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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_elsa_kuhn_klumb.pdf: 2341715 bytes, checksum: 5045bf122f384edfe01c6ac58246265d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-09 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / O estado do Rio Grande do Sul é o detentor da maior produção de pêssegos do Brasil, entretanto ainda possui valores baixos de produtividade, quando comparado com outros estados. Um dos problemas associados a isto é a ocorrência de solos com problemas de drenagem, principalmente na região de Pelotas, que dependendo do período do ano, podem sofrer situações de déficit hídrico ou de alagamento, prejudicando potencialmente o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cultura. Dentre os efeitos prejudiciais causados por estes estresses, destacam-se a diminuição na taxa assimilatória líquida, fechamento de estômatos, redução das atividades celulares, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e desestabilização de membranas e proteínas. Tais efeitos possuem uma delicada regulação que transcorre ao nível molecular, onde genes e fatores de transcrição (TFs) modulam a expressão gênica diferencial sob condições estressantes. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar em que magnitude os parâmetros de trocas gasosas e o perfil transcriptômico de portaenxertos de Prunus spp. são influenciados diferencialmente sob estresse por seca e alagamento. O trabalho foi dividido em dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento foram avaliados parâmetros de trocas gasosas em três portaenxertos de Prunus spp. („Capdeboscq‟, „Julior‟ e „Marianna 2624‟), nas condições controle, de déficit hídrico e alagamento do solo durante sete dias. No geral, os três portaenxertos demonstraram ser mais suscetíveis ao alagamento do que ao déficit hídrico, apenas variando no tempo de resposta, o qual é intrínseco a cada genótipo. No segundo experimento objetivou-se obter o perfil transcriptômico e avaliar a expressão de TFs em folhas do portaenxerto de pessegueiro „Capdeboscq‟ submetido ao alagamento durante 48 horas, através da técnica de sequenciamento massivo de RNA (RNA-Seq). Desta análise foram identificados 2.971 genes diferencialmente expressos (DEGs), sendo 1.559 up-regulated e 1.412 down-regulated. Foi possível observar forte efeito sob a fotossíntese, a qual apresentou inúmeros genes down-regulated. TFs membros das famílias bHLH, ERF, NAC, WRKY, HD-Zip, NAC e MYB_related foram os mais afetados pelo estresse, apresentando regulação tanto up quanto down-regulated. / The State of Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer of peaches from Brazil. However, it still has low values of productivity when compared to other States. One of the problems associated to it this is the occurrence of drainage soils problems, mainly in Pelotas and its surroundings, which depending on the time of year, it may suffer water shortage situations or flooding, potentially hampering the development and productivity such culture. Among the harmful effects caused by these stresses, the decrease in liquid assimilatory rate, closing of stomata, reduction of cellular activities, production of reactive oxygen species and destabilization of membranes and proteins are included. Such effects have a delicate adjustment that takes place at the molecular level, where genes and transcription factors (TFs) modulate the differential gene expression under stressful conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate in which magnitude gas exchange parameters and Prunus spp. rootstock transcriptomic are differentially influenced under stress by drought and flooding. The study was divided into two experiments. In the first one, gas exchange parameters were evaluated in three Prunus spp. rootstock (' Capdeboscq ', ' Julior ' and ' Marianna 2624 ') under control conditions of soil water deficit and flooding for seven days. Overall, the three rootstocks have shown to be more susceptible to flooding than water deficit, only varying in response time, which is intrinsic to each genotype. The second one, aimed to obtain the transcriptomic profile and evaluate the TFs expression in peach rootstock leaves ' Capdeboscq ' subjected to flooding during 48 hours, through RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technique. This analysis identified 2,971 (DEGs) differentially expressed genes, among them 1,559 were up-regulated and 1,412 were down-regulated. It was possible to observe a strong effect on photosynthesis, which presented numerous down-regulated genes. TFS bHLH families members, ERF, NAC, WRKY, HD-Zip, NAC and MYB_related were the most affected by stress, showing both setting up and down-regulated.

L’objectif de la présente thèse est de proposer un cadre conceptuel d’approche desmouvements de population liés aux risques environnementaux. Depuis une vingtained’années, un ensemble de termes a émergé afin de caractériser ces populations: réfugiésenvironnementaux, éco-réfugiés, réfugiés climatiques, éco- migrant pour ne citer que les plusconnus. La caractérisation et le statut accordé à ces populations sont dépendants de la nature,la force et la rapidité de l’évènement environnemental contribuant à leur déplacement. Il estdonc indispensable de définir des critères précis pour éviter tout risque de confusion etprocéder à de véritables évaluations des flux liés à ces catastrophes. Notre analyse sefocalisera sur les risques liés à la hausse du niveau de la mer: risques de submersion etd’inondation sur le littoral et dans les espaces deltaïques. Face à ces risques croissants, il estimpérieux de mettre en place une «stratégie proactive», basée sur le triptyque protection -prévention et anticipation. Cette stratégie exige au-delà de la délimitation des zonesgéographiques concernées, une quantification et qualification des populations potentiellementtouchées. C’est la conjonction de deux formes de vulnérabilité qui est au coeur de notreproblématique: la vulnérabilité face aux risques d’inondations et la vulnérabilité face à lapression démographique croissante. C’est dans cet esprit que nous étudierons deux zonessoumises au risque d’inondation, l’une en France (Estuaire de la Gironde) et l’autre en Grèce(Deltas d’Axios-Loudias-Aliakmonas en Macédoine Centrale) afin d’estimer l’importanceéventuelle des mouvements de population à l’horizon 2025 et 2050. / The present thesis seeks to define a conceptual framework in order to examine the populationmovements related to environmental risks. For about twenty years, several terms haveemerged to describe thedisplaced people such as: environmental refugees, eco-refugees,climate refugees or eco-migrants. The terms and the status attributed to these populations arelargely dependent on the nature, strength and speed of the environmental event contributing totheir displacement. It is therefore necessary to specify the criteria in order to avoid anyconfusion and to be able to assess the physical flows generated by the environmentaldisasters. Our analysis is focused on the risks of submersion and inundation along the coastand in the delta areas associated with rise in the sea levels. In view of these increasing risks, it is absolutely necessary to set up a "proactive strategy", based on the triptych protection -prevention - anticipation. For each type of risk considered, this strategy requires, beyond thedelimitation of the geographical areas concerned, quantification and qualification of thepotentially affected populations. Consequently, the main aspect of our problematic combinestwo types of vulnerability:the firstdue to environmental disasters’ risks such as floods and thesecondto increasing population pressure. Finally, we chose to examine in our study two areashighly subjected to flood risks such as the Gironde estuaryin France and the Axios -Loudias-Aliakmonas Deltas in Central Macedoniain Greece trying to estimate the potential size ofpopulation movements in 2025 and 2050.

Atualmente, o mercado no Brasil de adjuvantes é de aproximadamente 400 milhões de dólares, sendo que a maior parte são os óleos, o que demonstra o pouco conhecimento sobre o uso de adjuvante organossiliconado. Foi realizada extensa revisão de literatura na Internet, Associações, Empresas privadas, bem como opinião de Especialistas. Pode-se concluir que os organossiliconados podem ser usados para herbicidas, fungicidas, inseticidas, reguladores vegetais, fertilizantes foliares e biopesticidas, devido às características toxicológicas e ambientais favoráveis, bem como os benefícios de melhoria da ação dos produtos, destacando-se a melhor performance em termos de penetração, absorção, retenção e cobertura de ingrediente ativo devido ao conceito de fluidez estomatal e penetração cuticular, que pode permitir redução do volume de água evitando a perda por escorrimento e permitindo melhor eficiência no manejo de problemas fitossanitários. Os adjuvantes organossiliconados não são iguais. Para se obter melhores resultados, é importante considerar: (i) as condições ambientais, (ii) as espécies vegetais, (iii) os sistemas de aplicação, (iv) o sistema de cultivo como um todo, (iv) os ingredientes ativos e (v) o alvo. A criação de uma regulamentação clara e simples é necessária, utilizando a normatização existente nos Estados Unidos como referência. Conforme discutido no Workshop sobre Adjuvantes Agrícolas no Brasil, promovido pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, o adjuvante deve ser tratado como um produto químico, o qual estará sendo combinado com os produtos agroquímicos existentes no mercado. Quanto às demandas de pesquisa, sugere-se estudar os diferentes adjuvantes organossiliconados com relação às suas propriedades, bem como as possibilidades de novas combinações personalizadas que forneçam o melhor desempenho quanto à melhoria da retenção e espalhamento para melhor cobertura das superfícies. Sugere-se ainda o levantamento de patentes existentes, bem como de material não compilado, incluindo produtos novos e do passado para criação de banco de dados. Um dos grandes usos dos siliconados tem sido com glifosato, visando reduzir perdas por lavagem e melhoria da eficácia. Para tanto, foi feito um ensaio sob condições controladas em casa de vegetação, na Universidade de São Paulo, com objetivo de avaliar o efeito da aplicação de surfactante organossiliconado juntamente com glifosato sob condições de chuva simulada. Utilizou-se a espécie Brachiaria decumbens, cultivada em vasos. Aplicações foram realizadas quando as plantas apresentavam um perfilho de cerca de 30 cm, 30 dias após a semeadura. Os experimentos conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial, sendo cinco doses de glifosato (0, 135, 270, 540 e 1080 g.ha-1 do i.a.) e três doses do organossiliconado Break Thru ® (0, 50 e 100 mL.ha-1), com três repetições cada tratamento. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos sem e com chuva simulada de 10 mm, 30 minutos após a aplicação dos tratamentos, sendo as avaliações (controle das plantas daninhas, índice Spad, peroxidação lipídica e massa seca) efetuadas aos 7 e 21 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Observou-se o aumento do percentual de controle e redução no teor de clorofila na dose de 135 g.ha-1 de glifosato com 100 mL.ha-1 do surfactante com chuva simulada. / Nowadays, the Brazilian adjuvant market is approximately 400 million dollars. The most part are oils, that demonstrating low knowledge about organosilicone adjuvants. It was made an extensive literature revision in the Internet, Associations, Private companies, as well specialist opinion. Conclusions were that due to favorable toxicological and environmental characteristics, organosilicone adjuvant can be used with herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, growth regulators, foliar fertilizers and biopesticides. The benefits are improved efficacy of products. The improvement can result from enhanced penetration, uptake, retention or covering of active ingredients. Organosilicones are unique adjuvants in that they can produce stomatal flooding. There are different adjuvant organosilicone. To obtain better results is important taking in consideration: (i) environment conditions, (ii) vegetal species, (iii) application system, (iv) crop management, (iv) active ingredient and (v) target. The creation of simple and clear /regulatory rules for adjuvants in Brazil is needed, using the existent normatization in the USA as reference. According discussions in the Workshop about Adjuvants in the Agriculture in Brazil, promoted by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, the adjuvant must be treated as a chemical product, which will be combined with the existed agrochemicals products in the market. In relation of Research demands, suggesting study the different organosilicone products in relation the properties. As well the possibilities of new personalized combinations that supplying better performance in relation retention improvement and spreading to better surface covering. Suggesting to review all the existed intellectual properties, as well not compiled materials including new products and from past for creating of database. One of big uses of organosilicone had with glyphosate, for reducing wash off losses and efficacy improvement. However, it was carried a trial under controlled conditions in greenhouse, in the University of São Paulo, with objective of evaluate the application of organosilicone surfactant with glyphosate under conditions of simulated rain. The Brachiaria decumbens specie was cultivated in pots. Applications were made when the plants were one tiller of about 30 cm, 30 days after seeding. The experiments were carried out in randomized design, using a factorial scheme, five doses of glyphosate (0, 135, 270, 540 and 1080 g.ha-1 of a.i.), and three doses of silicone adjuvant Break Thru® (0, 50 and 100 mL.ha-1) with three replications for each treatment. Two experiments have been conducted without and with simulated rainfall of 10 mm, 30 minutes after application of the treatments. Seven and 21 days after treatment application the percentage of weed control, Spad index, lipid peroxidation and dry matter were evaluated. This effect was more dramatic in dose of 135 g.ha-1, as well as decreased Spad value, dry matter and lipid peroxidation increase, when associated with a dose of 100 mL.ha-1 surfactant.

O mapeamento de inundações tem sido objeto de estudo para o desenvolvimento de Planos Diretores (PD). Desde 2002, a Prefeitura Municipal de São Carlos-SP (PMSC) desenvolve seu PD com diretrizes para prevenção e controle de enchentes. No entanto, o cenário atual é o de execução de obras estruturais anti-enchentes, onerosas e de soluções pontuais. Pela ausência de planejamento prévio da urbanização em áreas de risco, a região do Mercado Municipal de São Carlos (MMSC) é a principal atingida pelas enchentes na várzea do córrego do Gregório. Este estudo provê elementos à tomada de decisão no PD através de medidas estruturais e não-estruturais como o mapeamento de enchentes. Foram inventariados os eventos críticos que produziram inundações próximo ao MMSC, via entrevista à população da várzea. Para essas datas e para chuvas de projeto, foram simulados os escoamentos com transformação chuva-vazão integrada e propagação simples através de um modelo concentrado IPHS-1 e um modelo distribuído HIDRORAS, cujos resultados foram comparados. Os dados de entrada foram calibrados usando dados monitorados. As incertezas inerentes aos modelos foram identificadas. Os eventos simulados oferecem importantes subsídios para o mapeamento de inundações, a discutir na agenda do PD da cidade. Foram estudadas medidas estruturais de controle de inundação, consistindo em um “piscinão” sem necessidade de escavação, e não-estruturais, como o acréscimo de áreas de infiltração. Concluiu-se que, para bacias urbanas, como a bacia do córrego do Gregório, as alterações nos padrões de fluxo de escoamento devido às vias urbanas são mais bem representadas pelo modelo distribuído HIDRORAS, apesar de se reservar uma parcela de incertezas quanto a este modelo, como a atribuição de valores ao parâmetro da condutividade hidráulica saturada / Since 2002, the Municipality of São Carlos, SP, Brazil (PMSC) is developing a Master Plan, thereby pursuing the guidelines for flood preventing and controlling. However, the present scenario shows expensive, on-site anti-flood works in São Carlos. Due to the absence of previous watershed planning, the area around the Municipality Market (MMSC) is continuously threatened by overspilling inundation events in the floodplain of the Gregorio river. Aim of this work is to provide supporting information to decision-making in the Master Plan using structural and nonstructural measures, as flood zoning of risk-prone areas. Critical flood events that produced inundation at MMSC were identified interviewing inhabitants living in these urban risk-areas. Those critical events were simulated with runoff-stormflow transformation and wave routing by the concentrated model IPHS-1 and the distributed model HIDRORAS, which results were compared. Input data were calibrated from monitored flood events. Uncertainties inherent to each model were identified. Results depict initial yardsticks for flood mapping to be included in the Master Plan agenda. Structural measures of flooding control, consisting in a retention basin without excavation, and non-structural measures, as increase of the infiltration area, were investigated. It came out that for urban watersheds as the Gregório basin, changes in the flow patterns due to urban paths are better represented by the distributed model HIDRORAS. However, a portion of uncertainties for this model, like the influence of soil’s saturated hydraulic conductivity still remain

Transitional land uses produced through urbanisation continue to change the landscape and fragment ecological structures including green spaces across Europe (Nilsson et al., 2013). Green spaces offer significant benefits to humans, contributing to wellbeing and life satisfaction (Taylor, 2002). The understanding of how these unique green spaces spaces function and provide benefits to humans, and how landscape change in peri-urban contexts affects their performance, is important. The scope of this research is to contribute to an understanding of landscape fragmentation within some of Europe's polycentric urban regions, their peri-urban green spaces, and the associated impacts upon human quality of life. Two urban regional case studies, Paisley near Glasgow, Scotland, and Vantaa, near Helsinki, Finland were analysed and compared. The results indicate that humans interacting with more physically or ecologically fragmented peri-urban green spaces have higher self-reported life satisfaction levels. Though no statistically significant characteristics were apparent between life satisfaction and fragmented green space characteristics, this research was able to identify those specific structural attributes and physical characteristics of interstitial peri-urban green spaces within a polycentric region in a fragmented state that contribute to the physical, social, and psychological aspects of human wellbeing. The statistically significant eco-spatial characteristics of polycentric peri-urban interstitial green spaces that are reported to impact human wellbeing are the size, proximity, maintenance and management, and the level of greenness within its vegetation composition and setting. Overall, a spatially diverse, fragmented, peri-urban landscape whose green spaces are extensively sized, naturalistically shaped with horizontal vegetation and normal sized edges, most often parks or woodlands or forests which are integrated and physically connected to another green space which is moderately clean and somewhat safe as well as being located close to or adjacent to a heavy-trafficked road provide the most human wellbeing benefits.

A feasibility study of an irrigation development proposal should include an analysis of the effects of water supply conditions on the degree to which development objectives are expected to be realised. A method of making this analysis was developed based on procedures for solving two problems. These were; (a) optimally allocating a property's available supply of water among competing crops, and, (b) optimally controlling an open channel distribution system to meet temporally and spatially varying water demand. The procedure developed for solving (a) was applied. A stochastic dynamic programming procedure was developed to optimally schedule the irrigation of a single crop, subject to constraints on the timing of water availability and total application depth. A second procedure was developed, employing a constrained differential dynamic programming algorithm, for determining optimal irrigation schedules for use with variable application depth systems, and when several crops compete for an intra-seasonally limited supply of water. This procedure was called, as frequently as water supply conditions allowed, to provide short-term irrigation schedules in a computer simulation of the optimal irrigation of several crops. An application system model was included in these procedures to transform a crop water-use production function into the required irrigation water-use production function. This transformation was a function of the application device type and the mean application depth. From an analysis of the on-property effects of water supply conditions, it was concluded that in order to achieve high economic and irrigation efficiencies, water supply conditions must be sufficiently flexible to allow the application system operator to vary the mean application depth but not necessarily the time periods of water availability. Additionally, irrigation scheduling procedures which seek economically optimum strategies offer the potential to achieve a maximum level of net benefit at levels of water availability significantly lower than has previously been used for design purposes.

This Ph.D. research project targets Cooper Basin oil reservoirs of very low permeability (approximately 1mD) where injectivities required for water flooding are not achievable. However, the use of injection gases such as CO₂ would not have injectivity problems. CO₂ is abundant in the region and available for EOR use. CO₂ was compared to other CO₂-rich injection gases with a hydrocarbon content including pentane plus components. While the effect of hydrocarbon components up to butane have been investigated in the past, the effect of n-pentane has on impure CO₂ gas streams has not. One particular field of the Cooper Basin was investigated in detail (Field A). However, since similar reservoir and fluid characteristics of Field A are common to the region it is expected that the data measured and developed has applications to many other oil reservoirs of the region and similar reservoirs elsewhere. The aim of this Ph.D. project is to determine the applicability of CO₂ as an injection gas for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in the Cooper Basin oil reservoirs and to compare CO₂ with other possible CO₂-rich injection gases. The summarised goals of this research are to: • Determine the compatibility of Field A reservoir fluid with CO₂ as an injection gas. • Compare CO₂ to other injection gas options for Field A. • Development of a correlation to predict the effect of nC₅ on MMP for a CO₂- rich injection gas stream. These goals were achieved through the following work: • Extensive experimental studies of the reservoir properties and the effects of interaction between CO₂-rich injection gas streams and Field A reservoir fluid measuring properties related to: • Miscibility of the injection gas with Field A reservoir fluid • Solubility and swelling properties of the injection gas with Field A reservoir fluid • Change in viscosity-pressure relationship of Field A reservoir fluid due to addition of injection gas • A reservoir condition core flood experiment • Compositional simulation of the reservoir condition core flood to compare expected recoveries from different injection gases • Development of a set of Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP) measurements targeted at correlating the effect of nC₅ on CO₂ MMP. The key findings of this research are as follows: • Miscibility is achievable at practical pressures for Field A and similar reservoir fluids with pure CO₂ or CO₂-rich injection gases. • For Field A reservoir fluid, viscosity of the remaining flashed liquid will increase at pressures below ~2500psi due to mixing the reservoir fluid with a CO₂-rich injection gas stream. • Comparison of injection gases showed that methane rich gases are miscible with Field A so long as a significant quantity of C₃+ components is also present in the gas stream. • There is a defined trend for effect of nC₅ on MMP of impure CO₂. This trend was correlated with an error of less than 4%. • Even though oil composition is taken into account with the base gas MMP, it still affects the trend for effect of nC₅ on MMP of a CO₂-rich gas stream. • An oil characterisation factor was developed to account for this effect, significantly improving the results, reducing the error of the correlation to only 1.6%. The significance of these findings is as follows: • An injection pressure above ~3000psi should be targeted. At these pressures miscibility is achieved and the viscosity of the reservoir fluid injection gas mix is reduced. • CO₂ should be compared to gases such as Tim Gas should after considering the cost of compression, pipeline costs and distance from source to destination will need to be considered. • The addition of nC₅ will reduce the MMP and increase the recovery factor, however the cost of the nC₅ used would be more than the value of increased oil recovered. • The developed correlation for the effect of nC₅ on impure CO₂ MMP can be used broadly within the limits of the correlation. • Further research using more oils is necessary to validate the developed oil characterisation factor and if successful, using the same or similar method used to improve other correlations. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1369016 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2009.

A two-dimensional numerical model (RiverFLO-2D) has been enhanced to simulate flooding of urban areas by developing an innovative wet and dry surface algorithm, accounting for variable rainfall, and recoding the model computer program for parallel computing. The model formulation is based on the shallow water equations solved with an explicit time-stepping element-by-element finite element method. The dry-wet surface algorithm is based on a local approximation of the continuity and momentum equations for elements that are completely dry. This algorithm achieves global volume conservation in the finite element, even for flows over complex topographic surfaces. A new module was implemented to account for variable rainfall in space and time using NEXRAD precipitation estimates. The resulting computer code was parallelized using OpenMP Application Program Interface, which allows the model to run up to 5 times faster on multiple core computers. The model was verified with analytical solutions and validated with laboratory and field data. Model application to the Malpasset dam break and Sumacarcel flooding event show that the model accurately predicts flood wave travel times and water depths for these numerically demanding real cases. To illustrate the predictive capability of the enhanced model, an application was made of the city of Sweetwater flooding in Miami-Dade County, FL caused by the Hurricane Irene. The simulation starts with dry bed and rainfall is provided by NEXRAD estimates. Integrating NEXRAD rainfall estimates, developing a novel dry-wet area algorithm and parallelizing RiverFLO-2D code, this dissertation presents a proof of concept to accurately and efficiently predict floods in urban areas, identifying future improvements along this line of research.

Der Werkstatttag für Bestandserhaltung fand am 20. September 2012 in Tharandt statt, am Standort Forstwissenschaften der TU Dresden und der SLUB, der 2002 von den Regenfluten aus dem Erzgebirge besonders stark betroffen war. Zur Fortbildung „Kultureinrichtungen nach der Jahrhundertflut im Jahr 2002 – Rückblicke und Schlussfolgerungen“ kamen 45 Teilnehmer aus Sachsen, Berlin und Brandenburg, darunter Vertreter aus damals betroffenen Einrichtungen und den seither gegründeten Notfallverbünden, aber auch aus der vom Neiße-Hochwasser 2010 heimgesuchten Lausitz mit großen Schäden in Zittau, in Görlitz und im Kloster St. Marienthal.

The routing strategy used in today's Internet is best-effort service, where all data packets are treated equally. This type of service is not suited for applications such as video conferencing, and video on demand, that requires the availability of certain resources (such as bandwidth) to be guaranteed for them to function properly. The routing in this context, called Quality-of-Service (QoS) Routing, is the problem of finding suitable paths that meet the application's resource requirements. The majority of proposed QoS routing schemes operate by maintaining the global state of the network, and using this knowledge to compute the QoS route. However, all these schemes suffer from the inherent drawback of scalability, because of the need for each node to collect state information about the complete network. The other type of QoS routing schemes do not maintain network state information, but instead flood the network with QoS connection establishment requests. This type of scheme suffers from excessive message overhead during QoS connection establishment. In this thesis, we present a new QoS routing algorithm that is a combination of the above-mentioned two schemes (i.e., global state and flooding based). The algorithm aims at minimizing the message overhead associated with these two schemes and still maintaining the positive aspects of both of them. The basic idea of the algorithm is: to reach to a destination, the path(s) will always pass through a specific set of intermediate nodes. The algorithm discovers such intermediate nodes (limited by a hop count threshold value needed to reach there). When a QoS connection request arrives at a node, it selects the feasible path leading to the intermediate node for the requested destination. The QoS connection establishment message (or routing message) is forwarded along this path. When the message arrives at the intermediate node, the further path is decided through same logic. To decide the path that leads to the intermediate node, the algorithm maintains the link state related to these intermediate nodes, and link state updates are restricted only with regard to these intermediate nodes. Because of this restriction in link state updation, one has less message overhead, compared to the global state based routing scheme. Further, the algorithm tries to group these intermediate nodes in such a way that the routing message need be sent to only one of the grouped intermediate nodes, and still makes sure that all the possible paths are covered. Therefore, one has a reduced message overhead because of grouping.