The ductility of Q&P 1180 steel was studied with regard to retained austenite transformation under different strain paths. Specimens were tested in uniaxial tension in a standard test frame as well as in situ in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then digital image correlation (DIC) was used to compute the effective strain at the level of the individual phases in the microstructure. Stretching experiments were also performed using limiting dome height (LDH) tooling, where specimens were strained in both biaxial and plane strain tension. The experiments were done incrementally, for each strain path, and the retained austenite at each level of strain was measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Retained austenite levels in the uniaxial tension case dropped from an initial measured level of about 8% to about 2% during an initial strain increment of 0.02, but then stabilized as the specimen was strained to 0.1. In the plane strain and biaxial tension cases retained austenite also dropped significantly during an initial strain increment of about 0.04, but then continued to decrease as the specimens were strained to failure. Biaxial tension, in particular, was the most effective strain path for transforming retained austenite to martensite, resulting in a final volume fraction of 0.3% at an effective strain of 0.3. Retained austenite in the plane-strain tension case dropped at a faster rate than in the biaxial tension case, but finished at about 1% at a strain of 0.1. The greatest limit strains were seen in the biaxial tension case, which may be partly explained by the more effective conversion of retained austenite than was seen in the uniaxial tension case.

This thesis deals with design of a new trees exposure in the arboretum in Kostelec nad Černými lesy, where model of wetland habitats will be created. Emphasis is placed on the supplement autochthonous species especially willow - Salix. A literature review provides information about Arboretum Kostelec nad Černými lesy and compositional principles. It is focused on wetlands, floodplain forest and it is willow communities. Thesis includes the characteristic of the area and it's natural conditions. Inventory of area were made in the practical part. Botanical survey detect current vegetation cover. The area of interest was evaluated from the botanical point of view. Evaluation of the health condition of trees was done to improve the condition of existing vegetation and habitat model layout. Treatment and the existing vegetation felling, was proposed. Map outputs of the research were processed in ArcGIS 10.1. Exposure design was drawn in AutoCAD 2016. List of recommended trees that is based on analysis of Czech and foreign sources was created. Pathway and information system for visitors that use the QR code was designed. The results of this thesis can be applied in practice in Arboretum Kostelec. Model of wetland habitats can be used for research and educational purposes.

In this work a new simplified procedure for isolation and determination of PAH in smoked meat products was developed. This procedure is using ASE as selective extraction technique. Its principle is addition of silicagel activated during 18 hours at 140 °C directly to the extraction cell in ratio 10 g to 1 g of homogenized sample. In the next step the sample is extracted by n-hexane at 100 °C and 10 MPa for three 10 minutes static extraction cycles. The flush volume is 60 % and the purge time 120 sec. During the extraction silicagel adsorb koextracted lipids and thus the obtained extract is suitable for immediate HPLC-FLD analysis. On the contrary, the classical extraction procedures with nonpolar solvent require difficult purification of extract for removal of unwanted lipids. Mostly applied techniques here are GPC and SPE. The new procedure was validated for determination of B[a]P as well as for determination of 4 PAH (B[a]A, CHR, B[b]F, B[a]P) in smoked sausages. It meets all requirements to be set by Regulation (EC) No 333/2007, respective by new Regulation (EC) No 836/2011. After the method validation, the content of 4 PAH was investigated in twelve samples of various smoked sausages manufactured in Slovakia. Two analyzed products showed high PAH levels exceeding maximum legislation limits set for B[a]P as well as for sum of 4 PAH by Regulation (EC) No 835/2011.

This thesis presents the development and implementation of a generalized optimization framework for use in sheet-stamping process simulation by finite element analysis. The generic framework consists of three main elements: a process simulation program, an optimization code, and a response filtering program. These elements can be filled by any combination of applicable software packages. Example sheet-stamping process simulations are presented to demonstrate the usage of the framework in various forming scenarios. Each of the example simulations is presented with a sensitivity analysis. These examples include analysis of a 2-dimensional single-stage forming, a 2-dimensional multi-stage forming, and two different 3-dimensional single-stage forming processes. A forming limit diagram is used to define failure in the 3-dimensional process simulations. Optimization results are presented using damage minimization, thinning minimization, and springback minimization with aluminum alloy 6061-T6 blanks.

TBF 1180 steel was studied under various conditions focusing on the correlation of ductility and amount of retained austenite. Samples were prepared from sheet stock and then strained using limiting dome height tooling (LDH), a standard uniaxial test frame, and a tensile stage for use in an electron microscope. The steel was observed in plane, biaxial, and uniaxial strain to determine its effect on retained austenite transformation and ultimately, ductility. Retained austenite was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an electron backscatter detector (EBSD) to distinguish the different phases present. Initial austenite levels were around 5% by volume and was quickly reduced as the sample was strained. The biaxial samples were the slowest to transform, having about 2.5% austenite at .05 effective strain, which allowed the specimen to reach an effective strain of .3 with 1.1% austenite remaining. In contrast, the plane strain samples had the fastest rate of transformation having only 1.2% austenite at .05 effective strain and .7% austenite at a final effective strain of .18. Both forms of uniaxial, (in-situ and ex-situ), were near identical, as expected, and exhibited an austenite transformation curve between that of the plane and biaxial curves. The uniaxial austenite level at .05 strain was 2.1% and was able to reach about .15 strain with a final austenite percentage around 1%. It was concluded that the biaxial strain path had the greatest ductility due in part to its slower austenite transformation rate while plane and uniaxial strain paths were not as ductile with their faster austenite transformation rates.

Devido a crescente necessidade de elevação dos níveis de conformação em peças estampadas em geral, existe uma demanda cada vez maior em ligas e processos diversificados que atendam as variadas exigências do setor de produtos estampados e posteriormente tratados termicamente para aumento de dureza. Desse modo desenvolveu-se a liga C80U modificada, que é uma variante da liga C80U especificada na norma DIN EN ISO 4957 porém com adição de Cromo, entretanto a liga C80U modificada ainda é pouco estudada e pouca informação técnica se tem a seu respeito. Com a finalidade de melhor conhecimento técnico dessa liga, foram conduzidos estudos de caracterização em amostras laminadas a quente e após processo de esferoidização posteriormente sendo revestidas com fosfato de zinco. Foram realizados estudos de composição química, microestrutura, textura cristalográfica, propriedades mecânicas e estrutura do fosfato, além de levantamento da curva CLC através do método Nakazima e evolução da rugosidade 2D e 3D em amostras com e sem revestimento de fosfato, antes e após conformação. Através dos resultados parciais encontrados, foi possível definir o lado da curva CLC relacionado ao estiramento da chapa bem como comparar o deslocamento e a força do punção no teste Nakazima conformando-se amostras esferoidizadas sem revestimento e com revestimento de fosfato. / Due to the increasing demand for enhanced formability levels of stamped parts in general, there is also an increasing demand for various alloys and processes that comply with the various requirements associated with stamped products that are subsequently heat treated to increase their hardness. Along this line, a modified C80U alloy has been developed, which is a variant of the alloy C80U specified in the standard DIN EN ISO 4957 but with the addition of Chrome. However, this alloy is still poorly studied and little technical information is available about it. In order to increase the knowledge of this alloy, characterization studies were conducted on hot rolled, after spheroidization and subsequently coated with zinc phosphate samples. The studies performed included chemical composition, microstructure, crystallografic texture, mechanical properties and analysis of the phosphate structure, as well as Nakazima tests in order to obtain the forming limit diagram (FLD) curve and the 2D and 3D roughness evolution of spheroidized samples coated and uncoated before and after the stamping process. Through the partial results obtained, it was possible to define the side of FLD curve related to stretching of the sheet as well as comparing the displacement and force of the punch on Nakazima test, stamping spheroidized samples both uncoated and coated with zinc phosphate.

Devido a crescente necessidade de elevação dos níveis de conformação em peças estampadas em geral, existe uma demanda cada vez maior em ligas e processos diversificados que atendam as variadas exigências do setor de produtos estampados e posteriormente tratados termicamente para aumento de dureza. Desse modo desenvolveu-se a liga C80U modificada, que é uma variante da liga C80U especificada na norma DIN EN ISO 4957 porém com adição de Cromo, entretanto a liga C80U modificada ainda é pouco estudada e pouca informação técnica se tem a seu respeito. Com a finalidade de melhor conhecimento técnico dessa liga, foram conduzidos estudos de caracterização em amostras laminadas a quente e após processo de esferoidização posteriormente sendo revestidas com fosfato de zinco. Foram realizados estudos de composição química, microestrutura, textura cristalográfica, propriedades mecânicas e estrutura do fosfato, além de levantamento da curva CLC através do método Nakazima e evolução da rugosidade 2D e 3D em amostras com e sem revestimento de fosfato, antes e após conformação. Através dos resultados parciais encontrados, foi possível definir o lado da curva CLC relacionado ao estiramento da chapa bem como comparar o deslocamento e a força do punção no teste Nakazima conformando-se amostras esferoidizadas sem revestimento e com revestimento de fosfato. / Due to the increasing demand for enhanced formability levels of stamped parts in general, there is also an increasing demand for various alloys and processes that comply with the various requirements associated with stamped products that are subsequently heat treated to increase their hardness. Along this line, a modified C80U alloy has been developed, which is a variant of the alloy C80U specified in the standard DIN EN ISO 4957 but with the addition of Chrome. However, this alloy is still poorly studied and little technical information is available about it. In order to increase the knowledge of this alloy, characterization studies were conducted on hot rolled, after spheroidization and subsequently coated with zinc phosphate samples. The studies performed included chemical composition, microstructure, crystallografic texture, mechanical properties and analysis of the phosphate structure, as well as Nakazima tests in order to obtain the forming limit diagram (FLD) curve and the 2D and 3D roughness evolution of spheroidized samples coated and uncoated before and after the stamping process. Through the partial results obtained, it was possible to define the side of FLD curve related to stretching of the sheet as well as comparing the displacement and force of the punch on Nakazima test, stamping spheroidized samples both uncoated and coated with zinc phosphate.

Monitoring and protection of power systems is a task that has manifold objectives. Amongst others, it involves performing data mining, optimizing available resources, assessing system stresses, and doing data conditioning. The role of PMUs in fulfilling these four objectives forms the basis of this dissertation. Classification and regression tree (CART) built using phasor data has been extensively used in power systems. The splits in CART are based on a single attribute or a combination of variables chosen by CART itself rather than the user. But as PMU data consists of complex numbers, both the attributes, should be considered simultaneously for making critical decisions. An algorithm is proposed here that expresses high dimensional, multivariate data as a single attribute in order to successfully perform splits in CART. In order to reap maximum benefits from placement of PMUs in the power grid, their locations must be selected judiciously. A gradual PMU placement scheme is developed here that ensures observability as well as protects critical parts of the system. In order to circumvent the computational burden of the optimization, this scheme is combined with a topology-based system partitioning technique to make it applicable to virtually any sized system. A power system is a dynamic being, and its health needs to be monitored at all times. Two metrics are proposed here to monitor stress of a power system in real-time. Angle difference between buses located across the network and voltage sensitivity of buses lying in the middle are found to accurately reflect the static and dynamic stress of the system. The results indicate that by setting appropriate alerts/alarm limits based on these two metrics, a more secure power system operation can be realized. A PMU-only linear state estimator is intrinsically superior to its predecessors with respect to performance and reliability. However, ensuring quality of the data stream that leaves this estimator is crucial. A methodology for performing synchrophasor data conditioning and validation that fits neatly into the existing linear state estimation formulation is developed here. The results indicate that the proposed methodology provides a computationally simple, elegant solution to the synchrophasor data quality problem. / Ph. D.