo. 2013. 76 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-07-06T13:35:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_hsvasconcelos.pdf: 5224964 bytes, checksum: 3ab4dd789636c0f7851554747cf8f842 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-07-06T13:36:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_hsvasconcelos.pdf: 5224964 bytes, checksum: 3ab4dd789636c0f7851554747cf8f842 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-06T13:36:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_hsvasconcelos.pdf: 5224964 bytes, checksum: 3ab4dd789636c0f7851554747cf8f842 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Irrigation is one of the most influencing practices on agricultural production, requiring a high water consumption, which is a scarce resource critical to life’s preservation. Thus, techniques aimed at reducing energy and water waste by an irrigation system have been studied and applied under the name of precision irrigation. The main objective of this paper was to develop an automatic closed loop irrigation system based on the measurement of soil moisture by FDR capacitance sensors. An automatic irrigation systems allows a control which is far more precise than manual control, allowing fast and accurate decisions about how much and when to irrigate. For this to be possible, it was necessary to build electronic devices in order to read sensors in the crop field and control different points of the system: pumping house and hydraulic valves. A wireless sensor network (WSN) was chosen for communication between these devices. It allows a quick installation, since you don’t have to pull cords from the controller to the sensors and actuators on the crop field. We developed an automation software in Java that monitors and coordinates the entire network, which is executed in a personal computer (PC). Based on sensor readings and data on the irrigation system, the algorithm computes for how long to water the soil, remotely activating water pumps and hydraulic valves. In addition, the software verifies and stores data about the hydraulic pressure at the pumping house, protecting it against mechanical damage. The automation system was assembled in the field in order to monitor and control soil moisture in a maize crop field, being successful in this task. Some software problems were solved as they arose, showing the need for maintenance of an automation system. Storing pressure and soil moisture sensor data in a database provides a history of soil water status, allowing further analysis and evaluation of the irrigation system. / A irrigação é uma das práticas que mais influencia na produção agrícola, demandando um elevado consumo de água, que é um recurso escasso e fundamental para preservação da vida. Assim, técnicas que visem à redução do consumo de água e energia por um sistema de irrigação, baseando-se na cultura do não desperdício, vêm sendo estudadas e aplicadas sob o nome de irrigação de precisão. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema de automação da irrigação em malha fechada baseado na medida de umidade do solo por sensores capacitivos FDR. A automação de um sistema de irrigação com a utilização de sensores permite um controle mais preciso do que aquele feito manualmente, pois permite a tomada de decisões rápidas e precisas sobre o quanto e quando irrigar. Para que esta seja possível, foi necessário construir dispositivos eletrônicos para ler os sensores em campo e controlar os diferentes pontos do sistema: estação de bombeamento e válvulas em hidráulicas. A rede de sensores sem fio (RSSF) foi a forma escolhida para a comunicação entre estes dispositivos, por dispensar cabos, o que facilita a instalação dos mesmos em campo. Para controlar e coordenar toda a rede foi desenvolvido um software de automação na linguagem Java, executado a partir de um computador pessoal (PC). Baseando-se na leitura dos sensores e em dados sobre o sistema de irrigação, o algoritmo calcula o tempo de aplicação de água no solo, ligando bombas e acionando válvulas remotamente. Além disso, o sistema verifica e armazena os dados da pressão hidráulica na casa de bombas, protegendo-se contra danos mecânicos. O sistema de automação foi montado em campo de forma a monitorar e controlar a umidade do solo em uma cultura de milho, sendo bem sucedido nesta tarefa. Alguns problemas no software foram solucionados à medida que surgiam, mostrando a necessidade de manutenção em um sistema de automação. O armazenamento da leitura dos sensores de pressão e umidade em um banco de dados fornece um histórico do funcionamento do sistema, podendo ser utilizado para uma avaliação criteriosa do mesmo.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A irrigaÃÃo à uma das prÃticas que mais influencia na produÃÃo agrÃcola, demandando um elevado consumo de Ãgua, que à um recurso escasso e fundamental para preservaÃÃo da vida. Assim, tÃcnicas que visem à reduÃÃo do consumo de Ãgua e energia por um sistema de irrigaÃÃo, baseando-se na cultura do nÃo desperdÃcio, vÃm sendo estudadas e aplicadas sob o nome de irrigaÃÃo de precisÃo. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema de automaÃÃo da irrigaÃÃo em malha fechada baseado na medida de umidade do solo por sensores capacitivos FDR. A automaÃÃo de um sistema de irrigaÃÃo com a utilizaÃÃo de sensores permite um controle mais preciso do que aquele feito manualmente, pois permite a tomada de decisÃes rÃpidas e precisas sobre o quanto e quando irrigar. Para que esta seja possÃvel, foi necessÃrio construir dispositivos eletrÃnicos para ler os sensores em campo e controlar os diferentes pontos do sistema: estaÃÃo de bombeamento e vÃlvulas em hidrÃulicas. A rede de sensores sem fio (RSSF) foi a forma escolhida para a comunicaÃÃo entre estes dispositivos, por dispensar cabos, o que facilita a instalaÃÃo dos mesmos em campo. Para controlar e coordenar toda a rede foi desenvolvido um software de automaÃÃo na linguagem Java, executado a partir de um computador pessoal (PC). Baseando-se na leitura dos sensores e em dados sobre o sistema de irrigaÃÃo, o algoritmo calcula o tempo de aplicaÃÃo de Ãgua no solo, ligando bombas e acionando vÃlvulas remotamente. AlÃm disso, o sistema verifica e armazena os dados da pressÃo hidrÃulica na casa de bombas, protegendo-se contra danos mecÃnicos. O sistema de automaÃÃo foi montado em campo de forma a monitorar e controlar a umidade do solo em uma cultura de milho, sendo bem sucedido nesta tarefa. Alguns problemas no software foram solucionados à medida que surgiam, mostrando a necessidade de manutenÃÃo em um sistema de automaÃÃo. O armazenamento da leitura dos sensores de pressÃo e umidade em um banco de dados fornece um histÃrico do funcionamento do sistema, podendo ser utilizado para uma avaliaÃÃo criteriosa do mesmo. / Irrigation is one of the most influencing practices on agricultural production, requiring a high water consumption, which is a scarce resource critical to lifeâs preservation. Thus, techniques aimed at reducing energy and water waste by an irrigation system have been studied and applied under the name of precision irrigation. The main objective of this paper was to develop an automatic closed loop irrigation system based on the measurement of soil moisture by FDR capacitance sensors. An automatic irrigation systems allows a control which is far more precise than manual control, allowing fast and accurate decisions about how much and when to irrigate. For this to be possible, it was necessary to build electronic devices in order to read sensors in the crop field and control different points of the system: pumping house and hydraulic valves. A wireless sensor network (WSN) was chosen for communication between these devices. It allows a quick installation, since you donât have to pull cords from the controller to the sensors and actuators on the crop field. We developed an automation software in Java that monitors and coordinates the entire network, which is executed in a personal computer (PC). Based on sensor readings and data on the irrigation system, the algorithm computes for how long to water the soil, remotely activating water pumps and hydraulic valves. In addition, the software verifies and stores data about the hydraulic pressure at the pumping house, protecting it against mechanical damage. The automation system was assembled in the field in order to monitor and control soil moisture in a maize crop field, being successful in this task. Some software problems were solved as they arose, showing the need for maintenance of an automation system. Storing pressure and soil moisture sensor data in a database provides a history of soil water status, allowing further analysis and evaluation of the irrigation system.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Statistics / Gary L. Gadbury / Multiple testing research has undergone renewed focus in recent years as advances in high throughput technologies have produced data on unprecedented scales. Much of the focus has been on false discovery rates (FDR) and related quantities that are estimated (or controlled for) in large scale multiple testing situations. Recent papers by Efron have directly addressed this issue and incorporated measures to account for high-dimensional correlation structure when estimating false discovery rates and when estimating a density. Other authors also have proposed methods to control or estimate FDR under dependencies with certain assumptions. However, not much focus is given to the stability of the results obtained under dependencies in the literature. This work begins by demonstrating the effect of dependence structure on the variance of the number of discoveries and the false discovery proportion (FDP). A variance of the number of discoveries is shown and the density of a test statistic, conditioned on the status (reject or failure to reject) of a different correlated test, is derived. A closed form solution to the correlation between test statistics is also derived. This correlation is a combination of correlations and variances of the data within groups being compared. It is shown that these correlations among the test statistics affect the conditional density and alters the threshold for significance of a correlated test, causing instability in the results. The concept of performing tests within networks, Conditional Network Testing (CNT) is introduced. This method is based on the conditional density mentioned above and uses the correlation between test statistics to construct networks. A method to simulate realistic data with preserved dependence structures is also presented. CNT is evaluated using simple simulations and the proposed simulation method. In addition, existing methods that controls false discovery rates are used on t-tests and CNT for comparing performance. It was shown that the false discovery proportion and type I error proportions are smaller when using CNT versus using t-tests and, in general, results are more stable when applied to CNT. Finally, applications and steps to further improve CNT are discussed.