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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Kwaito music, pronounced either as kwhy-toh, or quite-oh, is an indigenous South African music style which came into existence after the apartheid era was abolished. It was created by the black South African youth at the time when everyone was looking forward to embrace the new South Africa as well as a new music style. The people in the Gauteng ghetto/townships called it KWAITO after the Afrikaans isicamtho (slang) word "kwai" which means "good" or "hot." It also stems from the Afrikaans word 'kwaai" meaning "angry." It can also mean that "the guys are hot." Kwaito is a distinctly home-grown music style, reflecting life in South Africa in the local languages and urban slang. It also has its own style of dancing, speaking, dress code and performing. It includes kwaito genres ranging from guz (meaning to show a sign of affection for your fellow human beings) d'gong (meaning "out of control") and isgubhu "drum" to swaito (an improved term for kwaito). The music is basically dance music and the lyrics are in many cases unsubstantial or even nonsensible for example in the kwaito artist, Mandoza's song, Godoba, the words "Cyborg/Move your skeleton" are being repeated throughout the song. Kwaito is normally not sung, but chanted or spoken rhythmically over the music. Kwaito music has a very high impact on many young people's lives because many young kwaito music artists have become very rich almost overnight. Black youth see the kwaito trend as a way out of their poor existence within the townships/ghettos. This study aims to divert the focus from the kwaito lifestyle (clothing, glamour, materialism) and instead concentrates on the musical aspects thereof. Many classically trained musicians and music teachers frown upon the kwaito music style and regard it as being senseless, unsophisticated and of a lower quality than the popular music that they are used to listening to. As with all other South African music styles such as mbaqanga, kwela, Afrikaans music, township jazz, Kwaito music is introduced into the secondary school subject music curriculum for grades 10- 12. Many schools in South Africa have installed computer laboratories for effective teaching and learning to take place. Schools also have music keyboard laboratories where learners are taught to compose electronic computer music. In view of the fact that almost all learners are computer literate the author has designed this electronic resource with lesson plans for teachers to be used in the secondary school on kwaito music specifically. One lesson plan is an example where kwaito music is notated and used in a four part harmony exercise. This resource is not geared towards the marketing of kwaito as a music style but is geared to make it substantial to be used as lesson material for secondary school subject music. A further aim is to sensitise the more musically educated ear to the musical qualities of the kwaito music style because in many cases it is being ignored by both learners and educators. This study is based on literature studies, empirical study. A website on kwaito music is designed and developed which contains information on the history of kwaito, the cultural democracy of kwaito, various artists, recording and marketing thereof. Sample lesson plans are also developed as part of the resource. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kwaito musiek, uitgespreek as kwy-toh of kwaai-toh, is 'n inheemse Suid-Afrikaanse musiekstyl wat na die apartheid era tot stand gekom het. Dit was deur die swart Suid Afrikaanse jeug geskep in die tyd toe almal daarna uitgesien het na 'n nuwe Suid Afrika sowel as 'n nuwe musiekstyl. Mense in die agter-geblewe gemeenskappe (ghettos) van Gauteng het hierdie musiekstyl KWAITO genoem afgelei van die Afrikaans "isicamtho" (gemengde tale) woord 'kwai' wat 'goed' of 'warm' beteken. Dit hou ook verband met die Afrikaanse woord 'kwaai' wat 'kwaad' beteken. Daar word ook geinsinueer dat 'die ouens goed of warm voorkom.' Kwaito is 'n kenmerkende plaaslike musiekstyl wat die alledaagse bestaanslewe in Suid Afrika deur middel van plaaslike tale en stedelike spreektale weerspieel. Dit het sy eie dansstyl, manier van praat, klere-modes en verhoog optredes. Dit sluit kwaito style soos Guz (wat beteken om vir jou medemens om te gee), D'gong (om buite beheer te wees),isgubhu (trom) en Swaito ('n verbeterde vorm van kwaito) in. Die musiek is basies dansmusiek en die lirieke is baie keer oppervlakkig of dit maak in sommige gevalle selfs nie sin nie soos byvoorbeeld in die kwaito kunstenaar, Mandoza, se lied Godoba, word die woorde 'Cyborg, beweeg jou geraamte' aanhoudend herhaal. Kwaito word gewoonlik nie gesing nie, maar ge'rap' wat beteken dat die woorde ritmies met klankbegeleiding gese word. Kwaito het 'n baie groot invloed op baie jongmense se lewens aangesien heelwat van die jong kwaito kunstenaars feitlik oornag baie beroemd en skatryk geword het e Die jeug dit as 'n uitweg beskou om hulself uit hul ellende en armoede te verhef Die doel van hierdie studie is om die fokus vanaf die kwaito leefstyl (kleredrag, glans en materialisme) te skuif en liewer op die musikale aspekte daarvan te konsentreer. Heelwat musikante en musiek onderwysers wat in klassieke musiek geskool is,stel nie in hierdie musiekstyl belang nie omdat hulle dit as sinneloos, ongesofistikeerd en van 'n lae gehalte as die bekende populere musiek beskou. Kwaito musiek is net soos aile ander Suid- Afrikaanse musiekstyle soos mbaqanga, kwela, Afrikaanse musiek, Afrika jazz by die vakmusiek leerplan vir sekondere skole, ingesluit vir grade 10- 12. Heelwat skole het rekenaar laboratoriums geinstalleer om effektiewe onderrig en leer te verskaf. Verskeie skole het selfs musiek klawerbord laboratoriums waar leerders geleer word om elektroniese rekenaarmusiek te komponeer. Weens die feit dat amper aile leerders rekenaar geletterd is, het die skrywer hierdie elektroniese kwaito hulpbron met lesplanne vir sekondere skool musiekonderwysers ontwikkel. Een lesplan is 'n voorbeeld waar kwaito musiek genoteer is en in 'n vierstemmige harmonie oefening gebruik word. Hierdie hulpbron is geensins daarop gemik om kwaito as 'n musiekstyl te bemark nie, maar om dit substantief te maak as lesmateriaal vir sekondere skool gebruik. 'n Verdere doel is om die musikale oor vir kwaito klank sensitief te maak aangesien dit baie kere deur beide leerkragte en leerders geignoreer word. Hierdie studie is gebasseer op literatuurstudies en empiriese studie. 'n Webblad is ontwikkel wat inligting oor die geskiedenis van kwaito, die kulturele demokrasie van kwaito, verskeie kunstenaars, asook die klankopnames en bemarking daarvan. Lesplanvoorbeelde is ook ontwikkel as deel van die hulpbron.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted extensive research interest in recent years. Among them, graphene and the semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are considered as promising candidates for future device applications due to their unique atomic thickness and outstanding properties. The study on graphene and TMDs has demonstrated great potential to further push the scaling of devices into the sub-10 nanometer regime and enable endless opportunities of novel device architectures for the next generation. In this thesis, crucial challenges facing 2D materials are investigated from material synthesis to electronic applications. A comprehensive review of the direct synthesis of graphene on arbitrary substrates with an emphasis on the metal-catalyst-free synthesis is given, followed by a detailed study of the contact engineering in TMDs with a focus on the strategies to lower the contact resistance. Effective approaches have been demonstrated to solve these issues. These include: (1) metal-catalyst-free synthesis of graphene on various insulating substrates; (2) Fermi level pinning observed in TMDs and integration of graphene contact to lower the contact resistance; and (3) application of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) contact in TMD field-effect transistors (FETs). First, a direct low-temperature synthesis of graphene on insulators without any metal catalysts has been realized. The effects of carbon sources, NH3/H2 concentrations, and insulating substrates on the material synthesis have been systematically investigated. Graphene transistors based on the as-grown material have been fabricated to study the electronic properties, which can further confirm the nitrogen-doped graphene has been synthesized from the electrical characterizations. Then electronic devices focusing on the semiconducting TMDs has been studied. The Fermi level pinning has been observed and studied in WS2 FETs with four metal materials. A novel method of using graphene as an insertion layer between the metal and TMDs has been proven to effectively reduce the contact resistance. Owing to the benefit of tuning the graphene work function via the electric field, the contact resistance can further be reduced. Finally, the effectiveness of MIS contacts in WS2 FETs has been demonstrated. A thickness dependence research has been conducted to find the optimal thickness of the inserted insulator. Moreover, the possible physical mechanism of how this MIS contact reduces the contact resistance in 2D materials has been discussed.

<p>This paper documents a case study of the Innovation and Development Divisions of two public FET Colleges. The research asked the following question: &lsquo / How do FET College educators explain the role and function of college occupational training units?&rsquo / </p>

Due to a lack of fundamental knowledge about the role of molecular structures in molecular electronic devices, this research is focused on the development of instruments to understand the relation between device design and the electronic properties of electroactive components. The overall goal is to apply this insight to obtain a more efficient and reliable scheme and greater functional control over each component. This work developed a fabrication method for porphyrinoids on graphene-based field effect transistors (FETs), and a chemical sensing platform under an ambient environment by integrating a tip-enhanced Raman spectroscope (TERS), atomic force microscope (AFM), and electronic testing circuit. The study is divided into three aspects. The first is aimed at demonstrating fabrication processes of nanoscale FETs of graphene and porphyrinoid composites based entirely on scanning probe lithography (SPL). A nanoshaving mechanism was used to define patterns on octadecanethiol self-assembled monolayers on gold film evaporated on graphene flakes, followed by metal wet etching and/or oxygen plasma etching to develop patterns on Au films and graphene, respectively. The integrity and optoelectronic properties were examined to validate the processes. The second area of study focused on the development of the chemical sensing platform, enabling chemical changes to be monitored during charge transports under an ambient environment. The localized Raman enhancement was induced by exciting surface plasmon resonance in nanoscale silver enhancing probes made by thermal silver evaporation on sharp AFM tips. As the system was designed along an off-axis illumination/collection scheme, it was demonstrated that it was capable of observing molecular decomposition on opaque and conductive substrates induced by an electric bias. The third line of work proposed a novel TERS system and a probe preparation method. Silver nanowires mounted on AFM tips were used to locally enhance the Raman scattering. The observed Raman enhancement allows quick chemical analysis from a nanoscale region, and thus enables chemical mapping beyond the diffraction limit. Compared with other TERS geometries, the new optical design not only allows analysis on large or opaque samples, but also simplifies the design of the optical components and the alignment processes of the setup.

Zugl.: Wien, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2007 / Hergestellt on demand

Zugl.: Darmstadt, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2009

<p>This paper documents a case study of the Innovation and Development Divisions of two public FET Colleges. The research asked the following question: &lsquo / How do FET College educators explain the role and function of college occupational training units?&rsquo / </p>

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Berlin.

Zugl.: Chemnitz, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2009