Following the trauma of the Nakba (Catastrophe) of 1948, Palestinians still suffer from constant violations of their rights, land and culture. To fight forgetfulness and denial, some Palestinian folklorists have sought to collect, document, analyse and translate pre-1948 Palestinian folktales. One major example is Speak, Bird, Speak Again (1989), a selection edited by Ibrahim Muhawi and Sharif Kanaana, and its Arabic version Qul Ya Tayer (قول يا طير (2001)). The folktales, told mainly by women, are divided by the compilers into five main groups, following the individual’s life cycle from childhood to old age: Individuals, Family, Society, Environment and Universe. This thesis analyses the folktales in the English and Arabic compilations along with their paratextual elements (introduction, footnotes, afterwords etc) in order to explore the importance of orality and folktales in framing and preserving Palestinian memory and identity. Structured into four chapters, the thesis starts by highlighting the cultural and social roles of storytellers in Palestine, followed by an overview of the religious, social and psychological functions of folktales. It then describes the paratextual elements in the Arabic and English compilations, shedding light on the need to carry out scientifically and academically based documentation of Palestinian folktales. The compilers’ contribution, the thesis argues, reinforces the discourse of cultural resistance and cultural identity affirmation. The thesis takes memory studies as its main theoretical framework. Synthesising various concepts within memory studies, Chapter Two explains relevant ideas for analysing the folktales, such as collective memory, post-memory, cultural/communicative memory and prosthetic memory. The discussion connects memory to a number of generations across time and space, creating a narrative of continuity. This chapter also explores the components of Palestinian collective memory - oral history, language, nationalism and the Nakba; the latter the thesis attempts to situate within the field of memory and trauma studies. The thesis then probes the essential role played by Palestinian women in transmitting and preserving Palestinian memory and cultural identity, and explores their agency both as storytellers and protagonists. Through their roles as mothers, sisters, wives and daughters, and through their narrative skills and humour, women, the thesis argues, engender and gender Palestinian memory and identity. To understand the interconnection between language, cultural and collective identity, Chapter Four highlights the significance of peasantry discourse in the folktales’ pre-1948 setting, creating a site of memory and homeland while triggering nostalgia and collectivity. Folk religion and food culture are important markers of Palestinian cultural identity and memory; hence, religious expressions, folktale characters and food references in the folktales and tellings are also investigated. The thesis highlights the agency of Palestinian women via food culture, and thus their power in promoting long established cultural and social values as well as regenerating cultural memory. This research sheds new light on the role of the Palestinian folklorist, folktales and storytellers, adopting a novel approach that combines memory, trauma, and food studies among others.

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Пословицы о еде, подобно ветви пословичных выражений, содержат знания и культуру, касающиеся различных аспектов пищи и напитков. Как гласит старая поговорка: " 民以食为天 /Хлеб всему голова". Еда, как неотъемлемая часть жизни людей, взаимозависима и развивается вместе, поскольку сегодня страны и народы взаимодействуют все чаще и чаще. Количество и разнообразие русских и китайских пословиц о еде огромно, данная диссертация опирается на теории лингвистической культуры и культуры питания, чтобы собрать, классифицировать и упорядочить пословицы на основе предыдущих исследований, сравнивая и интерпретируя их с точки зрения категорий еды, пищевых обычаев и концепций еды. В работе анализируются поверхностные культурные различия между китайской и русской кухней, а также исследуются более глубокие культурные причины этих поверхностных культурных различий от поверхности к внутреннему содержанию, от которых зависит их перевод и правильное восприятие с учетом национальных и культурных особенностей. Работа состоит из следующих разделов: Введение. Глава 1 Теоретические основы перевода пословиц и поговорок России и Китая Глава 2 Перевод русских и китайских пословиц и поговорок, связанных с культурой питания. Заключение. Список литературы. Приложения, в которых представлен перевод русских пословиц на китайский язык и перевод китайских пословиц на русский язык. / Proverbs about food, as a branch of proverbs, contain knowledge and culture about many aspects of eating and drinking. As the old saying goes: "民以食为天 /bread is the head". Food, as an integral part of people's lives, is interdependent and evolves together as countries and peoples interact more and more today. The number and variety of Russian and Chinese proverbs about food is enormous, this dissertation draws on theories of linguistic culture and food culture to collect, classify and organize proverbs based on previous research, comparing and interpreting them in terms of food categories, food customs and food concepts. The paper analyzes the superficial cultural differences between Chinese and Russian food and explores the deeper cultural reasons for these superficial cultural differences from the surface to the inner content. The paper consists of the following sections: Introduction. Chapter 1 Theoretical basis of translation of proverbs and sayings of Russia and China Chapter 2 Translation of Russian and Chinese proverbs and sayings related to food culture. Conclusion. List of references. Appendices, which present the translation of Russian proverbs into Chinese and the translation of Chinese proverbs into Russian.

Food embodies our most intimate relationship with nature. We ingest it to survive. Without it, perish. Through time humans have physically distanced the places of food cultivation from human inhabitation. In recent decades green planning initiatives embraced urban agriculture as a critical element of sustainable communities. However, current approaches to bring food cultivation into cities require labor, capital, and physical resources that are often unavailable in sufficient quantity, quality, or duration for provisioning sites to be considered sustainable. Within each pillar of sustainability - economy, ecology, and equity - barriers exist. Rooted in indigenous land stewardship and food provisioning practices, permaculture (permanent agriculture) offers strategies and tactics to overcome those barriers. Despite mounting evidence that permaculture will result in more sustainable food systems, adoption is limited. Social aesthetics is the term employed by cultural theorists to describe how institutions, social groups, and collective projects codify their values and beliefs. The diffusion of innovation theory suggests that ideas and information from a highly specialized world require translation into a language the rest of society understands to reach widespread adoption. This thesis translates permaculture to contribute to a sustainable social aesthetic for food provisioning and change American food culture. The translation occurs on iconic public land - 'America's front yard'. In 1901 the National Mall was envisaged to serve as a stage on which democratic values are expressed and became the prototype for America's City Beautiful movement. Today, its carpet of lawn framed by American Elm trees epitomizes the economic, ecological, and equity challenges of monoculture landscapes. This project aims to express democratic values through polyculture. It invites every citizen to participate in acts of justice rather than submit to illusions of order and control. From site selection through design, spatial and temporal scale is critical. This thesis explores food's past to understand our present and imagine our future. The design creates an immersive food experience that equips visitors with the knowledge and resources to apply permaculture at the homestead, neighborhood, city, and regional scales. The remade front yard becomes the symbol of a country where places of food cultivation and human inhabitation are one and the same. / Master of Landscape Architecture / Food embodies our most intimate relationship with nature. We ingest it to survive. Without it, perish. Through time humans have slowly increased the distance between where we grow our food (the country) and where we live (the city). In the process, we have built a system where millions of people either suffer from diet-related illnesses or experience hunger on a regular basis. We have damaged our soils and introduced chemicals that have contaminated our waters and polluted our air. We have built a system that both contributes to and is threatened by climate change. Our relationship with nature has become toxic. For decades there have been movements to change, transform, or replace the food system. In cities across the country, these movements appear as organic food in grocery stores, community gardens, urban farms, farmers' markets, farm-to-table restaurants, and more recently, food forests. The problem is each requires labor, capital, and physical resources that are often unavailable in sufficient quantity, quality, or duration for them to be sustainable, let alone scalable. What if there is another way to grow food - a way that heals the soil, decontaminates water, supports biodiversity, and provides enough for everyone? Rooted in indigenous land stewardship and food provisioning practices, permaculture (permanent agriculture) offers strategies and tactics to reverse the negative impacts of the existing food system. Despite mounting evidence that permaculture will result in more sustainable food systems, adoption is limited. For it to become mainstream, someone has to translate it into a language society understands. I try to do that through this thesis. My translation occurs on iconic public land - 'America's front yard'. In 1901 the National Mall was imagined to serve as a stage on which democratic values are expressed and became the prototype for America's City Beautiful movement. Today, its carpet of lawn framed by American Elm trees epitomizes the economic, ecological, and equity challenges of monoculture landscapes. This project aims to express democratic values through polyculture. This thesis explores food's past to understand our present and imagine our future. The design creates an immersive food experience that equips visitors with the knowledge and resources to apply permaculture at the homestead, neighborhood, city, and regional scales. The remade front yard becomes the symbol of a country where places of food cultivation and human inhabitation are one and the same.

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma exploração teórica e aplicada sobre algumas das premissas fundadoras da teoria da midiatização. Usando como objeto de estudo o subcampo gastronômico da cidade de São Paulo, o trabalho analisa as mudanças produzidas pela saturação midiática nas diferentes fases associadas à análise dos campos de produção cultural de Pierre Bourdieu (1986): articulação histórica do subcampo (França e Brasil) e sua posição em relação ao campo de poder, construção do espaço social do subcampo e articulação das relações entre agentes a partir do seu volume e configuração de capitais durante o período 2014 - 2016, e a análise das práticas constitutivas do habitus dos agentes participantes. Com o objetivo de posicionar nossa abordagem teórica-metodológica, articulamos um panorama abrangente da produção teórica sobre a midiatização que integra tanto contribuições de autores latino-americanos quanto as explorações feitas pela corrente prática. Partindo do entendimento de que preponderância midiática dentro dos campos societários pode ser entendida partir da articulação de um meta-capital midiático (COULDRY, 2012) e a introdução de capitais relacionados com a mídia (DRIESSENS, 2014), a pesquisa examina a incipiente institucionalização de duas práticas midiáticas associadas com a visibilidade e a atenção nas disposições de 4 agentes diferentes: cozinheiro; crítico, guia gastronômico e consumidor. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam que se bem os capitais midiáticos ainda sejam pouco valorizados pelos agentes dominantes, sua aquisição - a partir da performatização das duas práticas midiáticas analisadas - está-se transformando em uma estratégia imperativa de manutenção e subversão de posicionamentos no espaço social. / This research presents a theoretical and applied exploration of some of the founding premises of mediatization theory. Using the gastronomic subfield of the city of São Paulo as its object of study, I analyze the changes produced by the mediated saturation of social life on the different phases associated with the analysis of the cultural fields structured by Pierre Bourdieu (1986): historical trajectory of the subfield (France and Brazil) and its position to the field of power, construction of the social space of the subfield and articulation of the relations between agents based on volume and configuration of capitals during the 2014 - 2016 period, and finally, the analysis of the constitutive practices of the habitus of the participating agents. With the objective of positioning our theoretical-methodological approach, we articulate a detailed overview of the mediatization scholarship that integrates both contributions of Latin American authors and the media practice tradition. Based on the understanding that the media\'s role within the cultural fields can be explore through the articulation of a media meta-capital (COULDRY, 2012) and the introduction of media-related capitals (DRIESSENS, 2014), the research examines the incipient institutionalization of two media practices associated with visibility and attention in the social dispositions of 4 different agents: chef; critic, gastronomic guide and consumer. The results show that even though media capitals are still undervalued by the dominant agents, their acquisition -via the performatization of the two analyzed media practices- is becoming an imperative strategy for the maintenance and subversion of positioning in the social space.

This thesis addresses the literary representation of food in the period from 1900 through 1945 in the work of Ford Madox Ford, Gertrude Stein and Virginia Woolf. Taking up nineteenth-century fascinations with sensual and aesthetic taste, these authors explore the implications of food preparation and consumption in Britain, America and France. They use representations of everyday culinary practices as a way to examine articulations of anxiety about the state of civilization, a fear that is amplified and altered by both World Wars. The thesis approaches the question of the significance of food to literary modernism in two ways. The first is a theoretical analysis of modernist ways of thinking about the dialectic between the concepts of civilization and barbarism. The second is grounded in material history, establishing the contexts and conditions of food culture in the first half of the twentieth century. Drawing on sociological thinking from Norbert Elias's conception of the civilizing process and Pierre Bourdieu's theory of distinction, and using a combined methodology of close reading, biographical and historical analysis, I show that food acts as a lens for these authors' ideas about civil society and modernity. My original contribution to knowledge is threefold. The first is my interpretation of 'culinary Impressionism' as an extension and repositioning of current scholarly thinking about Ford's literary Impressionism. The second is my reading of Stein's and Toklas's jointly-authored cookbook draft as evidence of their collaboration. This forms the crux of my argument about Stein adapting domestic culinary techniques into her other writing. The third is in my chapter on Virginia Woolf. My original archival research shows that in A Room of One's Own Woolf's representation of the financial and culinary difference between men's and women's dining in colleges at the University of Cambridge is justified and the material inequality was in fact worse than previously understood. I argue that the disparity in institutional food intensifies Woolf's later reimagining of the term 'civilization' in Three Guineas. While drawing on the work of modernist studies scholars on modernism and the everyday, civilization, and food, my project is unique in demonstrating that food reflects modernist conceptions of civilization and barbarism. My thesis contributes to the understanding of transatlantic aesthetics and gendered productions of modernism by illuminating the centrality of agriculture, cookery, domestic work and institutional dining to modernist authors.

abstract: It has become something of a scholarly truism that during the medieval period, gluttony was combatted simply by teaching and practicing abstinence. However, this dissertation presents a more nuanced view on the matter. Its aim is to examine the manner in which the moral discourse of dietary moderation in late medieval England captured subtle nuances of bodily behavior and was used to explore the complex relationship between the individual and society. The works examined foreground the difficulty of differentiating bodily needs from gluttonous desire. They show that moderation cannot be practiced by simply refraining from food and drink. By refiguring the idea of moderation, these works explore how the individual’s ability to exercise moral discretion and make better dietary choices can be improved. The introductory chapter provides an overview of how the idea of dietary moderation in late fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Middle English didactic literature was influenced by the monastic and ascetic tradition and how late medieval authors revisited the issue of moderation and encouraged readers to reevaluate their eating and drinking habits and pursue lifestyle changes. The second chapter focuses on Langland’s discussion in Piers Plowman of the importance of dietary moderation as a supplementary virtue of charity in terms of creating a sustainable community. The third chapter examines Chaucer’s critique of the rhetoric of moderation in the speech of the Pardoner and the Friar John in the Summoner’s Tale, who attempted to assert their clerical superiority and cover up their gluttony by preaching moderation. The fourth chapter discusses how late Middle English conduct literature, such as Lydgate’s Dietary, revaluates moderation as a social skill. The fifth chapter explores the issue of women’s capacity to control their appetite and achieve moderation in conduct books written for women. Collectively, the study illuminates how the idea of moderation adopted and challenged traditional models of self-discipline regarding eating and drinking in order to improve the laity’s discretion and capacity to assess its own appetite and develop a healthy lifestyle for the community. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2018

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma exploração teórica e aplicada sobre algumas das premissas fundadoras da teoria da midiatização. Usando como objeto de estudo o subcampo gastronômico da cidade de São Paulo, o trabalho analisa as mudanças produzidas pela saturação midiática nas diferentes fases associadas à análise dos campos de produção cultural de Pierre Bourdieu (1986): articulação histórica do subcampo (França e Brasil) e sua posição em relação ao campo de poder, construção do espaço social do subcampo e articulação das relações entre agentes a partir do seu volume e configuração de capitais durante o período 2014 - 2016, e a análise das práticas constitutivas do habitus dos agentes participantes. Com o objetivo de posicionar nossa abordagem teórica-metodológica, articulamos um panorama abrangente da produção teórica sobre a midiatização que integra tanto contribuições de autores latino-americanos quanto as explorações feitas pela corrente prática. Partindo do entendimento de que preponderância midiática dentro dos campos societários pode ser entendida partir da articulação de um meta-capital midiático (COULDRY, 2012) e a introdução de capitais relacionados com a mídia (DRIESSENS, 2014), a pesquisa examina a incipiente institucionalização de duas práticas midiáticas associadas com a visibilidade e a atenção nas disposições de 4 agentes diferentes: cozinheiro; crítico, guia gastronômico e consumidor. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam que se bem os capitais midiáticos ainda sejam pouco valorizados pelos agentes dominantes, sua aquisição - a partir da performatização das duas práticas midiáticas analisadas - está-se transformando em uma estratégia imperativa de manutenção e subversão de posicionamentos no espaço social. / This research presents a theoretical and applied exploration of some of the founding premises of mediatization theory. Using the gastronomic subfield of the city of São Paulo as its object of study, I analyze the changes produced by the mediated saturation of social life on the different phases associated with the analysis of the cultural fields structured by Pierre Bourdieu (1986): historical trajectory of the subfield (France and Brazil) and its position to the field of power, construction of the social space of the subfield and articulation of the relations between agents based on volume and configuration of capitals during the 2014 - 2016 period, and finally, the analysis of the constitutive practices of the habitus of the participating agents. With the objective of positioning our theoretical-methodological approach, we articulate a detailed overview of the mediatization scholarship that integrates both contributions of Latin American authors and the media practice tradition. Based on the understanding that the media\'s role within the cultural fields can be explore through the articulation of a media meta-capital (COULDRY, 2012) and the introduction of media-related capitals (DRIESSENS, 2014), the research examines the incipient institutionalization of two media practices associated with visibility and attention in the social dispositions of 4 different agents: chef; critic, gastronomic guide and consumer. The results show that even though media capitals are still undervalued by the dominant agents, their acquisition -via the performatization of the two analyzed media practices- is becoming an imperative strategy for the maintenance and subversion of positioning in the social space.