The development of triangular and quadrilateral membrane, plate and shell elements in Java using the object oriented programming technique is presented. The membrane elements developed are the constant strain triangle (CST) element and the four node isoparametric quadrilateral membrane element. The plate bending elements developed are the discrete Kirchoff triangular (DKT) element and discrete Kirchoff quadrilateral (DKQ) element. The flat shell elements are developed by super imposing the stiffness of the membrane element and plate bending element. A finite element analysis program is also developed to check the accuracy of the developed elements. The program is developed using the object oriented programming approach as an alternative to traditional procedural programming. Several test structures are analyzed using the developed program for each developed element and the results are compared with those obtained from the commercial finite element analysis program SAP 2000. The results indicate that all elements give accurate displacements. However, there were significant differences in stresses for the shell elements, which can be attributable to the approximate approach in these elements to model the drilling degree of freedom. / Master of Science

Flatpea (Lathyrgs sylvestris L.) is a potentially valuable forage legume but contains high levels of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA), a compound that can have adverse effects on some animals, including rats and poultry. To increase genetic variability in foliar DABA content and other traits of interest, three approaches were utilized: (1) regeneration of flatpea plants from tissue culture to produce potential somaclonal variants, (2) seed irradiation and screening of potentially mutated progeny, and (3) intercrossing among flatpea accessions. Low-frequency whole plant regeneration of flatpea was obtained from hypocotyl-derived callus cultures. Auxin concentrations above 5.0 µM resulted primarily in root formation without shoots. Conditions for optimum whole plant regeneration were as follows: callus was initiated on a modified Schenk-Hildebrandt low-ammonium medium containing 5.0 µM IAA (indole acetic acid) and 2.5 µM zeatin for callus initiation; after two subcultures, calli were transferred to a regeneration medium containing 0.1 µM IAA and 1.0 µM zeatin. Calli and regenerated root tissue contained 47 and 381 as much DABA as leaf tissue from 'Lathco' flatpea plants, respectively. Initial tests established that the effective range of gamma irradiation for seed treatment was between 10.0 and 17.5 kR. Within this range, reduction in percentage of both seedling height and plant survival was a linear function of dose. Individual M₂ plants that contained reduced levels of DABA were identified. No significant trend in DABA concentration with increasing gamma irradiation was apparent. Flatpea pollination methods were evaluated prior to utilization of intercrossing for inducing genetic variability. Appropriate flower stages for emasculation were determined by in vitro germination of pollen. Lines that produced high numbers of seeds per pollination were identified by crossing in all possible combinations among seven flatpea accessions. Cross-pollinations resulted in significantly higher seed set than selfing. Pollination using caged honeybees was the most efficient method of hybridization. Greater range and coefficient of variation in DABA concentration were observed for flatpea accessions than for intercrossed progeny produced by honeybee pollination. / Ph. D.

Computed tomography for flame chemiluminescence emissions allows for 3D spatially resolved flame measurements to be acquired using a series of discrete viewing angle camera images. To determine fuel/air ratios, the ratio of excited radical species (OH*/CH*) emissions using chemiluminescence can be employed. Following the process of high-resolution tomography reconstructions in this work allowed for flame tomography coupled with chemiluminescence emissions to be used for spatially resolved phase averaged equivalence ratio measurements. This is important as variations in local equivalence ratios can have a profound effect on flame behavior including but not limited to thermoacoustic instability, NOx and CO formation, and flame stabilization. Local equivalence ratios are determined from a OH*/CH* ratio of tomographically reconstructed intensity fields and relating them to equivalence ratio. The correlation of OH*/CH* to equivalence ratio is derived from an axisymmetric, commercially available flat flame burner (Holthuis and Associates Burner). To relate intensity field imaging (camera coordinate system) during the tomographic reconstruction to the real-world coordinate system of the burner a calibration procedure was performed and then validated. A calibration plate with 39 non-coplanar points was used in this procedure. It was then validated by comparing the Abel inverted flame images of the axisymmetric Holthuis and Associates burner with the tomographic reconstructed images. Results show a successful tomographic reconstruction of thermoacoustic self-excited cycle concluding equivalence ratio fluctuations coinciding with the 1st dominate frequency of the pressure fluctuations and influenced by a 2nd harmonic frequency. / Master of Science / In recent years tomographic reconstruction of flames have gained significant focus in understanding different flame phenomenon. One specific flame phenomenon is known as a thermoacoustic instability. Using highspeed cameras for chemiluminescence imaging of specific species can help define heat release rate, air/fuel ratio/equivalence ratio spatially. Coupling of pressure measurements to imaging methods can be used to determine the flames response to acoustic perturbations in the flow field. Every optics system has inherently different light transmission characteristics and therefore, needs to be calibrated/correlated using a known flame source. The work done in this paper used a Holthuis and Associates flat flame as the known flame source in conjunction with an optics system to correlate OH*/CH* ratio to equivalence ratio. This is possible due to the perfectly premixed nature the flat flame provides. The correlation curve for the optics system is then applied to the tomographically reconstructed chemiluminescence intensities during a self-excited thermo-acoustic instability. In addition, a flat flame burner was used to validate the tomography approach and calibration procedure. In conclusion the objective of this work develops and validates a method for use in tomographic reconstruction of spatially varying equivalence ratios.

Thin filament pyrometry is a proven technique used to measure flame temperature by capturing the spectral radiance produced by the immersion of silicon carbide filaments in a hot gas environment. In this study a commercially available CMOS color camera was used, and the spectral response of each color channel was integrated with respect to the assumed graybody radiation spectrum to form a look up table between color ratio and temperature. Interpolated filament temperatures are then corrected for radiation losses via an energy balance to determine the flame temperature. Verification of the technique was performed on the Holthuis and Associates Flat Flame Burner, formerly known as the Mckenna Burner, and the results are directly compared to literature values measured on a similar burner. The results are also supported by radiation corrected measurements taken using a type B thermocouple on the same burner setup. An error propagation analysis was performed to determine which factors contribute the most to the final measurement uncertainty and confidence intervals are calculated for the results. Uncertainty values for a single point measurement were determined to be between ±15 and ±50 K depending on the color ratio and the total uncertainty associated with day-to-day changes in the measurement setup was found to be ±55 K. / Master of Science / Determination of flame temperature is an important aspect of combustion research and is often critical to the evaluation of combustion systems as well as the integration of those systems into more complex devices. In this thesis the technique of thin filament pyrometry was implemented and verified through the use of a well characterized calibration flame. This technique involves placing thin filaments usually made from silicon carbide into the flame and capturing the spectrum of light they emit with a detector. Since the amount of light emitted as well as which wavelengths the light is concentrated in is a strong function of temperature, this methodology may be used to calculate the temperature of the flame. Thin filament pyrometry has the advantage compared to other techniques in that it is extremely cheap to implement and requires no advanced scientific equipment. The SiC filaments have been shown to have a very high resistance to the flame environment and do not face many of the same challenges that can cause problems for other techniques. A statistical analysis of the method implemented in this work was also performed and the expected uncertainty was similar to many of the alternative techniques which necessitate a more complex or expensive setup.

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Det har skjedd store omstillinger og moderniseringer i norsk offentlig sektor. Mange norske kommuner har innført flat organisasjonsstruktur med to mydighetsnivåer. Desentralisering av ansvar til utførernivå, myndiggjøring og sterk ledelse er sentrale trekk. Den økte effektiviseringen av helse- og omsorgstjenestene, kombinert med økt krav til resultater og rasjonalisering, har hatt negativ innvirkning på arbeidsmiljøene. Tjenesteområdene er store kvinnearbeidsplasser og behovet for oppmerksomhet rundt kvinnenes innsats i norske velferdstjenester er stort. Hensikten med studien er å få kunnskap om hvordan kvinnelige ledere av omsorgstjenestene opplever og håndterer presset mellom økonomisk knapphet og det økende behovet for offentlige velferdsoppgaver, og om hvilken betydning kjønn, tjenestens innhold og struktur, samt ledernes profesjonelle fagbakgrunn, har for ledelse. Det er gjort kvalitative intervjuer med ti kvinnelige ledere av sykehjem og hjemmetjenester i en større bykommune i Norge. Konklusjon: Hovedfunn i studien er at ledelse i to-nivåmodell er kontekstuelt betinget, og styrere og soneledere utfører ledelse forskjellig. Desentralisering av ansvar gir tilsynelatende makt og myndighet over ressurser og budsjett. Styrerne opplever å ha alle muligheter til å lykkes og opplever mestring i jobben. Sonelederne utøver ”avmektig lederskap” og har et distansert forhold til systemet oppover. Familien er en viktig støtte og grensesetter for begge ledergruppene. / There have been great readjustments and modernizations within the Norwegian public sector. Many Norwegian local authorities have implemented a flat organizational structure with 2 levels of authority. Decentralization of responsibility to level of execution, empowerment, and a strong management are key features. The increased efficiency of health- and care services, combined with increased demands for results and rationalization, have had a negative effect on the work environment. The health and care services are large female workplaces, and the need for attention around the female contribution to the Norwegian welfare sector is great. The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge about how female leaders within the welfare sector perceive and handle the pressure that arises between the lack of funds and the increase in demand for public welfare services. Furthermore, it explores the significance gender, the services’ content and structure, and professional backgrounds of the leaders affect the management. There has been done qualitative interviews with ten female leaders of caring services and institutions for elderly in a larger city municipal in Norway. Conclusion: The main findings in this study is that management in the two-level model, is contextually conditioned, and the directors and zone leaders carry out their management in different ways. The decentralization of responsibility seemingly gives power and authority over resources and the budget. Directors feel they have the opportunity to succeed and experience mastering in their work. Zone leaders perform “powerless leadership” and have a distant relationship with the higher system. Family is an important support and also sets boundaries for both of the managerial groups / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-22-1</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to describe the legal regulation of ownership of cooperative flat. The thesis is composed of four chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of legislation of ownership of cooperative flat. Chapter one is composed of four main subchapters, and contains brief descriptions of basic institutes of each cooperative. The first chapter also contains an explanation what the cooperative is, who are the members of cooperative, what is an organization and regulations of cooperative, and how the cooperative expires. Second chapter is aimed on the flat cooperative. Its first part contains short historical overview of legal regulation of flat cooperative since their creation, till the second half of the twentieth century. Second subchapter explains the concept of the flat cooperative. Inside the following two subchapters of this chapter are described kinds of a typical flat cooperatives, and detailed described the concept of cooperative flat. Third chapter of the thesis analyzes the transfers of the flats cooperatives to the ownership of their members. In the first subchapter is an explanation of the legal regulation, which offers the change between the owner of the flat from the cooperative to its member-man. In this part are also described the theoretical conceptions of...

OF MASTER'S DEGREE THESIS STATUTES OF FLAT OWNERS ASSOCIATION The purpose of this thesis is to analyse particular requirements of the Statutes of the Flat Owners Association. The thesis is composed of three main chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects affecting the form of the Statutes. Chapter One is introductory and presents basic conceptions and historical background of a flat ownership. The chapter is subdivided into two parts. Part One describes theoretical conceptions of ownership of flats and explains main differences between them. Part Two deals with introduction to the history and examines relevant Czech legislation. Main accent is paid to the Act on Ownership of Flats No. 72/1994 Collection of laws and new Civil Code No. 89/2012 Coll. Chapter Two examines the Flat Owners Association (also known as "condominium"). This chapter consists of five parts. Part One focuses on foundation. Part Two characterises membership in such Association. Membership is obligatory and shall arise and terminate concurrently with transfer or transference of unit ownership. Part Three investigates legal personality and its limitations. Fourth part addresses the issue of bodies of Association. It is subdivided into four parts and in particular deals with general meeting of unit owners as the supreme...

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2008. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Sept. 14, 2009). Thesis advisor: Matthew J. Gray. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre l'influence de la coupe des pierres sur la résistance des arcs et des voûtes clavés en général, et des couvrements plans en particulier. L'étude historique et typologique des plates-bandes et des voûtes plates, à travers les exemples construits et les traités d'architecture et de coupe des pierres du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle, forme le préalable à l'étude mécanique de ces constructions. Les plates-bandes à joints en~X, les plates-bandes en fausse-coupe, et les voûtes plates d'Abeille sont étudiées en détail en raison de leur stéréotomie savante. Les règles géométriques utilisées pour l'appareillage des plates-bandes, d'une part par les architectes, et d'autre part par les appareilleurs et tailleurs de pierre, émergent de ce travail. Une extension de la méthode des réseaux de forces est proposée, pour tenir compte de l'appareil des voûtes, pour raffiner les réseaux, et pour intégrer rigoureusement les réseaux à la théorie du calcul à la rupture. Des stratégies de calcul pour la recherche des chargements extrêmes, dont la détermination fonde la faisabilité de la technique, sont proposées. Les études mécaniques conduites considèrent les arcs en plein-cintre et dômes hémisphériques, les plates-bandes et voûtes plates, et les voûtes hélicoïdales. Elles illustrent la précision de l'estimatif proposée pour le coefficient de sécurité géométrique, l'influence de la coupe des pierres pour les couvrements plans, et les possibilités et limites de l'application de la méthode des réseaux de forces à l'étude des constructions clavées / This work aims at a better understanding of the influence of stereotomy on the stability of stone-cut archs and vaults in general, and flat archs and flat vaults in particular. A study of the history and typology of flat archs and flat vaults, through the consideration of existing examples and treaties of architecture or stereotomy from 1500 to 1800, is a preambule to the mechanical study of these constructions. Flat archs with X-joints, flat archs en fausse-coupe, and Abeille's flat vaults are studied in detail because of their specific stereotomy. Geometric rules used to determine joint orientation, by architects on the one hand, and by stone masons on the other hand, emerge from this work. An extension of the force network method is presented, in order to take into account the vaults' stonework, to find new equilibrium solutions by refining networks, and to comply rigourously with the theory of yield calculus. Calculus strategies for the search of limit loads, whose determination is essential for the technique, are given. Mechanical studies are conducted on cylindrical archs and hemispherical domes, flat archs and flat vaults, and helicoidal vaults. They show the precision of the geometric safety factor estimate, the influence of stone cutting on flat archs and vaults, and the possibilities and limits of using the force networks method to study stone-cut vaults